Gannan hakka roun house——The research of hakka round house at Longnan,Jiangxi Province

龙南县地处赣闽粤边区,是客家主要的聚居场所之一,孕育了特有的地域文化和人文风情,并造就了客家围楼这种极具特色的民居形式。在对龙南围屋进行广泛调研的基础上,结合现有文献资料,通过对三个不同实例的论述,从选址缘由、建筑形态和防御体系三个方面对龙南围屋建筑特征进行研究,探讨围屋对当地地域的人居环境规划设计和建设的借鉴作用。Longnan country town,where is the main settlements of Hakka,located at the boundary of Jiangxi province and Fujian province.It breed unique geographical cultural customs,as well as Hakka Round which is the most characteristic type of folk house.On the basis of the extensive research of Longnan Hakka Round,discuss the fratures of three different examples with available literature material,in the way of the reasons of location,the form of architecture and the amount of defense system.Take over the reference function of Hakka Round to the planning of residential environment and architecture design of the local regional

丙型肝炎患者核酸定量检测与抗体水平相关性研究

目的分析丙型肝炎患者核酸定量检测(HCV-RNA)与抗体水平的相关性。方法研究共纳入104例丙肝患者,对HCV抗体水平与HCV病毒载量进行相关性分析,根据HCV病毒载量水平升高与否分组,比较两组间HCV抗体水平差异有无统计学意义。双侧P值<0.05认为差异有统计学意义。结果HCV抗体水平与HCV病毒载量呈正相关(r=0.466),HCV病毒载量正常组与升高组HCV抗体水平(S/CO值)分别为5.70±1.96 vs. 12. 84±2.76(t=-8. 350,P=0.001),当cut-off值为9. 88时,ROC曲线下面积达到最大值(AUC=0. 868),其灵敏度与特异性分别为94. 12%及73.56%。结论HCV抗体水平与HCV病毒载量呈正相关,在临床工作中,当HCV抗体水平处于较高水平时,HCV病毒载量往往也会升高,HCV抗体水平可赋予更多的临床应用价值

