民国大学生学业与家庭关系研究

對“民國大學生量化數據庫”中學生填報的親屬姓名、職業與教育等信息進行分析，可以揭示民國大學生家庭背景與學業發展的關系。一方面，與明清科舉成功者相比，民國大學生已從以官員子弟為主，轉變為以商人和專業技術人員子弟為主。兩代知識群體的家庭背景、成長環境等差別甚大。另一方面，民國大學生的學業發展高度依賴家庭經濟的支持，家長職業與青年學業發展之間關系密切。在有大學教育背景的家庭中，學生的學業選擇與家長、兄弟姐妹等直系親屬的教育情況頗為相關。家庭革命是中國近代轉型的核心之一，個人主義的宣揚和個人意識的抬頭被認為是民國時期的重要特征之一，但學業發展與選擇的實證數據提示我們，家庭對個人成長的實際影響依舊很大

江山代有才人出-中国教育精英的来源与转变 (1865-2014)

布尔迪厄、卡拉贝尔等一批西方学者研究论证了精英教育在法、美等国主要用于政治和财富精英群体社会再生产的现实与机制。通过量化分析晚清、民国和共和国时期近150年来教育精英大规模微观数据，本文发现，在国家和社会的历史变迁中，中国教育精英的社会和地理来源非常多元，随着教育传统和考试制度的演变，出现了多次结构性转变，形成了特点迥异的四个阶段。这些历史特征与西方经验显著不同，不仅对中国当代社会阶层与流动影响深远，也是理解中西方社会精英构成与历史发展路径差异的重要基础。 In the last thirty years, Western scholars from Bourdieu (1989/1998) to Karabel(2006) have gone to great length to document how in France and the United States, national social and economic elites monopolize elite higher education. In China, in contrast, a system of elite examinations admits students from different social backgrounds. This paper uses a Big Historical Dataset that includes most imperial degree holders, the majority of Republican university students, and all undergraduate students from selected elite PRC universities to document how alterations in the examination system during the last 150 years have changed the social origins of successful degree candidates during four distinct periods: 1865-1905, 1906-1952, 1953-2003, and 2004-2014. Our results suggest that while elite higher education largely reproduces social and economic elites elsewhere in the world, in China the elite higher education is more independent and in fact produces new elites who contribute to a process of continuous transformation of the Chinese society

民国上海地区高校生源量化刍议

作为中国近代化最重要的窗口,民国上海不仅具有商业经济和多元文化,其高校数量亦居全国各省市之首。这些高校培养出的众多学生,不仅构成了中国近代化进程中不可或缺的人才基础,其群体特征对理解民国社会的组织与结构亦至为关键。基于大学生学籍数据的量化分析发现,若以"从什么地方来"、"从什么家庭来"和"从什么系统来"三个角度衡量,这一群体的家庭背景较为同质化,地理来源比较集中。理论上面向全国和全社会开放的各类公私立大学,学生主要来自于具有文化或财富优势的本地家庭和与各大学有着千丝万缕联系的本地中学。民国上海地区高校生源从一个侧面反映了民国高等教育的实况。As the most important window on to China’s early modernization ,Republican Shanghai had not only a commercial economy and a diversity of cultures, but also the highest number of colleges and universities out of all Chinese provinces and cities. The many students reared in these institutions constituted an indispensable talent base for China’s modernization, so their group characteristics are crucial to understanding the social organization and structure of this era. Our quantitative analysis of background data on college students in university records assesses their place of origin, family background and the system they came from. Our findings show that they were relatively homogeneous in terms of family background and were geographically concentrated. Theoretically, these public and private colleges and universities were open to all of society across the country, but in fact their students tended to be from local families with cultural or financial advantages and to have come through local secondary schools with a myriad ties to these colleges and universities. Republican Shanghai throws a sidelight on the real situation of Republican higher education

Expert consensus on the management of dermatogenic chronic pruritus in children

瘙痒见于多种疾病,在儿童多由皮肤疾病导致,即皮肤源性瘙痒.持续存在的慢性瘙痒治疗困难,可对患儿的睡眠、情绪、认知、学校表现及社会家庭功能等方面产生负面影响,严重影响患儿及其家庭成员的生活质量.临床上迫切需要对儿童慢性瘙痒进行规范化管理,而目前国内外缺乏独立的儿童慢性瘙痒诊疗指南或共识.该共识根据循证医学证据及专家意见,制定了一套针对0～18岁儿童皮肤源性慢性瘙痒的管理方案,供临床医生参考.</p

JUNO Sensitivity on Proton Decay p→νˉK+p\to \bar\nu K^+ Searches

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to explore many topics in fundamental physics. In this paper, the potential on searching for proton decay in $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ mode with JUNO is investigated.The kaon and its decay particles feature a clear three-fold coincidence signature that results in a high efficiency for identification. Moreover, the excellent energy resolution of JUNO permits to suppress the sizable background caused by other delayed signals. Based on these advantages, the detection efficiency for the proton decay via $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ is 36.9% with a background level of 0.2 events after 10 years of data taking. The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years exposure is $9.6 \times 10^{33}$ years, competitive with the current best limits on the proton lifetime in this channel

Prediction of Energy Resolution in the JUNO Experiment

International audienceThis paper presents the energy resolution study in the JUNO experiment, incorporating the latest knowledge acquired during the detector construction phase. The determination of neutrino mass ordering in JUNO requires an exceptional energy resolution better than 3% at 1 MeV. To achieve this ambitious goal, significant efforts have been undertaken in the design and production of the key components of the JUNO detector. Various factors affecting the detection of inverse beta decay signals have an impact on the energy resolution, extending beyond the statistical fluctuations of the detected number of photons, such as the properties of liquid scintillator, performance of photomultiplier tubes, and the energy reconstruction algorithm. To account for these effects, a full JUNO simulation and reconstruction approach is employed. This enables the modeling of all relevant effects and the evaluation of associated inputs to accurately estimate the energy resolution. The study reveals an energy resolution of 2.95% at 1 MeV. Furthermore, the study assesses the contribution of major effects to the overall energy resolution budget. This analysis serves as a reference for interpreting future measurements of energy resolution during JUNO data taking. Moreover, it provides a guideline in comprehending the energy resolution characteristics of liquid scintillator-based detectors

JUNO sensitivity on proton decay p → ν K + searches*

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to explore many topics in fundamental physics. In this study, the potential of searching for proton decay in the $p\to \bar{\nu} K^+$ mode with JUNO is investigated. The kaon and its decay particles feature a clear three-fold coincidence signature that results in a high efficiency for identification. Moreover, the excellent energy resolution of JUNO permits suppression of the sizable background caused by other delayed signals. Based on these advantages, the detection efficiency for the proton decay via $p\to \bar{\nu} K^+$ is 36.9% ± 4.9% with a background level of $0.2\pm 0.05({\rm syst})\pm$$0.2({\rm stat})$ events after 10 years of data collection. The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years of exposure is $9.6 \times 10^{33}$ years, which is competitive with the current best limits on the proton lifetime in this channel and complements the use of different detection technologies