The determinants of Taiwan companies’ foreign direct investment toward industrialized or developing countries: a case study of electronic industries

以往國內研究多國籍企業之對外投資，多以單一國家或特定區域進行探討，較少針對各國之間的區位選擇問題做全方面的研究。本文將針對我國主流產業之資訊電子工業廠商，其對外投資時所擁有的專屬優勢，及被投資國具備的區位優勢，依不同開發型態國家，進行各國之間投資區位選擇因素之探討。期以研究結果，供未來欲對外投資之台灣資訊電子工業廠商，藉以選擇最適切的投資地區，有效且經濟的利用資源。本論文利用2006年經濟部統計處「製造業對外投資實況調查」之資料（有效樣本計759家），分析2006年台灣製造業廠商，在總營業額、全年研發支出總額、當地所投資之行業、勞力密集度、資本密集度、當地市場發展潛力大、便利技術與技能之取得、利用當地最惠國待遇及優惠關稅、利用當地價廉充沛勞工，及配合國外客戶要求等條件不同的情況下，會傾向投資於何種開發型態的國家。本研究使用Probit迴歸模型，運用Eviews軟體設定計量模型實證，依據實證結果發現：廠商的全年研發支出總額越高，及為便利技術與技能之取得，會傾向往工業化國家投資；如廠商的勞力密集度越高，及為利用當地價廉充沛勞工，會不傾向往工業化國家投資

[[alternative]]The Change of Functional Status, Psychological Distress, Sense of Coherence and Caregiver Burden in Patient with First-Time Stroke: A Longitudinal Study