(An) Analisis about of trauma of skier

本 硏究는 스키어의 傷害에 對한 實態를 調査하여 스키어에게 發生하는 상해를 예방할 수 있는 參考資料를 제공하는 것이 그 目的이다. 이 目的을 수행하기 위해 &amp;apos;86/&amp;apos;87시즌, &amp;apos;87/&amp;apos;88年度 시즌, 두 시즌동안 스키를 타다 傷害를 입은 사람을 謂査對象으로 하였고 용평 스키장에 파견된 경희 의료원의 의무일지를 根據로 月別, 傷害部位別, 傷害形態別, 性別, 年齡別, 場所別 等으로 分類하여 조사하였다. 이 資料를 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 結論을 얻었다. 1. 月別 事故件數를 比較해보면 1月이 48.4%로 가장 높은 比率을 보였다. 2. 發生形態別도 큰 比率을 基準으로 보면 염좌, 열상 및 찰과상, 골절, 탈골 順이었다. 3. 골절발생 부위별도 큰 比率을 基準으로 보면 하퇴가 51.8%로 가장 많이 차지 하였다. 4. 성별에 따른 골절발생 分布는 남자 57.8%, 여자 42.2%이다. 5. 골절발생 年齡別로 보면 10代가 가장 많고 20代, 10代미만, 30代, 40代, 50代. 60代 順으로 나타났다. 6. 傷害時 場所別로 보면 初級者코스가 32.5%로 가장 높았다. 7. 스키를 대여받은 사람이 스키소유자보다 더 많은 골절사고를 보였다. 8. 스키經歷別로 골절환자를 살펴보면 初級者가 전제의 절반가량을 차지했다;The purpose of this study is presentation of reference data and preventing the trauma of skier by stastically analyzed value of present states of skier&amp;apos;s trauma. The subjects are traumatic skiers (1,888) who medically examined treated in medical center of Yong-Pyeong ski Resort, and the medical records are analyzed. The results and findings were as follow ; 1. The number of accidents per month is 48.4% in january, 33.2% in february and 18.4% in december, orderly. 2. In the point of view of developing types of accidents, the incidence of sprain is 23%, laceration is 10.9%, fracture is 7.8%, dislocation is 1.4% and other types are 56.9%. 3. In the point of view of lesions of accidents, the lower legs are 51.8%, the finger fractuces are 32.6% and the lesions of the upper limbs, knee joints, upper legs and head are less than 5%. 4. Sexually male gets highest incidence than female(l5.6%). 5. The order of accidents of age is one decade, which is 43.4%, two decades, under one decade, three decades, four decades, five decades and six decades. 6. The locations of trauma are the easy slope which is 32.5, the difficult slope which is 35%, and the very difficult slope which is 15.3%. 7. The skier who has a rental ski gets more frequency(60.2%) of injury than the skier who has own ski. 8. In the point of view of ski career, the incidence of accidents is consist of 48.1% of biginner, 31.4% of intermediate grade and 20.5% of high grade. Discussion Nexts are discussed for preventing ski accidents. 1. The more and more development of the ski resorts and slopes is needed for increasing ski population. 2. The skier&amp;apos;s advanced skills are needed for preventing fracture and trauma, and the foundations of the more ski school and lectures are needed. 3. The perfect method of griping ski pole is neccessory to prevent finger frature. 4. The increasing incidence of accidents of woman means the increase of woman skier, so the concepts and common knowledge about preventing of ski accidents should be known. 5. To prevent ski accidents of one decade, uncontrolled skiing should be avoided, and the proper ski slope is selected. 6. To prevent the accidents of the rental skier, comfortable and proper ski set of ski should be selected by advisor. 7. The biginners should ski properly after take skill from recognized ski instructor, inspite of reckless ski. 8. The detailed informations about slope and skilled recognized patrols are needed for begiriner&amp;apos;s ski accidents.목차 = ⅲ 論文槪要 = ⅵ Ⅰ. 緖論 = 1 A. 硏究의 必要性 = 1 B. 硏究의 目的 = 2 C. 硏究의 制限點 = 2 Ⅱ. 理論的 背景 = 3 A. 스키傷害의 槪要 = 3 B. 상해기전 = 4 C. 상해형태 = 5 D. 스키상해에 影響을 주는 要因 = 6 Ⅲ. 硏究方法 = 8 A. 硏究의 對象 = 8 B. 調査期間 = 8 C. 資料處理 = 8 Ⅳ. 調査結果 및 考察 = 9 A. 月別 사고현황 = 9 B. 發生 形態別 傷害 = 11 C. 골절환자 性別 및 年齡 現況 = 13 D. 스키骨折患者 스키經歷別 現況 = 16 E. 골절환자 스키소유별 현황 = 17 F. 스키骨折發生 部位別 現況 = 17 G. 스키骨折患者 發生場所別 現況 = 18 Ⅴ. 結論 및 提言 = 20 A. 結論 = 20 B. 提言 = 21 參考文獻 = 22 부록 = 24 ABSTRACT = 2

