Embodied energy and carbon emissions transferred in international trade using a MRIO model

随着全球生产链的形成以及生产与消费活动的跨国界分隔,国际贸易的快速发展对各国的能源消耗和碳排放会产生重要影响。本文运用MRIO模型测算了1995; -2009年国际贸易中的隐含能源和碳排放。结果表明:①研究期间中国除燃气和新能源外均属于隐含能源净出口国,生产侧排放增加远超过消费侧排放增加,且; 前者增加的40%是为了满足国外需求,而消费侧排放增加仅16%来源于进口的增加;②研究期间主要发达经济体生产侧能耗和碳排放几乎没有变化,但消费侧能; 耗和碳排放却在逐渐增加,属于隐含能源和碳排放净进口国;新兴经济体的生产侧和消费侧能耗分别增加了81.7%和81.3%,且发达经济体消费引致的新兴; 经济体隐含能源和碳排放远大于后者消费引致的前者隐含能源和碳排放;③主要发达经济体的人均消费侧能耗和碳排放都远高于新兴经济体,而中国的人均消费侧能; 耗和碳排放水平都较低。With the formation of global production chains as well as cross- border; separated in production and consumption in the world, the rapid; development of international trade has an important impact on both; embodied energy and transfer emissions of trade. We estimated the; different energy consumption and emissions embodied in international; trade in 1995-2009 with the MRIO model. The results showed that:(1)China; belongs to a net exporter of embodied energy in international trade; except for new energy sources and gas during the study period; increase; of production-based emissions far exceeds the consumption-based; emissions in China, and 40% of the former is satisfied by the demands of; foreign countries, then only 16% of consumption- based emissions; increase is derived from the increase of imports;(2)The production-based; energy and carbon emissions of the major developed economies were almost; unchanged during the study period, but the consumption- based energy and; carbon emissions were gradually increasing, then they were net importers; of embodied energy and emissions in international trade; the; productionbased and consumption- based energy of emerging economies; increased by 81.7% and 81.3% respectively, and the embodied energy and; emissions of developed economies transferred into emerging economies is; much greater than the embodied energy and emissions of emerging; economies transferred into developed economies;(3)The per capita; consumption-based embodied energy and emissions in developed economies; are much higher than in emerging economies; while the per capita; embodied energy and emissions are in a low level in China.国家社科基金重大项目; 国家自科基金面上项目; 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资

鼻咽癌癌旁粘膜的p53蛋白免疫组织化学观察

我们曾报道过鼻咽癌（ＮＰＣ）组织中ｐ５３蛋白积聚的生物学特征和临床意义［１］，但是ｐ５３基因的突变发生在ＮＰＣ发生发展中的哪个阶段尚不清楚，为此我们以ＮＰＣ癌旁粘膜组织为材料，用免疫组化和图像定量分析的方法，观察癌旁粘膜上皮ｐ５３蛋白积聚的情况，以判..

中国红树林的害虫种类及其综合防治

通过对文献资料的统计，共发现中国红树林害虫128种，隶属2纲7目55科，其中以鳞翅目、半翅目昆虫为主，分别占总数的52.4%和26.6%。危害无瓣海桑Sonneratia apetala、桐花树Aegiceras corniculatum、秋茄Kandelia obovata、白骨壤Avicennia marina、海桑Sonneratia caseolaris的害虫分别有45种、45种、37种、32种和20种。广东红树林害虫种类最多，共计95种，广西其次，有49种。鳞翅目害虫多以幼虫取食为害，主要包括海榄雌瘤斑螟Acrobasis sp.、桐花树毛颚小卷蛾Lasiognatha cellifera Meyrick、棉古毒蛾Orgyia postica Walker、蜡彩袋蛾Chalia larminati Heylaerts、丽绿刺蛾Latoia lepida Cramer等；半翅目害虫以幼虫、成虫吸食植物汁液为害，主要有考氏白盾蚧Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley)、广翅蜡蝉Ricania sp.等。在虫害的综合防治中，以生物防治为主，即利用寄生蜂、苏云金杆菌、白僵菌、捕食性天敌和生物制剂等进行防治，结合物理防治方法可以提升防治效果。此外，对红树林虫害暴发的原因和机制也进行了探讨分析

