Studies on the methods for Tea Main Components Analysis and Fingerprinting Technology

茶叶是我国的主要经济作物，长期以来，茶叶的质量控制以安全检测为主，即系统测定茶叶中铅、铜、砷等重金属含量以及茶叶中六六六、DDT、三氯杀螨醇、氰戊菊酯等化学农残。事实上，茶叶的质量控制应是一个广义的概念，涉及到茶叶产地信息的明确、质量的稳定、等级的认定等多方面的内容。目前我国市场上茶叶商品质量极度混乱，以假充真、以次充好的现象普遍存在，中国茶叶今天这种混乱局面，与我国作为茶叶大国的地位是极不相称的，严重影响了我国茶叶的发展，市场渴望有科学的评定方法，茶叶质量控制标准化工作势在必行。不同地方栽培、不同栽培方法、不同的采摘期、不同的加工方法生产出的茶叶，在理论上应该有显著差异，茶叶的产地也很重要，...Tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world, and has great economic value. Up to now, activities on the quality control of tea have been concentrated primarily on monitoring toxic elements such as lead, copper, arsenic, and pesticide residues including BHC, DDT, dicofol, fenvalerate, etc. In fact, a comprehensive qulity control process should include much broader range of activities suc...学位：理学硕士院系专业：化学化工学院化学系_分析化学学号：20032502

Simultaneous Determination of Five Catechins and Caffeine in Tea by HPLC and Differentiation of Teas by Cluster Analysis

建立高效液相色谱/二极管阵列检测器(HPLC/DAD)同时测定茶叶中(-)-没食子儿茶素(GC),(-)-表没食子儿茶素(EGC),(-)-表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG),(-)-表儿茶素(EC),(-)-表儿茶素没食子酸酯(ECG),咖啡碱(caffeine)6种组分的分析方法,并采用聚类分析探讨以这6种活性成分为指标对茶叶进行分类的方法。采用C18柱,甲醇和0.05%三氟乙酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,DAD双波长(210、278 nm)同时检测,采用标准物质保留时间和电喷雾飞行时间质谱(ESI TOF-MS)双重定性。结果表明,各组分的色谱峰均达到基线分离,在210 nm对(-)-没食子儿茶素(GC)定量,278 nm对其它组分定量准确。该法重复性好,灵敏度高,回收率高,已用于不同种类的33种实际茶叶样品的测定。以这6种活性成分的含量为指标,采用聚类分析法可对33个红茶、黑茶、绿茶、乌龙茶样本进行合理分类,并能反映茶叶品质的差异。A method was developed for simultaneous determination of five catechins((-)-gallocatechin,(-)-epigallocatechin,(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate,(-)-epicatechin,(-)-epicatechingallate) and caffeine by HPLC with diode array detection(DAD).The tea extract was separated on a C18 column which was then eluted with methanol and 0.05% trifuoroacetic acid solution in gradient elution mode.The chromatograms were simultaneously detected by DAD at λ210 nm for(-)-gallocatechin(GC) and at λ278 nm for the other components.Time of flight mass spectroscopy(TOF-MS) was used for qualitative analysis of real tea sample,the results showed that five catechins and caffeine were baseline separated,indicating that the six components could be determined accurately.The method has been used to determine the catechins and caffeine in 33 tea samples with satisfactory results.Cluster analysis has been used to classify 33 tea samples reasonably and to differentiate the qualities of the tea by using the concentrations of the six components as indices.青岛“2004将才计划”(04-3-JJ-11);; 崂山区崂山茶标准化技术研究(LS-05-KJ1-40

Comparison on Pseudostellarin B(Cyclic peptide) Content in Different Kinds/Harvest Time of Pseudostellaria heterophylla(Miq.) Pax

目的分析比较不同品种不同采收期太子参环肽Pseudostellarin B的含量,为合理开发利用太子参的植物资源提供参考。方法不同品种不同采收期太子参经提取制备后,采用高效液相色谱测定太子参环肽Pseudostellarin B的含量。结果一号品种不同采收期太子参中Pseudostellarin B的平均含量为198.1μg/g,二号品种不同采收期太子参中Pseudostella-rin B的平均含量为105.8μg/g。结论不同品种不同采收期太子参中Pseudostellarin B的含量有差异。Objective To compare the Pseudostellarin B content in different kinds and harvest time of pseudostellana heterophyua and provide reference for rational exploiting and utilizing the plant.Methods After extraction,Pseudostellarin B(cyclic peptide) in different kinds/harvest time of Pseudostellaria heterophylla(Miq.) Pax were determined by Agilent 1100 HPLC.Results The average contents of Pseudostellarin B in No.1 and No.2 Pseudostellaria heterophylla(Miq.) Pax were 198.1μg/g,105.8 μg/g,respectively.Conclusion There are differences among the contents of Pseudostellarin B in different kinds of Pseudostellaria heterophylla(Miq.) Pax.福建省科委创新药物与中药现代化项目(No.2001BA701A61-13);; 国家科技部攻关项目(No.2003BA759C