王陽明心學之研究

國文學系

Orientation-Aware Localization System for Long Term Elder Care

由於台灣已經步入了高齡化的社會，對於老年人的居住跟照護的需求也在增加當中，因此年長者的照顧也就更值得被重視。而在相關的研究當中，安養中心裡的年長者長期生活型態確很少被探索及調查，為了瞭解他們每天的生活，我們實際在北護護理之家佈建了以RSSI(接收信號強度)特徵為基礎的定位系統來追蹤年長者的定位資訊。 我們的定位系統是採用指紋特徵的概念，主要原理是將從tag收到的RSSI向量跟事前收集的RSSI值做比對藉以推測位置。然而無線訊號會被人體阻檔，因此這類的定位系統準確度降低的主要原因是在training(訓練) 階段與tracking(追蹤)階段方向不一致所造成的。我們提出了方向感知的定位系統來改善此問題，利用陀螺儀感測器來偵測使用者的方向，只有相同方向的RSSI 特徵才會被選出來做比對進而算出定位估測值。實驗結果顯示有考慮方向的系統大幅改善了定位準確度。 另一方面，我們收集了長期的定位資訊來分析年長者的生活起居的形態，藉由這些資訊，我們發現年長者對於空間使用的多元性不足，因為他們在一天當中花了大部份的時間在房間及交誼廳。Since Taiwan has become the aging society, the demand of living and nursing for senior citizen is increasing. Hence, it is necessary to pay attention on this research area. We are interested in the long term life behavior of the senior residents in the nursing home because it is rarely explored and investigated. To observe their life behaviors, RSSI signature based localization system has been deployed on the 5th floor of senior care center in Taiwan University Hospital Beihu Branch (abbreviated in “Beihu senior care center”) to provide their location traces. Our localization system is a fingerprint type system. It maps between the RSSI vector received the tag and RSSI signatures pre-collected on the localization area to infer the location of tag. Due to RSSI may be blocked by the human body, the major factor for the accuracy degradation is due to the orientation inconsistence of the training phase and tracking phase. So, in order to get more accurate location estimations, we propose the orientation-aware localization. It uses the gyro to detect the heading information and only RSSI signatures having identical orientation are selected to find the possible location. The experiment result shows that there is a significant improvement after considering the heading information. On the other hand, we collect long term seniors’ location traces to analyze their life behaviors. We find out that they spent much of the time to stay in the bedroom as well as the living space so the diversity of their space usage is low