Research on Embodied Energy in China-USA Trade with MRIO Model

基于MRIO模型测算了1995~2009年中美贸易内涵能源总量、消费结构和部门分布。结果显示,中美净出口内涵能源增长非常迅速,除新能源外,其他五类内涵能源均属净出口,表明中美出口已成为中国大量能源消耗的主要原因之一。中美贸易内涵能源结构差异较大,中国流向美国的出口内涵能源主要集中在煤、电力与热力、石油产品,而中国进口美国内涵能源依次为石油产品、天然气、电力与热力、煤。中美相同部门能源强度不同,中国只有少数部门的能源强度低于美国,因此中国进出口美国的内涵能源部门结构也完全不同。国家社会科学基金重大项目(13&ZD167)；国家自然科学基金面上项目(71373218)；湖北省教育厅人文社会科学项目(16Q187)

The Facts and Explanation of China's Manufacturing Servitization Transformation

研究目标:把握中国制造业服务化趋势及其驱动因素。研究方法:基于MRIO模型的贸易增加值核算及结构分解分析。研究发现:如果考虑中国贸易的二元结构,; 则制造业服务化悖论并不存在,1995~2011年期间,中国制造业出口中的服务增加值占比由33.; 54%上升至33.74%,上升幅度很小,但国内服务增加值对于制造业出口增加值创造的重要性在快速提高,制造业服务化转型呈现出以国内服务替代国外服务; 的趋势;从不同贸易方式来看,制造业加工出口的国内服务化水平较低但其提升幅度大大超过了一般贸易出口;市场分割弱化了国内产业关联、粗放型发展模式导致; 服务部门增加值系数下降,以及来自于亚太地区出口市场的低端俘获,这些都是抑制一般贸易出口的国内服务化水平提升的主要原因。研究创新:利用OECD-I; CIO区分加工贸易的数据,对中国制造业出口中的服务增加值进行再测算,并比较分析两种不同贸易方式下国内服务化转型的变动趋势及其主要驱动因素。研究价; 值:为促进中国制造业转型升级、提升出口利得提供参考。Research Objectives: The trend and its driving factors of China's; manufacturing servitization. Research Methods: The value added in trade; accounting and Structural Decomposition Analysis based on the MRIO; model. Research Findings: If the dual structure of China's trade is; considered, the manufacturing service paradox will not exist. From 1995; to 2011,the growth of service value added in China's manufacturing; sector is very small. But the importance of the domestic servitization; for the creation of export value added in the manufacturing is rising; rapidly, and the transformation of manufacturing servitization appears a; trend of the replacing of foreign services by domestic ones . On the; trade type, the domestic servitization of manufacturing processing; exports is low,but its rising range is much higher than ordinary trade; exports. The main reasons which restrain the domestic servitization; increasing of the ordinary trade export include that the market; segmentations have weakened the linkage of domestic industries,and the; extensive development has led to a decline in the value-added; coefficients of the service sectors and the low-end capture from the; Asia-Pacific export market. Research Innovations: By using the OECD-ICIO; data which distinguishes the processing trade export from the ordinary; trade export, this paper re-calculates the service value added in the; export of China's manufacturing, and analyzes the trends and the main; driving factors in the transformation of domestic servitization under; the above two different trade types. Research Value : This paper; provides references for promoting the transformation of China's; manufacturing and the value added in trade.国家社科基金重大项目; 国家自然科学基金面上项目; 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资

Effects of Foreign Demand on Energy of China from a Global Production Chain Perspective:An Empirical Analysis based on the MRIO Model

利用多区域投入产出(MRIO)模型,基于WIOD数据库分析1995—2009年外需对中国能源消耗的影响,并通过结构分解分析(SDA)考察影响我国外需能耗变化的关键因素。结果表明,研究期间美、欧、日等附件I的发达国家通过进口替代向中国转移了大量的能耗;中国外需能耗的快速增加主要归因于中国中间产品的出口效应,其次是主要发达国家与发展中国家最终需求的国别结构和规模变动因素导致,而国内生产部门不断降低的各类能源强度则是抑制中国外需能耗增加的主要因素。Based on WIOD database,We estimated the effects of foreign demand on energy of China in 1995-2009 w ith M ulti-Regional Input-Output( M RIO) M odel,and examined the key factors that affect the energy for foreign demand through Structural Decomposition Analysis( SDA). The results revealed that China is already the net exporter of energy embodied in foreign demand obviously. Then w e show ed that energy for foreign demand in China mainly serving the Annex I countries such as United States,Europe,Japan and other developed countries. SDA results demonstrate that the rapid increase of energy for foreign demand in China is due to China's intermediate goods exports effects,then due to country structure and size of foreign final demands,in contrast,the continuously reduced energy intensity is the main factor for inhibiting its increase.国家社会科学基金重大项目(13&ZD167);; 国家自然科学基金面上项目(71373218

