论罗马市民权的观念和实践

现代国籍制度的源头可以追溯至古罗马的市民权制度。罗马人根据自己的利益需求和实力,实行灵活多变的市民权政策,在早期法中居住在罗马是取得市民权的关键,随着罗马的强大,附加于市民权上的利益不再轻易赐予外邦人,实行比万民法更加严格的血统规则。共和末期始,基于增强军事实力和控制被征服地区等因素,罗马人开始授予外邦人市民权,并且允许双重市民权。212年安东尼努斯敕令授予帝国境内一切自由人市民权,此后移居帝国境内的野蛮人虽没有被正式授予市民权,但事实上享有之,并允许他们保有故国的市民权。我国可借鉴罗马人的经验在合理的限度内实行双重国籍制度。2013年“国家哲学社会科学文库”项目:“罗马公法要论

Fiducia Cum Creditore in Roman Law

信托担保（fiduciacumcreditore）在罗马法中是指为了担保的目的信托债务人通过要式买卖（mancipatio）或者拟诉弃权（iniurecessio）的方式将财产的所有权转让给信托债权人，作为其债权的担保，同时当事人之间订立信托简约。信托简约的内容经历了一个变迁过程，一般来说，包含以下内容：（1）若信托债权人的债权获得了满足，他应当将信托财产返还给信托债务人；（2）若信托债权人的债权在履行期限届满后没有获得满足，则他可以出卖信托财产并以价金满足其债权，若价金不足，可以继续向信托债务人追偿，若价金有余，应将多余部分返还给信托债务人。信托简约因为不符合法律的规定，得不到法律的保护，只...The fiducia cum creditore in roman law intends that the debtor transfers the ownership of property to the creditor through mancipatio and in iure cessio in order to provide security for abligations,concluding a pactum fiduciae which involves:a) if the guaranteed credit is satisfied at the time appointed,the creditor must retransfer the ownership of property to the detor;b)if not,the creditor can s...学位：法学硕士院系专业：法学院法律系_民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学)学号：1362008115069

Research on Fiducia in Roman Law

本文主要从历史主义的视角，还原罗马法中信托的本来面貌，并不将现代信托的观念投射到罗马人的法律实践中去，也并不试图去构建罗马法信托的现代性，以证明它依然参与着现代信托制度的构建。 罗马法中信托的产生和发展与特定时空背景下的社会、经济、文化等要素密切相关，由此而形成的相关规范与罗马法中的其它规范密切配合共同维护着信托制度的有效运转。所谓信托是指信托人通过要式买卖或拟诉弃权的方式将标的物转让给受信托人，后者根据当事人的协议在一定条件下将标的物返还给信托人或第三人或实施特定的行为。信托的标的物既可以是要式物也可以是略式物。虽然受信托人在法律层面上享有标的物的所有权，但该权利受到当事人达成的协议的债权...This dissertation mainly aims at restoring the original appearance of fiducia in Roman law from historical perspective, without projecting the modern concept of trust on Roman legal practice and attempting to modernize the fiducia in Roman law in order to prove that it is still involved in the construction of modern trust system. The emergence and development of fiducia in Roman law is closely rel...学位：法学博士院系专业：法学院_民商法学学号：1362012015334

中国物理海洋学研究70年：发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团,以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强,研究领域不断拓展,涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果,其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的"普遍风浪谱"和"涌浪谱",发展了第三代海浪数值模式;提出了"准调和分析方法"和"潮汐潮流永久预报"等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法;发现并命名了"棉兰老潜流",揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等,系统描述了太平洋西边界流系;提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流);不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统,在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流,以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识;从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结;发展了浅海水团的研究方法,基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制,在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献;阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制,揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构,定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力;基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征,提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制;构建了"南海内波潜标观测网",实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识;发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论,提出了海流"边缘不稳定"的概念,开发了海洋湍流模式,提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等;在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识,并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响;研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式,推出一系列海洋与气候模式;发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统;建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模型实验平台;发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法,建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系,揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应;初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网;持续开展南北极调查研究;建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统,为中国气象减灾提供保障;突破了国外的海洋技术封锁,研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器;建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型,为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示,经过70年的发展,中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍,这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军

