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Not AvailableIn mountains, springs and seepages are the main sources of drinking water. The shortage of drinking water arises mainly due to drastic reduction in spring discharge during summer. The inhabitants are compelled to collect potable water from far off distances, reduce water consumption, consume unhygienic water and face social conflicts. Keeping it in view, two perennial natural springs of Uttarakhand, viz., 'Hill Campus Spring (HCS)' and 'Fakua Spring (FS)' were selected for the study with the objective to develop dynamic models for prediction of their discharge. The daily spring discharge data collected from 1999 to 2001 was used for formulation and calibration, and validation of the models was done with discharge data of 2002. The maximum and minimum discharge of HCS and FS varied from 30 lpm to 4.70 lpm and 80 lpm to 1.20 lpm, respectively. Efforts were made to develop generalized models such as annual, monsoon and nonmonsoon, which are capable to address the variability in discharge owing to erratic behaviour of monsoon and non-monsoon rains. Time variant linear dynamic models for monsoon season were found to be more suitable models having more Coefficient of Multiple Determination (CMD) values (94.18% and 92.11% for HCS and FS, respectively) than annual models (87.28% and 90.48% for HCS and FS, respectively) to predict the daily spring discharge of monsoon months for both springs. Thus monsoon season model could be recommended for extensive application for prediction of discharge of monsoon months.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAn experiment was conducted in 2003-2004 to evaluate the feasibility of gravityfed drip irrigation on terrace land under sub-humid climate of Mid-Himalayas. In the field study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the performance of the drip irrigation system based on the uniformity of water distribution & wetting pattern in hilly terraces. Drip system was also used for optimizing the water requirement of tomato crop by setting up Randamized Block Design (RBD) with six treatments consisting of four levels of irrigation; 40%, 60%, 80%, & 100% of full irrigation through drip method, check basin (full irrigation) and control(rainfed), with 3 replications. Analysis revealed that Emission Uniformity (EU) and Statistical Uniformity (SU) of drip system were 68%and 84 %, respectively.Wetting pattern showed that moisture concentration was high within 0-15 cm from the emitter on the surface, and significant rise in moisture was observed when water application exceeded 4 litres/hr of flow volume. Growth parameters of tomato,viz; no. of primary branches, fruit diameter (cm) and days to 50 % flowering were recorded maximum in T (60% of full irrigation),i.e 8.3, 7.1 and 25.5, respectively. Yield of tomato achieved from the T was maximum (25.97 t ha ) and water saving was registered 40% over full irrigation method. Besides, Water Use Efficiency (WUE) in same treatment was found to be highest (92 g ha-mm). The study indicates that in hilly terraces, gravity-fed drip irrigation is a cost effective irrigation method and able to conserve the scarce water resources, minimizing soil erosion and thus enhancing the vegetable productivity and maintaining the environmental quality.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTree canopies partition rainfall into throughfall (TF), stemflow (SF), and interception loss (I) which have very significant effect on water balance and the nutrient cycle. In this study, we compared throughfall, stemflow and interception in Morus alba managed under different canopy management prac- tices/treatments viz., coppicing, pollarding and lopping. TF was measured using manual gauges randomly placed beneath the canopies of each treatment. SF was collected from selected trees in each canopy management practices using SF collection collars. Measurements were made on a rainfall event basis. During the study period, 30 rainfall events were identified in the year 2014 and 25 in the year 2015 which delivered a total rain of 685.1 mm and 467.9 mm, respectively in the two consecutive years. Average TF ranged from 80.8% in lopping to 85.1% in coppicing. Relationship of gross rainfall versus throughfall in different canopy management practices indicates that high TF production was measured during high rainfall events and low TF production was measured during low rainfall events. Average SF values showed significant difference between lopping (10%) and pollarding (4.5%) treatments. Both the treatments transmitted less SF as GR event depths increased. As the size of rainfall events increased, intercepted GR by the canopies, decreased. Allometric model was used for fitting the gross rainfall versus SF depth. Total rainfall interception was 9.2% for lopping, 13.0% for pollarding and 14.9% for coppicing. Interception values were higher during small sized GR events.Not Availabl

Adaptive Epitaxy of C-Si-Ge-Sn: Customizable Bulk and Quantum Structures

: The successful demonstration of (Si)Ge1-xSnx alloys as direct-gap materials for infrared lasers has driven intense research on group IV-based devices for nanoelectronics, energy harvesting, and quantum computing applications. The material palette of direct-gap group-IV alloys can be further extended by introducing carbon to fine-tune their structural and electronic properties, significantly expanding their functionality. This work presents heteroepitaxial growth of C(Si)GeSn alloys using an industry-standard reduced-pressure chemical vapor deposition reactor. The introduction of CBr4 as a precursor enables controlled incorporation of C atoms (<1 at.%) into the epilayer lattice, while simultaneously increasing the Sn content in the CGeSn alloy up to ≈18 at.%. Carbon plays a key role in modulating strain, stabilizing the crystal structure, and influencing material properties. By leveraging alloying and strain engineering, quaternary CSiGeSn bulk layers and CGeSn/GeSn heterostructures are epitaxially grown. The impact of C incorporation on optical emission is investigated in LEDs based on CGeSn/GeSn multiple quantum wells, demonstrating enhanced near-infrared emission at 2.54 μm, which is sustained up to room temperature