Proceedings of the Conference on Human and Economic Resources

This study analyzes whether Turkey ensures energy security, compared to some criteria in regard to various energy resources, or not. The paper will firstly explain the meaning of energy security and its main concepts such as energy diversity and storage. Given answer to the question how energy security is perceived in some countries like USA, EU, China, and Russia, the paper takes an interest in Turkey’s energy security. To determine the amount of energy dependency of Turkey, the paper concentrates on the consumption and production of various energy resources like coal, oil and natural gas in the country. Then it emphasizes over the diversification of energy suppliers and emergency policies under some energy crisis. Energy has a vital importance in human life and is perhaps one of the most important factors in economic growth. Until 1970, energy was cheap and easily obtained compared today. After the oil crisis of 1973 this situation has been gradually changed and most of the countries started to face with energy problem. Energy security has been the main foreign policy issue for some countries. Particularly USA puts very active foreign policies into practice for energy security. Similarly EU creates some projects to secure energy for Europe. IEA puts minimum requirement such as 90 days oil stocks to prevent possible effects of oil crisis for members. Turkey seems to be a non self-sufficient country in respect to oil and natural gas according the recent data and has to import growing energy demand from other countries. Therefore, energy security should be the main problem in Turkey’s energy policies. But there are some problems for securing energy in reality. Especially Turkey has diversification problems for natural gas unlike oil. Turkey has no storage facility for natural gas and also didn’t perform to lay minimum 90 days oil stock down as a necessary condition of IEA up to now. Finally we can say that Turkey will live serious energy security problems if it faces with any shortage in oil or natural gas.energy, security, Turkey

Determination of women’s voting behavior; A machine learning approach in the Turkish political arena

Justice and Development Party (AKP) has been the ruling and biggest party in Turkey (AKP) since it has been established in 2002 and Republican People’s Party (CHP) has been the main opposition party (CHP) since then. These two parties receive about 75% of all the votes and half of the voters are females.  To our knowledge, there is no such a study focusing on women’s party preferences in Turkey. Additionally, this is one of the very few studies in Turkey concerning voters’ party preferences. Therefore, this study aims to fill this gap in the literature. In this study, the important attributes of women in party selection decisions are analyzed. Center-periphery and social mobility theories are the two main theories explaining Turkish political life. The analyzed ideological, cultural, religious, social, economic and demographic characteristics of women supporters are selected according to these theories. Machine-learning techniques are employed as predictive tools. Results show that ideological attitudes like being leftist-rightist and religious values like headscarf, fasting in Ramadan, and praying are the most important effective attributes on party selection of women. However, socioeconomic, cultural, educational and demographic atributes are not effective on party selection of women in Turkey

Doğu’dan Batı’ya devlet

Devlet, insanlığın kendisi kadar eski bir kurumdur. Bir anlayışa göre insanların bir arada yaşamaya başlamasıyla birlikte yönetim ihtiyacı ortaya çıktı, bu da zamanla karmaşık bir hal alarak devlete evrildi. Başka bir anlayışa göre de ilk insan toplumlarında var olmayan devlet, özel mülkiyetin ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte insanlar arasındaki çatışmaları yatıştırmak üzere ortaya çıkıp gelişti. Modern öncesi dönemde devlet söz konusu olduğunda devletin kaynağı, nasıl ortaya çıktığı ve kimin adına yönettiği soruları daha fazla ön plandaydı. Bu sorulara verilen cevaplar ışığında devlete ve devlet otoritesini elinde bulunduran yöneticilere bakılır, onlara onun üzerinden değer verilirdi. Oysa modern toplumlarda, devletin kaynağının ne olduğu sorusundan çok; devletin insanla, toplumla ilişkisinin hangi düzeyde olması gerektiği soruları ön plana çıktı. Bu da tartışmaların, devletin nasıl yönetilmesi gerektiğinin yanısıra işlevlerinin neler olması gerektiği soruları üzerinden seyretmesine yol açtı. Bugün devlet-toplum ilişkisi söz konusu olduğunda hâlâ tartışmaya devam ettiğimiz sorular bunlardır