Study of Metal-Binding Metallothionein Characterization in TRIS-Acetate Buffer by Electrospry Ionization Mass Spectrometry

金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)是一类对重金属离子(如Zn2+、Cd2+、Hg2+等)有很强亲和力,含丰富半胱氨酸的低分子质量蛋白质。金属结合硫蛋白的电喷雾质谱表征通常是在接近中性条件下采用电喷雾正离子检测模式进行的,然而在该条件下由于MT的离子化效率低而导致检测灵敏度低。选择TRIS-醋酸作为缓冲体系,在中性条件下采用负离子模式实现了对Zn7-MT-2a的灵敏检测。同时考察了可能影响负离子响应的因素,包括溶液的pH值和TRIS-醋酸的浓度。结果表明,在考察范围内采用较低的pH值和较高浓度的TRIS-醋酸均有利于金属结合硫蛋白电喷雾质谱信号强度的增加。Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of cysteine-rich, low-molecular mass intracellular protein with a high affinity for metals, such as zinc, cadmium and mercury. The identification of metal-binding MT is usually carried out under neutral condition by positive-ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). However, ESI-MS detection under such conditions suffers from the lack of sensitivity because of the low efficiency of protonation during ESI process. A method was developed for the sensitive detection of metal-binding MT by negative-ion ESI-MS detection. The system involved the use of Tris (hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (TRIS) acetate solutions under near neutral condition. Factors may affect the NI-ESI responses, such as pH and concentration of TRIS acetate. The result shows that lower pH under the pH range evaluated, higher concentration of TRIS acetate would all favor the MS detection.国家自然科学基金(20175022)资

Determination of Theanine in Tea by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry

采用高效液相色谱-大气压化学电离质谱(HPlC-APCI-MS)联用技术,建立了茶叶中茶氨酸的含量测定方法。实验采用C8柱,以甲醇-水为流动相,等度洗脱,采用正离子大气压化学电离质谱(SIM模式)进行测定,可以获得稳定的质谱信号,并采用正交实验设计对APCI-MS仪器条件进行了优化。结果表明,本文建立的HPlC-APCI-MS方法操作简便、重现性好,灵敏度较紫外检测器有很大的提高,可用于微量茶氨酸的快速测定。HPLC coupled online with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization MS technique was developed for the qualitative and quantitative determination of theanine in tea.The theanine and other compounds in the tea extract were separated on an Alltima C8 column with methanol and water (10:90 v/v) as mobile phase, with flow rate of 0.6 ml/min and APCI-MS SIM m/z 175.1 detection.In the positive APCI mode, sensitive and stable MS signal could be obtained by APCI-MS (SIM m/z 175.1) detection, and the APCI-MS conditions were also optimized by orthogonal design.The results indicated that HPLC-APCI-MS method was simple, sensitive and reliable for the determination of theanine in tea.It was important that the detection sensitivity was improved greatly by APCI-MS than UV.Eight tea samples from Fujian province were analysed using the established methods.福建省科技厅茶叶指纹图谱质量控制研究项目(2006N0043);海洋一所基本科研业务专项(GY-022008T32)资

TT病毒与肝炎关系的临床流行病学研究

目的　对闽南地区各种肝炎患者、健康体检者、义务献血员和肝癌患者共480例从临床流行病学角度探讨TT病毒(TTV)的致病性及其与各种肝炎的关系。方法　采用巢式PCR检测血清TTVDNA、ELISA检测血清抗HAVIgM、HBsAg、抗HBcIgM、抗HCVIgG、抗HEVIgG,用EPIINFO60软件进行统计分析。结果　480名研究对象中TTVDNA的总检出率为23.96%。各种肝炎患者的TTV总阳性率为2394%,肝癌患者的TTV阳性率为2069%,而健康者的TTV阳性率为2484%,义务献血员的阳性率为3000%,均未见明显差别。从临床类型看,急性肝炎、慢性肝炎和重症肝炎的TTV阳性率都在25%左右;从病原类型看,非甲～戊型肝炎的TTV阳性率为2619%,并未见与相应健康者的2523%阳性率的差别;除HCV由于感染率太低而无法分析外,HAV、HBV、HEV阳性肝炎患者间TTV的阳性率分别为2000%、2314%、2179%,未见TTV与这些已知肝炎病毒的明显相关。对一个时期内的全部135例住院肝炎患者及153名健康者进行肝炎病原分析,HAV、HBV、HEV在肝炎患者中的阳性率都要明显高于健康人(P=00142),而TTV在肝炎患者中的阳性率与健康人没有明显差别(P=06021);对病毒的单独致病性进行分析,HAV、HBV、HEV在非重叠感染的肝炎患者中的阳性率都要明显高于健康人(P=00037),而TTV在非甲～戊型肝炎患者中的

