Research on the Modification Timing of Patent Documents during the Invalid Procedure

2015年12月22日发布的《国务院关于新形势下加快知识产权强国建设的若干意见》指出完善授权后专利文件修改制度。2017年4月1日起施行的《专利审查指南》新增无效宣告中“明显错误修正”，同时将“合并修改”变更为“权利要求进一步限定”。基于此，本文通过对比分析、历史分析、文献分析等方法指出我国无效宣告中专利文件修改时机存在修改机会较少、修改权行使期限较短和修改权行使期限起算点不够明确三大问题；同时，本文提出专利权人在专利复审委员会作出无效宣告请求审查决定之前都可以进行明显错误修正、不同类型专利对应不同实质审查期限等完善建议。 本文除引言和结语外，共分为五个部分。 第一部分重点对比了中、美、日...On December 22, 2015, the document that is named Several Opinions of the State Council on Speeding up the Construction of Powerful Country of Intellectual Property Rights in the New Situation stipulated clearly that we should improve the licensing system after the authorization of the patent. The Patent Review Guide, which came into effect on April 1, 2017, adds a "obvious error correction" on the...学位：法学硕士院系专业：知识产权研究院_知识产权法学学号：3252014115365

晚明軍士收入考——兼論明代國家財政之基本精神

&lt;p&gt;以往的明代財政史研究，大都選擇以財政收入一側的嬗遞為考察對象而不離乎制度研究的範式與國家本位的視角。本文以財政支出為切入點討論晚明軍士收入的構成與水準，進而以自下而上的進路，探討明代國家財政之基本精神。本文將晚明軍士收入劃分為常規性收入與臨時性收入，前者包括月糧、布花、馬料，後者則涉及行糧、安家銀。對於衛所軍士而言，晚明財政體制的白銀化未對其生計產生實質影響，其收入仍不過與洪武時期的標準大體相持，僅能勉強維生。相形之下，並不歸屬於衛所軍戶制之中的募兵所得餉銀明顯更高。兩者的分野與明代財政奉行的「原額主義」密切相關：國家以戶籍制束縛軍戶，設計微薄的糧餉標準，以此適應同樣偏低的財政收入。此一機制雖因晚明戰爭不斷而崩解，卻為清朝繼承乃至進一步鞏固。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Earlier studies on Ming dynasty finance have mainly focused on changes in revenue, following an institutional and state-oriented paradigm. This essay instead examines military pay, the largest expenditure of the late Ming central government, thus offering a perspective from the bottom up. This essay distinguishes late Ming military pay into regular and temporary categories. The former included monthly grain allowances, clothing, and horse fodder, while the latter included travel rations and relocation funds. For the military households, the commutation of the financial system into silver did not have a substantial impact on their livelihood. Their income had remained largely the same since the founding of the dynasty, and they could barely make ends meet. By contrast, the recruits, who were not registered with military households, received payment and rations that were significantly higher. The discrepancy between the two was closely linked to the &amp;ldquo;quota system&amp;rdquo; practiced in Ming financial administration. When the government established households fixed in the military category, meager rations were standardized, commensurate with the low revenue of the financial administration. Although this mechanism collapsed amidst the continuous wars of the late Ming, it was adopted and further consolidated in the Qing dynasty.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; </jats:p