A Trial Study of the Three Problems of Fiducia in Roman Law

罗马法中的信托质制度是现代物权法中让与担保的起源。信托质是信托人通过要式买卖或者拟诉弃权的方式将信托物的所有权转移至受托人,同时信托人和受托人之间达成信托简约规范他们之间的权利义务,受托人的债权得到满足后,信托人通过时效收回的方式收回信托物的所有权。罗马法以不名誉的制度平衡信托人和受托人之间的利益冲突,由于这种债务担保制度存在目的与手段之间的失衡,信托质的法律结构在后来发生了很大的变化,与质押制度几近相同,最终于公元4世纪退出历史舞台。The Fiducia system in Roman law is the origin of security transfers in modern property law.In the legal system of fiducia,the debtor transfers the ownership of the trust property to the creditor through the mancipium or in jure cession,and at the same time the creditor and the debtor reach a pacta which formulates the rights and obligations between them.When the creditor's claims are met,the debtor withdraws the ownership of the trust properties by usureceptio.The legal system of infamia in Roman law can balance the conflict of interest between the creditor and the debtor.As such debt security system is imbalanced between the aims and means,later great changes have taken place on the structure of the legal system of fiducia,and it has little difference with the legal system of pledge.At last it steps off the stage of history in the 4th century AD

Human Dignity in Roman Law and its Influences: Taking Dignitas as the Study Object

人的尊严是多重社会关系的复合,可以分为秩序性尊严和人性尊严。在古罗马最为发达的是秩序性尊严,人民在理想的政体中享有不同的秩序性尊严,并且人们的法律地位或积极或消极地受其影响,私法上的权利义务配置因尊严的差异而有所不同,体现了法律对人的个体性特征的关注。人因其理性而超越动物,并因此而享有人性尊严,人性尊严不仅要求他人尊重其人格,还对享有者的行为构成一定的约束,这构成了斯多亚哲学和伦理学的一部分,对后世产生了巨大的影响。Human dignity,which is the composite of multiple social relations,can be divided into order dignity and humanity dignity.Order dignity is the most developed in ancient Rome.The people enjoy different order dignity in the ideal form of government.The order dignity impacts on the legal status positively or negatively who enjoyed it.The distribution of rights and duties is different according to the difference of people and reflects the attention of law on individual characteristics.Human being is different from animal because of its reason,and therefore enjoys humanity dignity.Humanity dignity not only requires others to respect the personality of those who enjoy it,but also restricts their behaviors.This forms a part of Stoic philosophy and ethics,and has a huge impact on later ages

On the Relationship between Trust and Roman Law

由于没有直接证据,渊源用益制的英美法信托与罗马法的关系呈现出模糊的状态,学者们各为其说,但不可否认罗马法中的相关制度与英美法信托在观念上的一致性。随着大陆法系各国承认信托并以不同的方式创设本国的信托制度,功能意义上的信托制度在结构上走向了多元化,法国2007年的信托立法通过改造传统制度资源,确立了富有特色的信托制度,是罗马法传统结出的信托之果。Because there is no direct evidence,the relationship between trust of common law,which originate from use,and Roman law exhibits ambiguous status.Each scholar have their own view,but it is undeniable that the consistency of idea between related institutions in Roman law system and trust.With countries of civil law systems recognize trust and create their own trust institution in different way,the trust in functional sense move towards a diversified status.French trust legislation in 2007 establish a distinctive trust institution through the transformation of the traditional system resources.It is the fruit of Roman tradition.There are perfect and colorful trust institutions in roman law.Fideicommissum,fiducia cum amico and fiducia cum creditore are typical representatives

On the Structure and Protecting Method of Fiducial Cum Creditors in Roman Law

信托担保在罗马法中是指,为了担保的目的,信托债务人通过要式买卖或者拟诉弃权的方式将财产的所有权转让给信托债权人,作为其债权的担保,同时当事人之间订立信托简约。信托简约因为不符合法律的规定,得不到法律的保护,只能诉诸依据诚信的私人裁决。但随着实践的发展,裁判官将其接纳为具有市民法诉讼性质的诚信诉讼的一种,即信托之诉,信托债务人可以依此保护自己的利益,同时信托债权人可以提起信托反诉。The fiducial cum creditors in roman law intends that the debtor transfers the ownership of property to the creditor through mancipatio and in iure cessio in order to provide security for obligations,concluding a pactum fiduciae.Originally,parties could only resort to the private arbitration based on fides because the pactum fiduciae,without legal requirements,was not protected by ius civile.With the development of practice,the Praetor received it as one kind of bonae fidei iudicia which was subject to the action civiles,namely,actio fiduciae,which the debtor could proceed,at the same time,the creditor could proceed the actio fiduciae contraria