Overview of biologically digested leachate treatment using adsorption

Biological process is effective in treating most biodegradable organic matter present in leachate; however, a significant amount of ammonia, metals and refractory organic compounds may still remain in this biologically digested leachate. This effluent cannot be released to receiving bodies until the discharge limit is met. Several physical/chemical processes have been practiced as post-treatment to remove the remaining pollutants including coagulation–flocculation, oxidation and adsorption. Adsorption is often applied in leachate treatment as it enhances removal of refractory organic compounds. This chapter will focus on works related to adsorption as one of the commonly used methods to treat biologically digested leachate further down to acceptable discharge limit

Overview of biologically digested leachate treatment using adsorption

Biological process is effective in treating most biodegradable organic matter present in leachate; however, a significant amount of ammonia, metals and refractory organic compounds may still remain in this biologically digested leachate. This effluent cannot be released to receiving bodies until the discharge limit is met. Several physical/chemical processes have been practiced as post-treatment to remove the remaining pollutants including coagulation–flocculation, oxidation and adsorption. Adsorption is often applied in leachate treatment as it enhances removal of refractory organic compounds. This chapter will focus on works related to adsorption as one of the commonly used methods to treat biologically digested leachate further down to acceptable discharge limit

Carbonates from the ancient world's longest aqueduct:A testament of Byzantine water management

The fourth‐ and fifth‐century aqueduct system of Constantinople is, at 426 km, the longest water supply line of the ancient world. Carbonate deposits in the aqueduct system provide an archive of both archaeological developments and palaeo‐environmental conditions during the depositional period. The 246‐km‐long aqueduct line from the fourth century used springs from a small aquifer, whereas a 180‐km‐long fifth‐century extension to the west tapped a larger aquifer. Although historical records testify at least 700 years of aqueduct activity, carbonate deposits in the aqueduct system display less than 27 years of operation. This implies that the entire system must have been cleaned of carbonate, presumably during regular campaigns. A 50‐km‐long double‐aqueduct section in the central part of the system may have been a costly but practical solution to allow repairs and cleaning of the aqueducts of carbonate to ascertain a continuous water supply to the city. The fifth‐century channel was commonly contaminated with clay, caused by the nature of the aqueduct system and possible local damage to the channel. This clay‐rich water could have been one of the reasons for the construction of large reservoirs in Constantinople. imageLeverhulme Trust http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000275Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/50110000165

Two different views of knighthood in the early fifteenth century: le livre de bouciquaut and the works of Christine de Pizan

The claim that the renowned medieval military theorist Christine de Pizan (1363-1430) was the author of the biography of Jean le Meingre Bouciquaut (or Boucicaut), a famous marshal of France in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, has been debated by scholars for a long time. Although the current academic view tends towards rejecting Christine's authorship of the book, the arguments both for and against have not contained any discussion of the respective views of knighthood reflected in the biography and in Christine's works. In spite of scholars' recognition that there were different views of knighthood circulating among authors in this period, the assumption that Christine and the author of the biography shared similar views really has never been challenged. This article contends that the view of knighthood defended by the author of the biography was strikingly different in many ways from that held by Christine, a further reason for rejecting Christine as the biography's author. At the same time, the article also contributes to the discussion of those different views of knighthood during the period

Use of an enriched inoculum for determination of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) in drinking water

The original BDOC procedure requires the use of indigenous bacteria as a seed. Most of the time in original water samples either bacteria are insufficient in numbers or the diversity is not enough to reflect the biodegradable part of DOC. In this study, instead of using the water sample itself as an inoculum as in the original BDOC test, the bacteria originating from the Ömerli reservoir in İstanbul were acclimated in a suspended growth system to remove readily and slowly biodegradable DOC fractions from the reservoir water. This modified BDOC procedure was first tested on standard acetate solutions and later on raw and ozonated waters of the Ömerli reservoir. Additionally, the results of the modified procedure were compared with the original one by also testing the effectiveness of the indigenous seed from the reservoir. In order to determine the most suitable inoculum amount in the modified BDOC procedure, different seeding ratios like 1:100, 1:250 and 1:500 (v/v) were tested. In both raw water and ozonated waters, higher BDOC readings were achieved at a seeding ratio of 1:100 than the original procedure. The results showed that the modified procedure resulted in more accurate results compared to the original one and that using an acclimated culture can bring an improvement in BDOC measurement.</jats:p