The American and the French Third Sectors: a Comparison, Recent trends during the “Millennium Boom”, and the Impact of the Crisis

After having stated some definitions and specified the legal and tax status of nonprofit organizations in France and the USA, this paper begins by comparing the scope of the American and the French third sectors, their structure and resources, using data from the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project. It explains the differences between the two sectors, which are considered to follow the Liberal Anglo-Saxon and European Welfare Partnership ideal-types found in “social origins” theory. Secondly, the paper highlights the evolution of the two sectors from 1995 to 2007. It stresses the reinforcement of the specific features of third sectors, and their path dependency, even if some trends are the same in both countries. Finally, the paper tries to identify the impact of the financial crisis, the economic recession and new social issues facing both third sectors.Third sector; nonprofit institutions, associations; foundations; public charities; path dependence; social origin theory; France; Etats-Unis

Search for Primordial Black Hole Evaporation with VERITAS

Primordial black holes are black holes that may have formed from density fluctuations in the early universe. It has been theorized that black holes slowly evaporate. If primordial black holes of initial mass of $10^{14}$g were formed, their evaporation would end in this epoch, in a bright burst of very-high-energy gamma rays. A Cherenkov telescope experiment like VERITAS can look for these primordial black hole bursts in its archival data, constraining the rate-density of their final evaporation. New analysis techniques and search methodologies were used and will be presented here, leading to new constraints on the rate-density evaporation of primordial black holes, using 750 hours of archival VERITAS data.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, Proceedings of the 35th International Cosmic Ray Conferenc

Les institutions sans but lucratif en France ; principales évolutions (1995-2005) et nouveaux enjeux

Major trends (1995-2005) in the French Nonprofit sectors are the following: An increased awareness of the importance , an increased support of central and local governments and more professionalized organizations and more anti-establishment new voluntary organizations. Three major issues : ambiguous results of the new phase of decentralisation, increased competition with the business sector and the accountability and evaluation issueParmi les traits qui ont caractérisé l'évolution des institutions sans but lucratif sur la dernière décennie, on a privilégié la prise de conscience de leur importance croissante , le partenariat renforcé avec les pouvoirs publics et, enfin, la professionnalisation rapide et l'avènement de nouvelles associations contestataires. Parmi les enjeux futurs, on a choisi les conséquences ambigües de la seconde phase de la décentralisation, la compétition accrue à laquelle font face les associations et l'exigence renforcée de transparence et d'évaluation dans les années à venir

Les passions sportives des dirigeants italiens

International audienceAlthough in the first half of the twentieth century Italian leaders would frequently flaunt their sporting skills – from Victor-Emmanuel III’s horse riding to Pius XI’s mountaineering or Benito Mussolini’s varied sports – this attitude was much less frequent in the decades that followed. The standard posture then became that of the keen amateur – as illustrated by Pius XII, Silvio Berlusconi or Giulio Andreotti. It remains that over this period, sport increasingly became an affair of state, with the potential to reinforce the power’s legitimacy.Si, dans la première moitié du XXe siècle, les dirigeants italiens mettaient en scène leurs pratiques sportives – on pense au cavalier Victor-Emmanuel III, à l’alpiniste Pie XI ou au touche-à-tout Benito Mussolini, cela a beaucoup moins été le cas par la suite. La posture affichée devint davantage celle du spectateur enthousiaste, de Pie XII à Silvio Berlusconi en passant par Giulio Andreotti. Ces attitudes n’en traduisaient pas moins que le sport devenait de plus en plus une affaire d’État, propre à renforcer la légitimité du pouvoir