[[abstract]]由於醫療照護品質的進步，腦血管疾病的死亡率有下降的趨勢，但隨著人口老化，其盛行率及中風存活者人數則大幅提升，疾病所伴隨而來的失能與後遺症，不僅影響日常生活功能，造成心理困擾，更影響生活適應情形，後續長期照護問題，亦成為社會及醫療保健系統重大負擔。本研究目的主要是，探討研究對象初次腦中風病人診斷六個月內之身體功能恢復與照顧者負荷和生活適之變化趨勢和軌跡類型與相關因素。研究對象來源為北區某所醫學中心之初次腦中風病人與其主要照顧者，以方便取樣方式共收集101對，採縱貫性研究法，收集資料的時間點分別為病人發病一週內(T1)、發病後一個月(T2)、三個月(T3)及六個月(T4)，共有四個時間點。過程中，同時收集病人與主要照顧者之資料，前兩個時間點在病房進行訪談，後三個時間點是至個案居家住所進行訪視。資料收集採用量表調查法，研究工具包括人口學基本資料、腦中風病人功能狀態、心理困擾、生活適應及照顧者負荷量表，資料分析運用廣義估計模式進行發展趨勢與相關因素探討，並以潛在成長模式進行軌跡類別之分析。研究結果顯示，腦中風病人與照顧者於診斷後六個月期間，病人身體功能恢復隨時間整體平均明顯進步，生活適應變化趨勢並未受時間有所影響。具有多樣性變化，其功能復原軌跡分為三種類別「低功能緩慢復原」佔28.7%、「低功能快速復原」佔36.6%、「高功能持平復原」佔34.7%，相對於「高功能持平復原」組，成為「低功能緩慢復原組」軌跡組之相關因素：教育程度、中風疾病嚴重度與中風危險因子數，成為「低功能快速復原」軌跡組之相關因素：復健及生活適應力。就照顧者而言，負荷隨時間平均分數有逐漸下降趨勢，生活適應則隨時間逐漸增加。針對照顧者負荷可分為三種軌跡類別「低負荷」佔44.6%、「中度負荷」佔39.6%及「高度負荷」佔15.8%。軌跡組以「高度負荷」軌跡為參考組，發現男性、低焦慮且病人身體功能復原較好者容易發展為「低負荷」軌跡組。照顧者無配偶且低焦慮者則容易歸屬在「中度負荷」軌跡組，顯示發病初期高焦慮情緒是引發照顧者高負荷感受之重要因素。在動態變項中，憂鬱是影響功能復原軌跡發展的阻力；焦慮及社會支持是影響病人生活適應的助力。而焦慮是同步影響照顧者負荷起始狀態與軌跡發展的危險因子；焦慮和憂鬱則是影響照顧者生活適應之助力與阻力。最後，以雙軌跡模式驗證病人身體功能復原與照顧負荷感受度之間的因果關係，從病人身體功能狀復原佳可預測照顧者負荷程度偏低，但照顧者負荷高不一定是照顧功能復原不佳的病人，顯示照顧者負荷概念為多面向樣貌。本研究重要發現有助於臨床護理人員瞭解初次腦中風病人在疾病復原歷程中，因著起始點與動態因素的影響有不同復原軌跡發展，而隨著病人功能復原狀態不同，照顧者亦有不同的負荷程度表現，兩者是共存與彼此牽動的關係。因此，對於透過如何增進病人復原成效、減少照顧者負荷與增加他們生活適應力是極為重要的。建議未來的臨床照顧實務，應強化病人和照顧者為中心的照護模式，以家庭為單位，評估家庭功能與關係，提供他們更多的協助與資源；並納入照顧者的能力評估，了解照顧者需求，以提供早期及持續性的協助；針對出院病人與照顧者，提供完整的出院準備計畫，包括病程進展、復原歷程可能面對問題、預防中風復發、照顧技巧、輔具使用與社會福利資源等內容，讓照顧者有充分時間學習；提供病人與照顧者問題解決技巧和因應能力課程，以及情緒與靈性支持，讓他們更具信心與能力面對不同時期的挑戰，在生命歷程中找尋意義；最後，建立病人和照顧者與醫療人員之間良好的溝通管道，將他們視為照顧團隊伴伙之一，藉由他們的回饋與建議，能提供最佳的照護與服務品質。[[abstract]]As the quality of medical care advances, the mortality rate of cerebrovascular disease has a downward trend, but with the aging population, the prevalence and the number of stroke survivors increased significantly. The disability and complications of the stroke not only affect the daily living activity and psychological distress, but also affect the ability of adaptation to life, become a long-term care problems, and be a major social and health care system burden.The purposes of this study were: 1. to explore the 6th month growth trend and trajec-tory types of the physical function recovery, caregiver burden, and life adaption of the first diagnosed stroke patients; 2. to examine the factors that predict the growth trend, trajectory types of the physical function recovery, caregiver burden, and life adaption of the first diagnosed stroke patients. A longitudinal design with convince sampling was conducted to recruit fist-time stroke patients and main caregivers from one medical center of northern Taiwan. Data were collected at four time points after stroke: T1(1-7 days)、T2(4-6 weeks)、T3( 12-14 weeks) and T4(24-26 weeks). Information of patient and main caregiver were also collected in two ways: 1. In ward interview: T1 and T2; 2. In patient house interview: T2, T3 and T4. The researcher conducted data collection using 5 structured questionnaires: the patient demographics data, functional status, psychological distress, sense of coherence and caregiver burden. The Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) was used to explore the trend of development and related factors of dependent variables. And then, Latent Class Growth Analysis (LCGA) was conducted to analyze the trajectory types.The results shows the average physical function of stroke patients and caregivers improved significantly within 6 months after stroke, but the trend of life adaption were not affected as time went, the trajectory of functional recovery can be classified into three types: “low-performance and slowly recovery” about28.7%, “low-performance and rapidly recovery” about36.6% and “high-performance and flat recovery” about34.7%. In contract with the group of “high-performance and flat recovery”, factors lead to “low-performance and slowly recovery” group were education, severity of stroke and amount of risk factors of stroke. Factors lead to “low-performance and rapidly recovery” group were rehabilitation and life adaption. For caregivers, the average score of burden decreased and life adaption increased as time went. The trajectory of caregiver burden can be classified into three types: low burden (44.6%), moderate burden(39.6% )and high burden(15.8%). High burden group as reference group, caregivers who were male, low anxiety and good physical function recovery were easier to become low burden group, while caregivers without spouse and low anxiety were tend to become moderate burden group, which means high anxiety was an important factor to induce caregiver high burden in the stroke patient’s early stage. Depression will against the development of functional recovery, anxiety and social support will be helpful to life adaption among stroke patient. Anxiety was the factor affects both of caregiver burden and trajectory development. Anxiety and depression were factors bring positive and negative affect to caregiver’s life adaption. Dual trajectory model was used to verify the cause and effect between the recovery of stroke patient’s physical function and caregiver burden. Low caregiver burden can be estimated from good recovery of physical function, but high caregiver burden will not fully caused by bad recovery of physical function, which shows the various domain of caregiver burden. Findings of this study will help clinical nurses to understand the different recovery trajectory development caused by the starting point and dynamic factors in the process of disease recovery among first diagnosed stroke patients, and different caregiver burden performance follow with various physical function recovery of stroke patients, the two are coexistence and affect each other. Therefore, it is extremely important to reduce the burden on caregivers and increase their resilience to life by improving patient recovery outcomes. Recommendations for future clinical care practices should be to strengthen patient and caregiver-centered care models, family-based assessment of family functions and relationships, to provide them with more assistance and resources, to assess the ability of caregiver, to understand caregiver needs, and to provide early and sustained assistance. Provide a complete discharge preparation plan for discharged patients and caregivers, including progression of the disease, possible recovery problems, preventing of stroke recurrence, caregiving skills, accessory aids and social welfare resources. Allow caregivers to have sufficient time to learn. Provide patient and caregiver problem-solving skills and coping skills courses, as well as emotional and spiritual support, so that they have more confidence and ability to face the challenges of different periods, and to find meaning in the life course. Finally, establish a good communication channel between the patients, the caregiver and the medical professional staff, treating them as one of the care team, and with their feedback and advice, can provide the best care and service

