Stress and worry in the 2020 coronavirus pandemic: Relationships to trust and compliance with preventive measures across 48 countries in the COVIDiSTRESS global survey

The COVIDiSTRESS global survey collects data on early human responses to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic from 173 429 respondents in 48 countries. The open science study was co-designed by an international consortium of researchers to investigate how psychological responses differ across countries and cultures, and how this has impacted behaviour, coping and trust in government efforts to slow the spread of the virus. Starting in March 2020, COVIDiSTRESS leveraged the convenience of unpaid online recruitment to generate public data. The objective of the present analysis is to understand relationships between psychological responses in the early months of global coronavirus restrictions and help understand how different government measures succeed or fail in changing public behaviour. There were variations between and within countries. Although Western Europeans registered as more concerned over COVID-19, more stressed, and having slightly more trust in the governments' efforts, there was no clear geographical pattern in compliance with behavioural measures. Detailed plots illustrating between-countries differences are provided. Using both traditional and Bayesian analyses, we found that individuals who worried about getting sick worked harder to protect themselves and others. However, concern about the coronavirus itself did not account for all of the variances in experienced stress during the early months of COVID-19 restrictions. More alarmingly, such stress was associated with less compliance. Further, those most concerned over the coronavirus trusted in government measures primarily where policies were strict. While concern over a disease is a source of mental distress, other factors including strictness of protective measures, social support and personal lockdown conditions must also be taken into consideration to fully appreciate the psychological impact of COVID-19 and to understand why some people fail to follow behavioural guidelines intended to protect themselves and others from infection. The Stage 1 manuscript associated with this submission received in-principle acceptance (IPA) on 18 May 2020. Following IPA, the accepted Stage 1 version of the manuscript was preregistered on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/g2t3b. This preregistration was performed prior to data analysis

Stress and worry in the 2020 coronavirus pandemic : relationships to trust and compliance with preventive measures across 48 countries in the COVIDiSTRESS global survey

The COVIDiSTRESS global survey collects data on early human responses to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic from 173 429 respondents in 48 countries. The open science study was co-designed by an international consortium of researchers to investigate how psychological responses differ across countries and cultures, and how this has impacted behaviour, coping and trust in government efforts to slow the spread of the virus. Starting in March 2020, COVIDiSTRESS leveraged the convenience of unpaid online recruitment to generate public data. The objective of the present analysis is to understand relationships between psychological responses in the early months of global coronavirus restrictions and help understand how different government measures succeed or fail in changing public behaviour. There were variations between and within countries. Although Western Europeans registered as more concerned over COVID-19, more stressed, and having slightly more trust in the governments' efforts, there was no clear geographical pattern in compliance with behavioural measures. Detailed plots illustrating between-countries differences are provided. Using both traditional and Bayesian analyses, we found that individuals who worried about getting sick worked harder to protect themselves and others. However, concern about the coronavirus itself did not account for all of the variances in experienced stress during the early months of COVID-19 restrictions. More alarmingly, such stress was associated with less compliance. Further, those most concerned over the coronavirus trusted in government measures primarily where policies were strict. While concern over a disease is a source of mental distress, other factors including strictness of protective measures, social support and personal lockdown conditions must also be taken into consideration to fully appreciate the psychological impact of COVID-19 and to understand why some people fail to follow behavioural guidelines intended to protect themselves and others from infection. The Stage 1 manuscript associated with this submission received in-principle acceptance (IPA) on 18 May 2020. Following IPA, the accepted Stage 1 version of the manuscript was preregistered on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/g2t3b. This preregistration was performed prior to data analysis.Peer reviewe

Stress and worry in the 2020 coronavirus pandemic: relationships to trust and compliance with preventive measures across 48 countries in the COVIDiSTRESS global survey