Bir sivil beraberlik olarak devlet

Alman düşünür Nietzsche’nin çarpıcı ifadelerle dile getirdiği bu görüşlerinden devletin birkaç özelliği ortaya çıkar: Devlet herkese hükmeden sınırsız bir güçtür, kendisini ulusun tümüyle özdeşleştirir, düzenleyici bir otorite olma iddiasındadır, yalan üzerine kuruludur ve altındaki insanları kendisiyle bütünleştiren bir varlıktır

The role of women in the formation of civil society in post-1980 Turkey

Ankara : Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Bilkent Univ., 1993.Thesis (Ph. D.) -- Bilkent University, 1993.Includes bibliographical references leaves 315-341This study aims to draw a theoretical discussion on the features of the Turkish feminist groups and their contributions to the development of civil society in post-1980 Turkey. It has been reached to the conclusion that Turkish feminist groups have created a new set of politics in Turkey through the success of changing many women's and men's thinking. Through the focus on conciseness raising, on non- oppressive relations between man and woman, on creating a counter-culture and alternative institutions, Turkish feminist groups have represented a new politics in Turkey. Turkish feminist groups have incorporated into particular as well as universal discourses. With respect to their particular discourses feminist groups serve for the aims of the Turkish state. However, With respect to the common discourses which they share with their Western counterparts they constitute a substantial element of civil society in Turkey. These discourses are particular to their own interest as well as differentiate feminist women from the "man-like" generation of the women who once served for the aims of the Republican Turkey.Çaha, ÖmerPh.D

Adalet, ahlak ve aidiyet

Aristo’dan beri siyaset teorisinde adalet kavramı iki anlayış üzerinden tartışıla gelmiştir. Birisi Aristo’nun dağıtım dediği kavram üzerinden anlamını bulan ve genel olarak sol düşüncenin öngördüğü adalet anlayışı. Diğeri ise herkesin piyasa şartlarında hak ettiğini almasına işaret eden prosedürel veya hakkaniyetçi adalet anlayışı. Aristo, adaleti “genel” ve “özel” olmak üzere iki ana kategoriye ayırır. Genel adalet, insanların birbirine karşı gözettiği bir ilke iken, özel adalet devletin vatandaşına karşı yükümlülüğünü ifade eder. Özel adaleti de “onarıcı” ve “dağıtıcı” şeklinde ikiye ayırır. Vatandaşlar birbirlerine karşı yükümlülüklerini yerine getirmedikleri veya birbirlerinin haklarına tecavüz ettikleri durumlarda, devlet haksız tarafı cezalandırmak suretiyle devreye girdiğinde onarıcı adaleti hayata geçirir. Başka bir deyişle, bozulmuş ilişkileri, yerine getirilmeyen sözleşmeleri onarır. Oysa dağıtıcı adalet, devletin, elindeki imkanları (makam, mevki, şan, şöhret vs.) dağıtması sürecinde söz konusu olan bir mekanizmadır. Devletin, dağıtım yaptığında göz önünde bulundurması gereken en temel ilke hakkaniyet ilkesidir. Yani dağıtımı hakkaniyete göre yapması gerekir

Environmentalism and the relativization of the state policy in regard with the environment in Turkey

Ankara : Department of Political Science and Public Administration of Bilkent Univ., 1990.Thesis (Master's) -- Bilkent University, 1990.Includes bibliographical refences.The aim of this thesis is to analyse the relationship between state and society in regard with the environment. It is a common view that the state has been quate autonomous and independent of social groups in Turkish political history. It has smothered the social groups whenever possible and originated the main source of the political norms and the value system. However, some new arguments draw attention to the 1980s in Turkey and discuss that there has emerged a shift in state policy. The state’s emphasis given the consumption galvanized the emergence of politically organized social groups dealing with the same matter. The study results with the evidence indicating a change in trend of state policy under the two different impacts. First, the environment transcends the national boundary and thus creates an international concern. The international treaties put a limit on the state power and end its being an ultimate authority for its citizens. This is argued in that study as fulfilling the function of aristocracy. Second the environmental groups in Turkey have influenced the state policy both in local and national level. The state policy comes .frequently be determined on the basis of the recommendations of the environmental groups. The changing trend in state policy in regard with environment is termed as the "relativization of the state policy."Çaha, ÖmerM.S