Flipped Classroom: A New Teaching Strategy for Integrating Information Technology Into Nursing Education

[[abstract]]目前護理教育仍以「教師為中心」的傳統講授的教學模式，無法激發學生的批判性思考及培養自主學習的能力。近年來隨著資訊科技快速發展及教育理念變遷，發展出「翻轉教室」的概念及教學模式，它完全顛覆傳統的教學模式，讓e世代學生透過智慧型手機或平板電腦等資通訊科技工具在課前進行相關學習活動，課堂中增進老師與學生互動機會，藉以激發學生思考、引導解決問題，鼓勵合作學習及活用知識，落實以學生為中心的教育理念，此種以學生為中心的教學模式與護理教育理念及培育學生的專業能力不謀而合。在國際間翻轉教室蔚為潮流之際，國內各領域教育界也開始推動翻轉教室的教學模式，然而翻轉教室不論在國內外護理教育尚在萌芽階段，因此本文說明翻轉教室的概念及推展產生的迷思、國際間醫護教育應用翻轉教室的經驗及面臨議題，以做為國內護理教育未來推動翻轉教室教學策略的參考。 The traditional ＂teacher-centered＂ instruction model is still currently pervasive in nursing education. However, this model does not stimulate the critical thinking or foster the self-learning competence of students. In recent years, the rapid development of information technology and the changes in educational philosophy have encouraged the development of the ＂flipped classroom＂ concept. This concept completely subverts the traditional instruction model by allowing students to access and use related learning activities prior to class on their smartphones or tablet computers. Implementation of this concept has been demonstrated to facilitate greater classroom interaction between teachers and students, to stimulate student thinking, to guide problem solving, and to encourage cooperative learning and knowledge utilization in order to achieve the ideal of student-centered education. This student-centered model of instruction coincides with the philosophy of nursing education and may foster the professional competence of nursing students. The flipped classroom is already an international trend, and certain domestic education sectors have adopted and applied this concept as well. However, this concept has only just begun to make its mark on nursing education. This article describes the concept of the flipped classroom, the implementation myth, the current experience with implementing this concept in international healthcare education, and the challenging issues. We hope to provide a reference for future nursing education administrators who are responsible to implement flipped classroom teaching strategies in Taiwan

以聯合分析為基礎之策略性網路行銷系統模型初探

出處：屏東科技大

以聯合分析為基礎之策略性網路行銷系統模型─網路喜餅商店個案研究

出處：中華民國資訊管理學

Selecting Methods and Awaiting Growth: The Teaching Experience of Fundamental Nursing Practicum Instructors