The COVIDiSTRESS global survey collects data on early human responses to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic from 173 429 respondents in 48 countries. The open science study was co-designed by an international consortium of researchers to investigate how psychological responses differ across countries and cultures, and how this has impacted behaviour, coping and trust in government efforts to slow the spread of the virus. Starting in March 2020, COVIDiSTRESS leveraged the convenience of unpaid online recruitment to generate public data. The objective of the present analysis is to understand relationships between psychological responses in the early months of global coronavirus restrictions and help understand how different government measures succeed or fail in changing public behaviour. There were variations between and within countries. Although Western Europeans registered as more concerned over COVID-19, more stressed, and having slightly more trust in the governments' efforts, there was no clear geographical pattern in compliance with behavioural measures. Detailed plots illustrating between-countries differences are provided. Using both traditional and Bayesian analyses, we found that individuals who worried about getting sick worked harder to protect themselves and others. However, concern about the coronavirus itself did not account for all of the variances in experienced stress during the early months of COVID-19 restrictions. More alarmingly, such stress was associated with less compliance. Further, those most concerned over the coronavirus trusted in government measures primarily where policies were strict. While concern over a disease is a source of mental distress, other factors including strictness of protective measures, social support and personal lockdown conditions must also be taken into consideration to fully appreciate the psychological impact of COVID-19 and to understand why some people fail to follow behavioural guidelines intended to protect themselves and others from infection. The Stage 1 manuscript associated with this submission received in-principle acceptance (IPA) on 18 May 2020. Following IPA, the accepted Stage 1 version of the manuscript was preregistered on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/g2t3b. This preregistration was performed prior to data analysis

The role of Therapeutic Frame in Psychotherapy Process of a Client with Depressive Features

Constituting the main framework and structural features of psychotherapy, therapeutic frame is studied from various perspectives in terms of its different aspects and functions. This case study aimed both to illustrate the practices of therapeutic frame and to discuss the role of therapeutic frame in understanding the emotional needs and internal representations of a depressive client. The case was presenting with depressive mood and a number of relationship conflicts. Psychotherapy process was conducted during clinical psychology education of the therapist in accordance with object relations theory framework. Concepts of transference and countertransference were also integrated in this context in order to examine the relational patterns and developmental characteristics. The effects of possible cultural factors on therapeutic frame’s functions and transference-countertransference dynamics were also discussed. All in all, the assessment of interpersonal and intrapersonal boundaries, planning the interventions, and elaborating on the presenting problems in psychotherapy are concluded to be closely related to the therapeutic frame’s functions of containment and external reality for this case example.Psikoterapi uygulamasının genel iskeleti ve yapısal özelliklerini oluşturan terapötik çerçevenin farklı yönlerine ve kendine özgü işlevlerine yönelik çeşitli bakış açıları mevcuttur. Bu olgu çalışması, hem terapötik çerçevenin uygulamadaki görüngülerine dair bir örnek sunmayı, hem de kavramın depresif özellikler taşıyan bir danışanın psikoterapi süreci boyunca duygusal ihtiyaçları ve zihinsel temsillerinin anlaşılmasındaki rolünü ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Danışan, depresif duygulanım ve ilişkisel çatışma sorunları ile psikoterapiye başvurmuştur. Psikoterapi süreci terapistin klinik psikoloji lisansüstü eğitimi kapsamında yürütülmüş, genel olarak nesne ilişkileri kuramı doğrultusunda ve özel olarak terapötik çerçeve kavramı açısından detaylı olarak kavramsallaştırılmıştır. Bu bağlamda, ilişkisel çatışmaları devam ettiren mekanizmaların ve gelişimsel özelliklerin psikoterapi ilişkisi içinde aktarım ve karşı aktarım yoluyla anlaşılması önemli bulunmuştur. Ayrıca kültürel etmenlerin gerek terapötik çerçevenin işlevleri, gerekse aktarım-karşı aktarım ilişkisi üzerindeki olası etkileri tartışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak bu olgu örneğinde içsel ve kişilerarası sınırların değerlendirilmesi, uygun müdahale yollarının planlanması ve danışanın şikâyetleriyle ilişkili ilişkisel zorlukların anlaşılmasında terapötik çerçevenin özellikle kapsayıcılık ve dış gerçeklik işlevlerinin ön plana çıktığı görülmüştür.