Injonctions et conflits du travail

Replaçant la procédure d'injonction dans son contexte sociologique en se référant aux caractéristiques essentielles du droit du travail, l'auteur préconise le rapatriement d'une procédure d'injonction modifiée dans la législation du travail et analyse les nouveaux pouvoirs accordés au Conseil canadien des relations du travail (CCRT) en matière d'ordre de ne pas faire (cease and desist order).In our days, the industrial relations field is yet unexplored. It would be quite an incomplete view to examine the injunction in its judicial context ; it is adequate to re-situate it in its sociological context. It is important to question the impact of the sociology of labour regarding the evolution of labour laws The free collective bargaining System imposes itself more and more on our occidental democracies as being the rule and the instrument able to assure industrial peace; it is important to rightly recognize its requirements. The face to face pattern, the « rapport de force », and the conflict are the basic elements of the regime. The protection and the promotion of Freedom of Association, which tends to encourage and privilege collective bargaining, is the cornerstone of this System.Furthermore, labour laws are essentially established for the protection of the workers; this characteristic is largely recognized and implemented. But, there is also a certain particularism attached to labour laws to such an extent that they tend to dissociate from the civil law, and to set up in an independent judicial System. The main reason for this tendency towards autonomy lies in the incompatibility of nature between the two disciplines. For example, notions like the absolute authority of employer regarding dismissals, the civilist theory on risk, the dismissal notice period, the rupture or resiliation of lease of personal service contract, have totally contradictory connotations or applications, as long as you consider them in the civil code perspective, or in the scope of the collective bargaining System.Considering the injunction procedure in the global context of the collective bargaining System, where the right to strike is sanctioned by the law as a « corollaire » of the right to collective bargaining, it is quite easy to realize that the injunction looks like an anachronism, a « cataplasme » artificially imposed and attacking the intergrity of the System. Instead of encouraging or promoting the collective bargaining System, the injunction has the very direct effect of undermining the System itself.Showing the way, and suggesting some guidelines for the future, the author recommends that priority be given to the particularism of labour laws regarding civil law, common law, or criminal law. By doing so, one might contribute to the de-mystification, the de-dramatization or the de-criminalization of the strikes phenomenon.It would be advisable to replace the injunction with an alternative formula. The last amendments recently applied, to the Canada Labour Code, (June, 1978), give new powers to the Canada Labour Relations Board in matters related to illegal strikes, and suggest a new approach. Therefore, at the request of an interested party, the Board, after an investigation, may issue a declaration of illegal strike or lock-out, or an order of « statu quo ante ». But these quasi-judicial decisions may be preceded by an investigation and by mediation efforts, in an attempt to settle the conflicts. The new powers grant considerable pressures and effective means of dissuasion to the C.L.R.B. A judgment of the Supreme Court of Canada, involving a construction union and the Nova Scotia Labour Board reflects this issue. The court established the distinction between the traditional injunction procedure and the new powers given the labour boards. In addition to this, the constitutional aspect concerning the competence of a labour board to issue cease and desist orders was equally decided

France: A Late-Comer to Government-Nonprofit Partnership

Ce chapitre doit s'insérer après révisions dans un ouvrage comparatif international sous la direction de Lester SalamonInternational audienceThis article puts the current cooperative pattern of state-nonprofit relations in France into historical context against the country’s statist past and suggests the implications this experience may have for other countries that share the statist background that France, perhaps in somewhat different form, also embodies. To do so, the discussion first reviews the current shape of the French nonprofit sector and the substantial scope and structure of government support of nonprofit human service delivery that exists. It then examines the unfavorable historical background out of which the current arrangements emerged and the set of changes that ultimately led to the existing pattern of extensive government-nonprofit cooperation. Against this background, a third section then looks more closely at the tools of action French governments are bringing to bear in their relations with nonprofits, the advantages and drawbacks of each, and the nonprofit role in the formulation of public policies. Finally, the article examines the key challenges in government-nonprofit cooperation in the provision of human services and the lessons the French experience might hold for Russia and other similar countries.Cet article place le partenariat actuel entre le secteur non lucratif et les pouvoirs publics en perspective historique , en dépit d'une tradition jacobine défavorable, et suggère que l'expérience de l'évolution en France pourrait avoir des implications pour d'autres pays étatiste, sous des formes différentes vraisemblablement. Après un état des lieux actuel sur la part que le Tiers secteur occupe dans l'offre de services éducatifs et médico-sociaux en France et un rappel des étapes historiques marquant l'évolution des relations entre Etat et associations et fondations, l'article montre les divers moyens d'action des pouvoirs publics dans leurs relation avec ces organisations et l'influence du secteur non lucratif dans la formulation des politiques publique

Le rapport des archives littéraires au numérique : état des lieux

Travail réalisé à l'École de bibliothéconomie et des sciences de l'information (EBSI), sous la direction de M. Yvon Lemay dans le cadre du cours BLT6850 Recherche individuelle, à l'hiver 2009Dans ce travail, il sera question du rapport qu’entretiennent les archives littéraires au numérique principalement au Québec et en France. Nous tenterons de cerner les plus importants débats et réalisations abordés dans les écrits publiés de 1998 à 2008