Applications of NMR Spectroscopy and Pattern Recognition in Food Analysis

NMR指纹图谱与模式识别方法相结合在食物的研究中得到广泛应用,已经成功应用于食品的产地的区分,质量判定和转基因食品的安全考察等领域中.本文综述了近些年NMR指纹图谱与模式识别方法在这些领域的应用.The combination of NMR fingerprinting and pattern recognition has been widely applied in the field of food analysis,such as discrimination of different producing areas,quality assessment and safety assessment of gene-modified food. This paper reviews the applications of the combined method in this field and the relevant progresses made in recent years

基于宇航级FPGA的YOLOv5s网络模型硬件加速

由于遥感图像具有分辨率高和背景信息复杂的特点，其对目标检测的精确性和鲁棒性要求越来越高，因此遥感图像处理领域逐渐引入了卷积神经网络算法。然而此类算法通常模型复杂且计算量庞大，难以在空间与资源受限的星上平台高效运行。针对这一问题，提出一种基于宇航级现场可编程门阵列（Filed Programmable Gate Array, FPGA）的卷积神经网络硬件加速架构，并选用YOLOv5s作为目标网络，采用输入与输出通道并行展开以及数据流水线控制的策略进行架构设计。实验结果表明，在使用该处理架构加速YOLOv5s的推理阶段，卷积模块的工作频率可以达到200 MHz，其运算性能高达394.4GOPS（Giga Operations Per Second），FPGA的功耗为14.662 W，数字信号处理（Digital Signal Processing, DSP）计算矩阵的平均计算效率高达96.29%

Determination of Pseudostellarin B(cyclic peptide) in Taizishen(Pseudostellaria heterophylla(Miq.) Pax) by RP-HPLC

建立了一种用于分析太子参中环肽Pseudostellarin B的高效液相色谱法。该方法采用反相C18柱:流动相A为水,流动相B为乙腈,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,紫外检测波长为203 nm,柱温为30℃,外标法定量。结果表明,在0.5~20μg范围内标准曲线有良好的线性关系(r=0.9995),加标回收率为96.7%~104.5%,方法的精密度良好(平均RSD<0.5%)。该方法可用于实际样品的测定。A high performance liquid chromatographic(HPLC) method for the determination of Pseudostellarin B(cyclic peptide) in Taizishen(Pseudostellaria heterophylla(Miq.) Pax) has been established.The separation was carried out on a C_(18) analytical column at 30 ℃ with a linear gradient elution of water(A)-acetonitrile(B).The flow-rate of 1.0 mL/min and UV detection at 203 nm were used in this study.The experimental results indicate that a good linear range of 0.5～20 μg(r=0.9995) could be obtained.The recovery test for Pseudostellarin B was in the range of 96.7%～104.5%.The relative standard deviation was less than 1.8%.The results indicate that the method is simple,rapid and accurate for the determination of Pseudostellarin B in Taizishen.The method is recommended to apply to the real sample analysis.国家自然科学基金(20235020);; 福建省科委创新药物与中药现代化(2001BA701A61-13);; 国家科技部攻关(2003BA759C)项目资

Fingerprinting Tea by ~1H NMR

用1H NMR分析测定35种从福建、云南、广州、江西等地采集及购买的不同种类的茶叶.检测出约20种物质,包括多种氨基酸、茶氨酸、多种儿茶素(表没食子儿茶素(EGC)、表儿茶素(EC)、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(ECG)和一些未知的儿茶素)、蔗糖、未知糖类、脂肪酸、咖啡因等.所得谱图经主成分分析,实现了不同种类的茶叶以及铁观音产地的区分,并且发现了引起区分的化学成分:红茶和黑茶与绿茶和乌龙茶相比,部分氨基酸和一些未知成分的含量较高,而儿茶素的含量较低;安溪西坪铁观音与安溪祥华和感德铁观音相比,部分氨基酸、咖啡因、EGCG、ECG以及一些未知成分的含量较高,而EC、EGC含量相对低.另外,谱图的聚类分析也显示了与主成分分析类似的结果.The chemical fingerprints of 35 tea samples collected or purchased from Fujian、Yunnan、Guangdong、Jiangxi provinces were analyzed by()~1H NMR.Upon initial signal assignment,about 20 chemical constituents in tea were identified,including amino acids,theanine,catechins(EGC,EC,EGCG,ECG and unknown catechins),sucrose,unknown sugars,fatty acids,caffeine,quinic acid and so on.The NMR data were then analyzed by the principal component analysis(PCA) technique.The results show that different kinds of tea and Tieguanyin tea from different producing areas can be differentiated based on their chemical composition.Furthermore,the chemical constituents that can be used as the fingerprints for differentiating different types of tea were found.Compared to the green tea and the oolong tea,the red tea and the black tea were found to contain higher levels of certain amino acids and some unknown substances,and lower levels of catechins.Xiping Tieguanyin,as compared to Xianghua and Gande Tieguanyin,was found to have higher levels of certain amino acids,caffeine,EGCG,ECG and some unknown substances,and lower levels of EC,EGC.Hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA) of the data shows similar results as those obtained by PCA.青岛“2004将才计划”(04-3-JJ-11);; 崂山区崂山茶标准化技术研究(LS-05-KJ1-40