[[abstract]]背　景 基本護理學實習是護理專業的入門及基礎，多重因素影響護生臨床實習成效；其中實習教師是整體教學計劃的規劃與執行者，其所採行的教學方法、策略與教學態度極為關鍵。因此透過教師教學的反思，瞭解基本護理實習的教學特性，將有助於實習教師協助學生開發個人潛能，做為專業發展的基石。 目　的 從基本護理學實習教師觀點，探討基本護理臨床實習之教學特質。 方　法 本研究採質性研究法，研究對象為輔導技職院校科技大學四年制護理系基本護理實習之實習教師。資料收集的時間為基本護理實習期間，共進行五次焦點團體會議討論，每次時間約二至四小時。焦點團體主持人為研究主持人，針對學生學習表現，實習教學設計、教學經驗分享等議題，引導老師分享對學生學習表現的觀察與指導經驗，再以內容分析法進行資料分析。 結　果 實習教師所展現之基本護理臨床實習教學特質，共有三大主題，分別為需瞭解學生特質的「新手上路狀況多，慢慢行」，教師對於學生的「能力、心情與困擾需洞悉」，以及教學特質上應展現的「鼓勵支持中選擇方法」。 結　論／實務應用 基本護理實習教師需能了解學生學習特性，運用合宜的教學方法、策略與態度來進行輔導；而過程中，實習單位人員、環境的準備等均是使學生能有良好學習經驗不可或缺的要素。本研究結果，可提供帶領技職院校科技大學護理系基本護理學實習教師教學準備之參考。 Background: A constellation of factors accounts for teaching efficacy in the fundamental nursing practicum. Teachers play a critical role in terms of designing and executing an appropriate teaching plan, choosing effective methods, and holding appropriate teaching attitudes. It is thus extremely important that clinical teachers master the core characteristics of basic nursing practice. Purpose: This study aimed to illuminate the core characteristics of basic nursing practice for students for reference by clinical practicum teachers. Methods: Qualitative research was used to identify the fundamentals of nursing practice by clinical teacher. Five focus group meetings were convened during the practice period. The researchers presided over group discussions held during the normal weekly teaching schedule and lasting approximately 2-4 hours each. The content analysis was adopted to analyze the data. Results: Three major themes were proposed, including (1) student status: “novices were stymied by problems and thus improved slowly”; (2) teacher awareness: “teachers need to be aware of student capabilities, mood, and discomfort”; and (3) teaching style: “a good choice of methods should support and encourage students. Conclusions / Implications for Practice: To cultivate professional nursing knowledge and self-confidence for future professional commitment, clinical teachers must first understand the characteristics and motivations of learning of their students and then select the, skills, and attitudes appropriate to provide step-by-step guidance. Communication with staffs and the preparation of atmosphere prior to nursing practice are also essential for students. Results provide insights into the technical college environment with regard to basic-level clinical nursing practice

Roots of competency, setbacks and hardship, and growth opportunities─Clinical Nursing Practice of New Nursing Students

[[abstract]]背景：護理系學生實際接觸臨床實務的基本護理學與實習課程是銜接各護理核心科目實習之重要基礎。 目的：為能提升教學成效，期望透過學生學習之回饋中，明瞭學生實習之經驗，以做為教學精進之參考。 方法：採質性研究焦點團體訪談法，以半結構式訪談指引進行深入訪談。研究對象以技職體系某大學護理系已完成基本護理學實習學生為對象，以隨機抽樣方式進行招募，共有40 位學生參與訪談。 結果：研究結果經分析後共歸納出三大主題，包括：一、能力的紮根，二、挫折困頓的經驗，三、成長的歷程等；其中涵蓋有十一個次主題。結論：從門外漢至新手護生的實習經驗中，真實反應學生的心境，其中包含正向與負向經驗。學生之專業能力紮根的過程中，經歷挫折、困頓，嘗試運用自我調整的模式，學習如何因應多變化的實習情境。針對學生正負向學習經驗的轉化，須仰賴實習教師們的敏感度及同理心，深入瞭解及評估學生在初次實習之壓力情境與感受，並能識別學生個別狀態，運用不同的教學策略，因材施教。 實務應用：研究結果提供學生實際臨床實習經驗、對實務的看法以及教學輔導方式的體驗，可以作為未來護理教育中臨床教學方法改進之參考