The Establishment Of National Outlook Movement: The Experiment Of National Order Party In Turkish Politics

* Ömer Çaha. Prof. Dr., İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye. * Ömer Baykal. Dr., [email protected] Görüş hareketi, Necmettin Erbakan'ın Müstakiller Hareketi sonrasında 1970 yılında kurdukları Milli Nizam Partisi (MNP) ile başlayıp günümüze kadar Türk siyasal hayatı içerisinde iktidar mücadelesi veren ana akım İslamcı hareketin temsilcisidir. Milli Görüş partileri, ideoloji, insan kaynağı, örgüt ve politika açısından bir sürekliliği barındırmakla beraber, her biri müstakil, dönemin siyasi şartlarına ve politik düşüncesine koşut olarak değişiklikler ihtiva eden politik aktörlerdir. MNP, kurucu parti olması ve siyasi ömrünün kısalığı nedeniyle, mücadele ettiği sağ siyasetten kendisini yeterli düzeyde özerkleştirmeyi başaramamıştır. Buna karşın halefi konumunda olan Milli Selamet Partisi'ne (MSP) önemli bir politik miras devretmiştir. Çalışmamız temel düzeyde, Türk siyaseti ve Milli Görüş hareketi içerisinde MNP deneyimini incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Öncelikle, Necmettin Erbakan'ı siyasal alana dahil eden politik mücadele ve Türk siyasal hayatı içerisinde MNP'nin kuruluş süreci tetkik edilecektir. MNP'nin ideolojik söyleminin yer aldığı bölümde, partinin kendisini konumlandırdığı siyasal pozisyon, ekonomi politikası ve siyasi söylemi incelenecektir. Son bölümde ise 12 Mart muhtırası ve devamında partini kapatılma süreci ortaya konulacaktırNational Outlook movement is the representative of the mainstream Islamist movement that started with the National Order Party (NOP) which they established in 1970 after Necmettin Erbakan's Movement of Independent Movements and gave a power struggle in Turkish political life. National Outlook are political actors, each of which is independent, incorporating changes in the political conditions and political thought of the time, as well as a continuity in terms of ideology, human resources, organization and politics. Because NOP is a founding party and has a short political life, it has not succeeded in securing itself from the right politics that it has struggled with politically. On the other hand, the National Salvation Party, which is in the position of successor, has transferred an important political heritage. Our study aims to examine the NOP experience at the basic level in the Turkish politics. First, the political struggle that includes Necmettin Erbakan in the political sphere and the process of setting up NOP in the Turkish political life will be examined. In the section where NOP 's ideological discourse takes place, the political position that the party positions itself, political policy discourse will be examined. In the last part, the process of closing the party on 12 March will be reveale

Improved tribocorrosion behavior obtained by in-situ precipitation of Ti2C in Ti-Nb alloy

Novel in-situ Ti-based matrix composites (TMCs) were developed through the reactive hot pressing of Ti + NbC powder blends. Due to the chemical reaction that occurred in the solid-state during processing, the produced samples were composed of an Nb-rich β-Ti phase that formed a metallic matrix along with Ti2C as a reinforcing phase. By employing different proportions of Ti:NbC, the phase composition of the alloys was designed to contain different ratios of α-Ti and β-Ti. The present work investigated the corrosion and tribocorrosion behavior of the composites, compared to unreinforced Ti, in a phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) at body temperature. Corrosion tests included potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Tribocorrosion tests were carried out using a ball-on-plate tribometer with sliding performed at open circuit potential (OCP) and under anodic potentiostatic conditions. Results showed that the stabilization of the β phase in the matrix led to a decrease in the hardness. However, the formation of the in-situ reinforcing phase significantly improved the tribocorrosion behavior of the composites due to a load-carrying effect, lowering the corrosion tendency and kinetics under sliding. Furthermore, localized corrosion was not observed at the interface between the reinforcing phase and the matrix.This work was supported by São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), grants #2017/24300-4, #2018/00746-6 and #2019/07953-0. Also, this work was partially supported by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Portugal, under UIDB/04436/2020 project