Conversation Analysis in Psychotherapy Research: A Methodological Review

Conversation analysis is a qualitative research method developed in social sciences that inspects naturally occurring conversations and reveals the particular characteristics of conversationalists’ interactions. Psychotherapy research aims to understand the features that determine the psychotherapy process and its effectiveness by using many different qualitative and quantitative research methods. The characteristics of interactions between psychotherapists and clients in psychotherapy are one of these features, and conversation analysis has become one of the methods used in psychotherapy research. Although conversation analysis in Turkey is better known as a research method in sociology, educational sciences, and various subfields of psychology, there is a lack of Turkish resources on the kind of questions conversation analysis can answer in psychotherapy research. Hence, the current article provides theoretical and methodological information about how conversation analysis is utilized in psychotherapy research and reviews the literature. Studies examining psychotherapy interactions using this method belong to the psychotherapy research tradition based on hermeneutics. Conversation analysis makes inferences about how therapists and clients jointly construct the psychotherapy process and how changes take place using its unique assumptions and analysis methods. In the psychotherapy research literature, conversation analysis studies have sought answers to many questions. The research hitherto has evolved around three main areas of study: therapeutic interventions, elements of the therapeutic relationship, and the effects of psychotherapy. In this paper, the literature findings are summarized and the implications of these studies for the practice of psychotherapy and recent research trends are touched upon. Furthermore, the analysis of a Turkish psychotherapy extract is illustrated. Finally, the article concludes that conversation analysis in psychotherapy makes noteworthy contributions to individually and culturally tailored psychotherapy practice. Research on psychotherapy outcomes and mixed-method designs are expected to become prominent in the future

Ambivalence of Collaboration in Psychotherapy Room: Perspectives of Sadomasochism and Conversation Analysis

Psychotherapy process and outcome researchers have long been trying to extricate what makes a psychotherapy successful. Almost six decades of research signify that psychotherapy relationship is of the essence. The quality of psychotherapy relationship depends on many circumstances of a therapist-client dyad, one of which is personality organization. Sadomasochism is a personality organization that individuals’ relationship with pain is intricate so vicious circles of abusive and/or painful interactions with others are pervasive. Although this complicates the psychotherapy process, research on sadomasochistic dynamics in psychotherapy is scarce. Thus, the current study is aimed to probe how clients displaying sadomasochistic personality and therapists interact. For doing so, four viable therapist-client dyads were recruited who had terminated a psychotherapy process. Audio recorded sessions of the participants were transcribed and analyzed using conversation analysis (CA) as it enables researchers to examine the micro intersubjective dynamics of daily and institutional interactions. The analysis revealed that the process was characterized by moments of collaboration, break of collaboration and ambivalence of collaboration. Interactions of collaboration and break of collaboration reflected almost identical conversational strategies documented by previous research. However, ambiguity of collaboration as an uncommon pattern of interaction in general was encountered extensively in this study. Conversations of the dyads in that moments were collaborative in terms of content but uncollaborative in terms of how the talk is organized, and vice versa. The extracts representing these moments will be presented and implications for sadomasochistic relatedness in psychotherapy and promises of CA for psychotherapy research will be discussed

Psikoterapide öznelerarasılık: sadomazoşizm ve konuşma çözümlemesi yaklaşımları.

Sadomasochism as a personality organization is defined in terms of recurrent patterns of compulsion to hurt and to be hurt in interpersonal relationships. The relational and social constructivist views for both personality traits and psychotherapy relationship points out the importance of intersubjectivity. Thus, the literature on the relational manifestations of sadomasochistic properties in psychotherapy from this perspective informs us about the co-construction of some relational dynamics. However, information in the literature relies mainly on case studies or research from positivist paradigm and there is a need for closer examination of qualitative properties of aforementioned dynamics. As a result, this study aims to examine how psychotherapy clients with sadomasochistic features and psychotherapists interact in their therapeutic relationship. In order to answer this question conversation analysis is utilized. It aims to reveal how meanings are constructed in social actions of individuals by analyzing conversationsin terms of recurrent relational patterns and micro dynamics. Twenty four sessions conducted by four therapist-client dyads are analyzed with this method and the analysis suggested that collaboration, uncollaboration, and ambiguity of collaboration were three main patterns of interaction, which varied in different stages of process and among dyads. The findings are discussed from conversation analysis perspective related to psychotherapy research, transference-countertransference, and object relations literature. It is concluded that this study provides support for the intersubjectivity of psychotherapy relationship and explains some facets of how therapists and clients, as equally active agents, construct meanings in this relationship.Ph.D. - Doctoral Progra