A Study on Force Majeure

本論文係對「不可抗力」此一法律上概念，在民法領域範圍內之全面性研究。民事訴訟案件中，被訴之一方常以系爭損害係由天災或有其他人為因素介入，故屬於不可抗力作為抗辯。此一概念在我國法上，雖於訴訟中常見，並廣泛用於多種契約條款，對此概念之法學研究卻相當缺乏，亦可見法院判決之說理不一。 鑑於我國法上研究資料之欠缺，本文首先在第二章以比較法作為切入點，探討不可抗力相關概念。本文認為，不同的法規範間對於不可抗力雖有差異，然亦有一致之處。在第二章最後一節，本文回歸至我國法，認為成文法上「不可抗力」文字無清楚定義其概念範圍為何，適用上有其模糊之處，仍待學說及實務解釋。惟學說上對不可抗力之定義，亦存差異！主要問題在於，人為因素是否亦能構成不可抗力事由？ 第三章中，本文將視角集中在契約法。作者選擇以我國最高法院判決為觀察對象，研究結果認為，我國裁判在不可抗力之構成要件上，與比較法上諸觀點若合符節。法律效果上有爭議者為，具備不可抗力事由時，是否得以解除或終止契約？另尚有不可抗力事由發生時的危險負擔問題。例如不可抗力所導致工期延長的費用負擔，應如何分配，甚值思考。另外在契約實務上，亦多見「不可抗力約款」，以改變原有之風險分配狀態。一般情形，此屬私法自治、契約自由之範疇，惟定型化契約中之「不可抗力條款」，則應予適度管制。本章最後則分析關於主張不可抗力時之其它程序事項，如通知義務及舉證責任等。 本文第四章則將論述重點轉向侵權責任。首先透過對於我國最高法院裁判之觀察，發現與契約責任上之相關分析亦有其相同之處。侵權責任中，若法條未明定時，由於當事人間通常未具有事先約定之可能性，故以過失責任為原則。本文認為，在過失責任原則下，不可抗力概念之功能存疑。另外，就商品責任，透過本文論證更可得出，若認為確實成立不可抗力時，即相當於肯定商品之安全性！概念重疊時，不可抗力之概念由於範圍較小，應無獨立存在之必要性！ 第五章中，本論文綜合上述各章之分析後，對不可抗力此一概念在民法上之爭議問題，提出作者之見解。首先係關於不可抗力之概念範圍與定義問題。本文認為，與其一開始就排除人為因素作為不可抗力事由，不如在個別情形為細膩分析，將責任歸屬作較為清楚的釐清。 此外，本文接續探討者為，不可抗力之概念與既有民事責任構成要件間之關係。一般皆認為，若將責任型態提升為僅有不可抗力始能免責者，其責任較一般之過失責任為嚴格。透過本文論證，真正之關鍵根本不是預見與否，而是對於障礙能否避免或克服！我國法上之契約責任及侵權責任，若未有特別約定或法律規定，在一般採過失原則之情形下，儘管當事人以不可抗力為抗辯，法院若以相關模式審查，顯然過苛且易生混淆之虞！ 如此一來，有意義者似限於契約約定或法律規定僅以不可抗力作為免責事由之情形。然而，若將不可抗力與因果關係相連結，兩概念上是否有其重疊之處，而導致不可抗力概念無法獨立於既有之民事責任體系？就因果關係一般審查之方式看來，看似有其障礙。特別是，在因不可抗力事由之影響，而使行為人沒有選擇作為或不作為之可能性時，例如因不可抗力發生而使給付必須延後時，採取傳統的「若無，則不」分析法，即會得到有因果關係之結論，而使不可抗力與因果關係間看來未必重合。然而除了此種分析方式本身有其極限外，若回歸檢驗因果關係之目的觀察，如果沒有選擇可能性，又如何透過因果關係之要求，釋放出人其實可以做不一樣的選擇以改變結果之訊息？ 結論上，經本文分析後對不可抗力之概念所採取之立場是，不可抗力是否構成，應由純粹客觀面向處理為宜。抽離主觀因素後，無法抗拒其發生之損害，與被指摘的行為間，應認不具有因果關係。準此，所謂不可抗力之相關要件僅係檢驗因果關係之輔助方法，並無法學分析上獨立之功能！This thesis is a comprehensive research on the legal concept “force majeure” in the field of civil law. In civil litigation cases, the defendants often protest that damages were caused by natural disaster or intervened by other human factors, which constitute force majeure defense. In Taiwan law, although the concept is common in litigation, and also widely used in a lot kinds of contract clauses, the legal research on it is quite rare, and the reasoning of decisions of the court are inconsistent. Due to the deficiency of literature in Taiwan law, the paper starts from comparative law perspective in the second chapter. Although there are differences in different regulations, there are some common grounds. In the last section of this chapter, this paper returns to Taiwan law. The author thinks that it lacks clear definition to the word “force majeure” in our written law, therefore causes obscurity whether the law is applied, and it needs academic theories and court decisions to interpret. However, there are still differences when scholars try to define the definition of force majeure. The main question is, whether human factors also constitute force majeure event? In the third chapter, this thesis focuses on the contract law. The author chooses decisions of Taiwanese Supreme Court as objects of observation. The result of research indicates that the constitutive requirements of force majeure in Taiwanese court decision are in some extent in accordance with those in comparative law. A dispute in effect of force majeure is, whether one can withdraw or terminate the contract when force majeure events happen? Another question is the risk-taking. For example, how do contract parties allocate the cost arising from extension of project time limit owing to force majeure? In general situation, it falls within the scope of private law autonomy and freedom of contract; however, the force majeure clauses in standardized contract should be under regulatory. In the last part of this chapter, the author analyzes other procedural matters when claiming force majeure, such as duty to inform and burden of proof. The fourth chapter turns discussion to tort liability. First, through observation to Taiwanese Supreme Court decisions, the paper discovers that there are some similarities between contract liability and tort liability. In tort liability, if the written law does not stipulate, because the parties often do not have the possibility to agree upon a contrary intention in advance, the fault principle is applied. The author thinks, the function of force majeure concept is questionable under fault principle. Besides, in product liability, the paper states that if force majeure defense is established, it is equal to affirm the safety of product. When the concepts are over- lapping, because the scope of force majeure concept is narrower, it does not have to independently exist! In the fifth chapter, this paper integrates the analysis in above chapters, and proposes the author’s own viewpoints toward the questions of force majeure concept in civil law. First are the scope and definition of force majeure. The paper argues that, instead of excluding human factors as force majeure events at the first beginning, it would be better to exquisitely analyze in individual situations, and clarify the responsibility more clearly. In addition, the paper goes on to investigate the relationship between force majeure concept and preexisting constitutive requirements on civil liability. In general point of view, if the liability is raised to that only force majeure can be exemption, it is stricter than fault liability. Through the reasoning of this paper, the key point is not whether the obstacle is foreseeable, but whether it is preventable or be overcome! The contract liability and tort liability in Taiwan law, if not arrange by contract or regulated by written law, the fault principle is generally applied. Although the defendant uses force majeure as a defense, if the court reviews the case by force majeure-related pattern, it is apparently too strict, and will easily be confused! In this way, it seems that the force majeure concept is meaningful only when the contract agreement or statue regulatory states that force majeure is the only way to exclude the liability. However, if we make a connection between force majeure and causation, are these two concepts overlapping, therefore make the force majeure concept cannot exist outside preexisting civil liability system? From the general method of causation examination, it seems that there is some obstacle. In particularly, when force majeure event causes no possibility of choosing to do or not to do, for example, the performance is delayed because of force majeure events, if the traditional “but-for” method is adopted, a conclusion that there is causation will be made, and it seems that force majeure and causation are not always overlapping. However, in spite of the limit of this “but-for” analyzing method, if we return to the purpose of examining causation, if there is not an opportunity to make a choice, how can we through the requirement of causation to release the message that people can make another choice to alter the result? In conclusion, after analyzing force majeure concept in this thesis, the author holds that, whether force majeure is established, should be dealt form purely objective way. After eliminating subjective elements, the damage that is not preventable does not have causation with the accused behavior. Therefore, the so-called requirements of force majeure are only assisting method to examine causation, and it does not have independent function in legal analysis