Ethical and Moral Competences of Upper Secondary Students: A Comparative Study

Purpose: This article presents the theoretical framework, research design, methodology, and main findings of the comparative measurement of ethical–moral competences of 15-year-old upper secondary students in Shanghai, under the ETiK-International-Shanghai project. Design/Approach/Methods: By dividing the ethical–moral competences into the categories of basic ethical–moral knowledge, ethical–moral judgment competence, and competence in developing ethical–moral action plans, a survey of 2,036 students was conducted, using a reliable and valid testing instrument. Findings: In general, 15-year-olds from homes with more educational resources perform higher in all three scales across all countries taken under consideration in our study. Furthermore, school practices, teaching, as well as quantity and quality of instruction play a very important role in the moral education process and especially in developing students’ proficiency levels of ethical–moral knowledge, reasoning competence, as well as students’ high abilities in developing moral action plans. When relevant educational background factors are held constant, Chinese students show lower average scores on basic ethical–moral knowledge and moral judgment competence. With exception of the tested Vienna students, all other European samples scored better than the Chinese students—also on the test for developing ethical–moral action plans. However, Chinese students are especially able to display outstanding empathy when dealing with suffering, misfortune, and sorrow, as well as in their willingness to help others. Originality/Value: The findings of this article can foster thinking about which topics should be further discussed to improve the ethical–moral knowledge and competences of Chinese students and highlight requirements for the further development of moral education in China at the levels of teaching, curriculum, teacher education, and research. </jats:sec

Taxonomic status of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri in Xiamen Beach estimated by homologous sequence of Cyt b gene

白氏文昌鱼Branchiostomabelcheri (Gray)在我国和日本沿海均有分布 ,由于南、北方文昌鱼形态学上有一定差异 ,且二者间存在一些过渡类型 ,其分类地位问题仍有待进一步澄清。本文测定了厦门欧厝海域产的文昌鱼mtDNACytb基因序列 ,并与日本产的文昌鱼以及另外产于大西洋的两种文昌鱼Cytb基因序列比较。分子系统学分析结果表明 :厦门欧厝海域产的文昌鱼与日本产的文昌鱼平均遗传距离为 2 1 12 % ,达到了种间分化的水平 ;经过对已有文献和文昌鱼地理分布的综合分析 ,作者建议将原来的白氏文昌鱼青岛亚种B belcheritsingtauense提升为种 ,南、北方所产文昌鱼分别作为两个独立的种存在 ,即南方的B belcheri (Gray)和北方的B tsingtauenseTchangetKooBranchiostoma belcheri(Gray)is distributed along the east coast of Asiatic mainland from South China Sea to Bohai Sea and Japanese waters.Scientists noticed morphological divergence between the animals from south to north area,and identified amphioxus in both Bohai Sea and Japanese waters as a new subspecies,B.belcheri tsingtauense.Nevertheless,intermediate forms between the southern and northern animals indicate their classification needs clarification.In the present research,we sequenced Cyt b gene of amphioxus sampled from Xiamen(Amoy)and compared the data with homologous sequences of Japanese amphioxus and two species living in the Atlantic Ocean.The results from molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that genetic distance between Xiamen amphioxus and Japanese amphioxus averages 21.12%with variation much above a normal species' divergence observed in other taxa.Considering the geographic,morphological and taxonomic records in the literature,we suggested that amphioxus in south and north areas might belong to different species and the original subspecies B.belcheri tsingtauense should be renamed as a separate species and its new scientific name should be B.tsingtauense Tchang et Koo,which includes animals both in Bohai Sea and in Japanese waters.Accordingly,amphioxus in Xiamen,including the animal distributed all south area,should keep the name of Branchiostoma belcheri(Gray).教育部留学回国人员启动基金;; 教育部高等学校骨干教师资助计划项目~