Approach and Methods of Marine Ecological Risk Assessment for radioactive Accident

近年来，随着核电事业发展迅速，海洋放射性污染压力激增。沿海地区核电站的大量建设将给海岸带地区带来极大的风险隐患，放射物质的事故性污染将成为海洋环境一个重要的问题。目前，海洋环境放射性风险评估、管理技术、核事故应急处理等方面的研究仍然较为薄弱，开展放射性污染事故的海洋生态风险评价技术方法研究有助于了解事故的影响范围和危害程度，为海洋与海岸带环境管理提供科学决策依据，以便采取相应措施减缓影响，维护海洋生态系统健康与安全。 本论文梳理总结了当前国内外海洋放射性污染生态风险评价的相关理论、技术路线与方法，系统构建了放射性污染事故的海洋生态风险评价的技术方法体系，并将构建的技术方法体系应用于案例研究中...The marine ecological risk assessment (ERA) of radioactive accident is a powerful technical and analytical tool for analyzing the possibility of coursing the risk and harmful effects on organisms, populations and communities by radioactive pollution in marine environment. With the rapid development of nuclear power plants in the coastal areas of international and China, the accidents of radioactiv...学位：理学硕士院系专业：海洋与海岸带发展研究院_海洋事务学号：3042014115165

Size Distribution of Particle and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Particle Emissions from Simulated Emission Sources

采用再悬浮箱模拟得到不同粒径的烹调油烟、生物质和塑料燃烧烟尘、汽车尾气和发电机烟气等颗粒,并用gC/MS对不同粒径颗粒中18种多环芳烃(PAHS)进行了分析.结果表明,烹调油烟中颗粒物存在0.44~1.0μM和2.5~10μM两个峰值,稻草和木材燃烧排放烟尘只有0.44~1.0μM一个峰值,塑料燃烧排放烟尘的峰值不明显,汽车尾气尘因含有大量的水汽导致其粒径峰值出现在2.5~10μM,而发电机排放的烟尘约93%集中在≤2.5μM的粒径范围.烹调油烟和汽车尾气尘中低环数PAHS在2.5~10μM范围内的峰值明显;随环数增加,0.44~1.0μM范围内的峰值变得明显;不同排放源亚微米颗粒中单一PAH占全部颗粒态中该PAH的比例都呈现随分子量的增大而增大的趋势.烹调油烟和燃烧排放颗粒中PAHS的组成以菲占主导,但汽车尾气和发电机烟尘中含量最高的PAHS分别是萘和苯并[g,H,I]苝.来源特征比值的比较显示,烹调油烟与生物质燃烧颗粒中PAHS的源特征较为接近,但两者都不同于汽车尾气和发电机烟尘.Particles from cooking lampblack,biomass and plastics burning smoke,gasoline vehicular exhausts and gasoline generator exhausts were prepared in a resuspension test chamber and collected using a cascade MOUDI impactor.A total of 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons( PAHs) associated with particles were analyzed by GC-MS.The results showed that there were two peaks in the range of 0.44-1.0 μm and 2.5-10 μm for cooking lampblack,and only one peak in the range of 0.44-1.0 μm for straw and wood burning smoke.But there were no clear peak for plastics burning smoke.The peak for gasoline vehicular exhausts was found in the range of 2.5-10 μm due to the influence of water vapor associated with particles,while the particles from gasoline generator exhausts were mainly in the range of ≤2.5 μm( accounting for 93% of the total mass).The peak in 2.5-10 μm was clear for cooking lampblack and gasoline vehicular exhausts.The peak in the range of 0.44-1.0 μm became more and more apparent with the increase of PAHs molecular weight.The fraction of PAH on particles less than 1.0 μm to that on the total particles increased along with PAH's molecular weight.Phenanthrene was the dominant compound for cooking lampblack and combustion smoke,while gasoline vehicular exhausts and generator exhausts were characterized with significantly high levels of naphthalene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene, respectively.The distribution of source characteristic ratios indicated that PAHs from cooking lampblack and biomass burning were close and they were different from those of vehicular exhausts and generator exhausts.国家自然科学基金项目(40971257;41171365); 环境保护公益性行业科研专项(201009004

Ｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ ｏｆ Ｆｉｎｅ Ｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ ａｎｄ Ｆｉｎｅ Ｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅ－ｂｏｕｎｄ Ｐｏｌｙｃｙｃｌｉ Ａｒｏｍａｔｉｃ Ｈｙｄｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎｓ ｆｒｏｍ Ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄ Ｃｏｏｋｉｎｇ Ｆｕｍｅ