热氢化处理对等轴晶α+β相钛合金组织与性能的影响

长期以来,氢在钛合金行为研究中常被看作有害元素,然而在一定条件下氢对钛合金有积极作用,但相关定量研究较少。以氢作为暂时性合金元素对Ti6Al4V合金进行热氢化处理制备了不同氢含量的氢化试样。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、硬度测试等研究了氢含量对于Ti6Al4V钛合金组织及性能的影响。结果表明:对于氢含量低于0.7%的氢化试样,α晶内均发现片状细化晶粒,随着氢含量的增加,组织晶粒细化越明显,α相含量逐渐减少,β相逐渐增多;由于晶粒组织的改善,其硬度也得到提高,当氢含量为0.6%时,硬度达到最高值383 HV;但当氢含量超过0.7%时,由于氢化物的析出产生较大内应力,导致氢脆,降低了钛合金的力学性能

一种液相色谱电位型检测器及其检测方法

本发明公开一种液相色谱电位型检测器及其检测方法，检测器中，检测器基体为支撑各组件的基架；检测池为设于检测器基体内一空腔；工作电极位于检测器基体上部，其内盛有内充液，通过聚合物敏感膜与检测池内的样品溶液分开；内参比电极一端设置于内充液中，外参比电极和辅助电极的一端设于检测池中，三种电极的另一端分别与电化学工作站相连；方法包括：制备工作电极；将工作电极、外参比电极与辅助电极均放置在检测池内，并与电化学工作站相连接；记录工作电极和参比电极之间的电位差随时间的变化即得到色谱图。本发明突破了传统液相色谱电位检测技术无法测定电中性化合物的局限性，提供了一种实用的检测方法，具有重现性好、适用范围宽、操作简单、价格低廉等优点

Liquid chromatogram potential type detector and detection method thereof

本发明公开一种液相色谱电位型检测器及其检测方法，检测器中，检测器基体为支撑各组件的基架；检测池为设于检测器基体内一空腔；工作电极位于检测器基体上部，其内盛有内充液，通过聚合物敏感膜与检测池内的样品溶液分开；内参比电极一端设置于内充液中，外参比电极和辅助电极的一端设于检测池中，三种电极的另一端分别与电化学工作站相连；方法包括：制备工作电极；将工作电极、外参比电极与辅助电极均放置在检测池内，并与电化学工作站相连接；记录工作电极和参比电极之间的电位差随时间的变化即得到色谱图。本发明突破了传统液相色谱电位检测技术无法测定电中性化合物的局限性，提供了一种实用的检测方法，具有重现性好、适用范围宽、操作简单、价格低廉等优点