Genç Yetişkinler ve Bakım Verenlerinin Duygu Düzenleme Strateji Kullanımları: Nitel Bir İnceleme

Duyguların nasıl düzenlendiği bireyin işlevselliği için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bireylerin duygu düzenlemesi ile onlara bakım verenlerin kendi duygularını nasıl ve ne düzeyde düzenlediği arasında bir ilişki olduğu bilinmektedir. Fakat genç yetişkinlerin kendilerine ve bakım verenlerine ait duygu düzenleme stratejilerini nasıl tanımladıkları ve kendi duygu düzenlemelerini etkileyen etmenleri nasıl yorumladıkları hakkında yapılan araştırmalar kısıtlıdır. Bu nedenle mevcut çalışmada, genç yetişkinlerin kendi duygu düzenlemeleri, bakım verenlerinin düzenleme stratejisi kullanımları ve kendi duygu düzenlemelerini etkileyen etmenlerle ilgili düşüncelerinin anlaşılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda 14 katılımcıdan, yarı-yapılandırılmış derinlemesine görüşmeler ve görüşme sonrası iki hafta boyunca gün aşırı uygulanan çevrimiçi günlükler yoluyla duygu düzenleme süreçleri ile ilgili bilgi edinilmiştir. Elde edilen veri tematik analiz yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Bulgulara göre genç yetişkinlerin kendileri ve bakım verenleri için dile getirdikleri duygu düzenleme stratejileri benzerlikler taşımaktadır. Stratejiler zihinsel süreçlere dayalı, etkileşime dayalı ve maruz kalmaya dayalı olarak üç ana tema şeklinde gruplandırılmıştır. Günlük yoluyla elde edilen bilgiler; günlük hayatta en sık maruz kalmaya dayalı stratejilerin kullanıldığını, sıklık açısından zihinsel süreçlere ve etkileşime dayalı stratejilerin ise ikinci sırada geldiğini göstermektedir. Yapılan analiz sonucunda ayrıca katılımcıların karmaşık bir çok duygu düzenleme stratejisi kullandıkları ve duygu düzenlemelerinin pek çok etmenle ilgili olduğunu düşündükleri görülmüştür. Kimi stratejiler (örn., bastırmak) alan yazındaki tanımlamalardan farklılaşmış, duygu düzenleme sürecinde bakım verenlere ek olarak yöntemin işlevsel olup olmaması ve ilişkisel sonuçları gibi etmenlerin de rol oynayabileceği anlaşılmıştır

Emotion Regulation Strategies of Young Adults and Their Caregivers: A Qualitative Analysis

It is noticed that theories and research on emotion regulation (ER), ER strategies, and subjective experiences of individuals about ER are inconsiderably various. The effects of caregivers and caregivers’ ER on people’s ER are also among the subjects examined, but young adults’ definition of the ER strategies of their own and caregivers’ seems to be limited. Therefore, this study aims to answer the question of “What are the views of young adults on (a) how they regulate their emotions, (b) which ER strategies their caregivers use, and (c) on the factors affecting their ER, including caregivers\u27 strategies?”. In order to answer this question, 14 individuals, included 8 women (mean age=21.4) and 6 men (mean age=21.6), explained ER processes in detail in audio recorded semi-structured interviews and in online diaries. The data was transcribed, coded and analyzed using thematic analysis in line with guidelines of Braun and Clarke (2006). It is comprehended that ER strategies of young adults and their caregivers have similarities. These are expressed in 3 main themes as strategies based on mental processes, strategies based on interaction with others and strategies based on exposure. It is seen that the experiences of ER are more complex than those mentioned in the literature and the participants think that their ER strategies are not only affected by their caregivers but also many other factors. Therefore, this study examines young adults\u27 views on their own and caregivers\u27 ER processes and on factors affecting ER, and differs from existing research in the literature in that it is qualitative, includes fathers and other caregivers, and includes expressions of young adults