采用在再悬浮箱内进行炒菜模拟,采集获得粒径小于2.5μm的细颗粒(PM2.5),并对PM2.5中的18种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.结果表明,不同食材组合下烹调油烟中PM2.5排放因子的组间差异高于PAHs,排放PAHs的组成以菲占主导(占总量37%~49%),其次为萘和荧蒽(两者合计占总量16%~21%).以食用油的人均年消耗量17kg为基准,计算人均餐饮活动排放PM2.5及PAHs分别为1.47kg和32.13mg.烹调油烟中PAHs的来源特征比值(茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘/(苯并[ghi]苝+茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘),荧蒽/(芘+荧蒽))接近木材和煤燃烧的比值范围,有别于汽车尾气.采用过量终生癌症风险方法估算得到家庭主妇因暴露于烹调油烟而患癌症的风险为6.15×10-6。Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｆｉｎｅ　ｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ（ＰＭ２．５），ｆｒｏｍ　ｃｏｏｋｉｎｇ　ｆｕｍｅｓ，ｗｅｒｅ　ｐｒｅｐａｒｅｄ　ｕｓｉｎｇ　ａ　ｒｅｓｕｓｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ　ｃｈａｍｂｅｒ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅｎ　ｗｅｒｅ　ａｎａｌｙｚｅｄ　ｆｏｒ　１８ ｐｏｌｙｃｙｃｌｉｃ　ａｒｏｍａｔｉｃ　ｈｙｄｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎｓ（ＰＡＨｓ）．Ｔｈｅ　ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ　ｓｈｏｗｅｄ　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ　ｏｆ　ＰＭ２．５ｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ　ｒａｔｅ　ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ　ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ　ｔｅｓｔｓ ｗｅｒｅ　ｇｒｅａｔｅｒ　ｔｈａｎ　ｔｈａｔ　ｏｆ　ＰＡＨｓ．Ｔｈｅ　ｐｒｏｆｉｌｅｓ　ｏｆ　ＰＡＨｓ　ｗｅｒｅ　ｄｏｍｉｎａｔｅｄ　ｂｙ　ｐｈｅｎａｎｔｈｒｅｎｅ（ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ　ｆｏｒ　３７％－４９％）ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ　ｂｙ　ｎａｐｈｔｈａｌｅｎｅ ａｎｄ　ｆｌｕｏｒａｎｔｈｒｅｎｅ（ｂｏｔｈ　ｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ　ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ　ｆｏｒ　１６％－２１％）．Ａｎｎｕａｌ　ｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ　ａｍｏｕｎｔ　ｏｆ　ＰＭ２．５ａｎｄ　ＰＡＨｓ　ｐｅｒ　ｃａｐｉｔａ　ｗｅｒｅ　ｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｄ ｔｏ　ｂｅ　１．４７ｋｇ　ａｎｄ　３２．１３ｍｇ，ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ，ｂａｓｅｄ　ｏｎ　ｔｈｅ　ａｎｎｕａｌ　ｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　１７ｋｇ　ｐｌａｎｔ　ｏｉｌ　ｉｎ　Ｃｈｉｎａ．Ｔｈｅ　ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｓ　ｏｆｓｏｕｒｃｅ　ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ　ｒａｔｉｏｓ　ｏｆ　ＰＡＨｓ（ｉｎｄｅｏ［１，２，３－ｃｄ］ｐｙｒｅｎｅ／（ｂｅｎｚｏ［ｇｈｉ］ｐｅｒｙｌｅｎｅ＋ｉｎｄｅｏ［１，２，３－ｃｄ］ｐｙｒｅｎｅ），ｆｌｕｏｒａｎｔｈｅｎｅ／（ｐｙｒｅｎｅ ＋ｆｌｕｏｒａｎｔｈｅｎｅ））ｆｒｏｍ　ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄ　ｃｏｏｋｉｎｇ　ｆｕｍｅｓ　ｗｅｒｅ　ｃｌｏｓｅ　ｔｏ　ｔｈａｔ　ｏｆ　ｇｒａｓｓ／ｗｏｏｄ／ｃｏａｌ　ｃｏｍｂｕｓｔｉｏｎ，ｂｕｔ　ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｄ　ｆｒｏｍ　ｔｈａｔ　ｏｆ　ｖｅｈｉｃｕｌａｒ ｅｘｈａｕｓｔｓ．Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ　ｔｏ　ｔｈｅ　ｏｒａｌ　ｃａｎｃｅｒ　ｓｌｏｐｅ　ｆａｃｔｏｒ　ｏｆ　ｂｅｎｚｏ［ａ］ｐｙｒｅｎｅ，ｔｈｅ　ａｖｅｒａｇｅ　ｅｘｃｅｓｓ　ｌｉｆｅｔｉｍｅ　ｃａｎｃｅｒ　ｒｉｓｋ　ｏｆ　ｈｏｕｓｅｗｉｖｅｓ　ｗａｓ　ｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｄ ｔｏ　ｂｅ　６．１５×１０－６．国家自然科学基金项目(40971257,41171365);公益性行业科研专项(201009004);厦门大学“大学生创新训练计划”项

塔里木河流域适应气候变化的水热调节技术研究

本成果来自于国家科技支撑计划项目“全球环境变化应对技术研究与示范”之06课题“典型脆弱区域气候变化适应技术示范”之04专题“西北生态脆弱区适应气候变化技术示范”(2007BAC03A06-04)。课题于2007年11月立项,于2010年11月30日通过国家科技部的验收。针对塔里木河流域气候变化影响关键科学问题,建立了山区水库—平原水库联合调节、绿洲地表水—地下水联合开发、膜下滴灌的作物立体种植模式、下游生态恢复与洪水(融雪水)沙漠造林生物固碳等大型原位可控的技术示范基地;构建了区域气候变化优势适应技术筛选与评估流程,集成了塔里木河流域气候变化适应技术行动实施方案与功能区划图,首次提出了塔里木河..