Evaluation of Ecosystem Services——A Case Study on Grassland in XiLin River Basin

时空尺度和生态系统的健康状况是影响生态系统服务功能的重要因素。锡林河流域天然草地关键的地理位置和独特的生境条件使其具有十分重要的生态意义和经济价值。评估锡林河流域天然草地在不同时空尺度及生态系统健康状况的生态系统服务功能的价值，不仅能够全面客观的评价该流域天然草地的生态服务功能，而且还能够为当地经济政策的制定，经济的建设发展提供科学依据。 本研究以锡林河流域天然草地为例，通过对草地生态系统服务功能价值评估和计算机情景模拟，研究了不同空间尺度及放牧影响锡林河流域天然草地生态系统服务功能价值。对于不同空间尺度下草地生态系统服务价值的研究，根据草地的产草量和退化程度将锡林河流域天然草地划分成5个级别，利用Costanza等的基本思路和方法，进行了价值评估。结果表明锡林河流域草地生态系统每年的服务价值为76.154×108元。受各级草场的生产量和放牧强度的综合影响，健康程度不同的各等级天然草地的单位面积生态系统服务功能的价值存在着很大差异，从1级草地到5级草地，单位面积服务价值比重从38.1%下降到4.8%。参考国际、国内和锡林浩特当地三种不同的生态系统服务单价，计算得出这三种不同空间尺度下锡林河流域天然草场生态系统服务价值分别为：88.199×108元/年、76.154×108元/年、14.236×108元/年，并且各项服务功能在总价值中所占的比例也随空间尺度变化。以气体调节为例，服务价值的比重分别占3.7%、11.0%和7.9%，这说明生态系统服务功能的价值与空间尺度有关。 通过草地生态系统服务功能当量因子得到不同类型草地生态系统单位面积服务价值，研究放牧影响下各类型草地生态系统单位面积服务价值以及年平均累积服务价值。草地生态系统服务功能当量因子说明生态系统各项服务功能不仅与生态系统的生物量有关，同时受到生态系统内环境因子、生物因子、生态系统过程多方面因素的共同作用。最大直接经济价值放牧率大于生态系统服务功能最大时的放牧率，但是获得经济利润小于生态系统服务功能最大时的价值。同时，在各类草地生态系统中单位面积服务价值以贝加尔针茅草原最高为2242.347元/公顷，克氏针茅草原最低为1655.413元/公顷。草地生态系统的累积服务价值在时间范围一定时随放牧率变化明显，并且时间范围越大变化越大。重牧状态下的草地生态系统累积服务价值最低，且随时间的增加而减少；无牧、轻牧和中牧状态下草地生态系统的累积服务价值则随时间的延续而增长。以上结果说明放牧对草地生态系统服务功能有显著影响，以经济利益为目的获得最大利润的放牧方式带来的经济价值是短期的，从长远看，只有科学管理，合理放牧，才能使草地生态系统长期稳定的提供最佳的生态系统服务功能

Flood of Silver: Military Pay and Supply for the Liaodong (Guanning) Garrison during the Late Ming Period

本稿は香港中文大學が主催した Young Scholars' Forum in Chinese Studies 2023 において發表したものを加筆修正したものである。Focusing on military pay for Liaodong (Guanning) soldiers during the late Ming period, this article delves into its structure, the means of payment, and correlation with governmental finances, while also examining the broader economic impact of the state's financial activities during this time. According to the early Ming system, soldiers' pay, in principle given in kind, was divided into two categories, regular and temporary. The former was mainly comprised of monthly grain allowances (月糧) of 1 picul per month, while the latter, featuring travel rations (行糧), was variable. Since the Zhengtong period, the practice of commutating military pay into silver was popularized among garrisons in the northern frontier. In Liaodong, the payment of six months' grain allowances at a rate of 0.45 taels per picul was established by 1484. Confronted with military threats from “Mongolian intruders in the north and Japanese pirates in the south” (北虜南倭) during the mid-16 century, the Ming dynasty started to recognize jiading (家丁), private retainers originally assembled by military commanders, as elite units to bolster its military capacity. Although jiading received significantly higher pay--approximately three times that of ordinary soldiers in Liaodong during the Wanli period--their numbers were limited. With the onset of the war against the Manchus in 1618, the Ming dynasty, suffering a series of defeats, was barely able to maintain its grip over the Guanning corridor in southwestern Liaodong. Although the Guanning garrison was reorganized to a scale comparable to the former Liaodong army, soldiers' pay was generally raised to at least 1.80 taels per month. Consequently, large quantities of funds and supplies were continually transported to Liaodong to support the army, contributing to a local wartime economic boom. During the first Manchurian invasion of China Proper in 1629, known as the Jisi incident, large-scale reinforcements were mobilized from across the country to defend the Beijing area, with the Guanning troops serving as the main force. To appease these Guangning soldiers special treatment called xingyue jianzhi 行月兼支, which provided combined pay of monthly grain allowances and travel rations over 3.00 taels per month, was granted. Initially considered as an ad hoc arrangement, xingyue jianzhi was eventually widely applied due to the persistent demands of reinforcements, and therefore the pay standards across the Ming armies witnessed an overall increase. As the war expanded from frontier to hinterland, soaring military expenditures drove local governments not only to levy more taxes, but also to spend more at a higher frequency on local garrisons, causing an accelerated monetary circulation as well as temporal and spatial imbalances in silver stock. As a result, the pre-war economic structure, characterized by the hinterland-frontier delivery of taxes, collapsed, and inflation thus became unchecked during the last days of the Ming dynasty