Research on the Effect of Fiscal Decentralization and Financial Expenditure Structure on Urban and Rural Income Balance

在转型阶段的中国，政府是改革最重要的自觉主体与先导者，中国的可持续性发展需要财政政策的支持。本文在财政分权理论以及其他理论回顾、文献综述的基础上，研究了政府间财政权力分配模式以及分税制后中国财政分权特征，此后本文分析了中国政府部门的政治组织结构特征以及分权政府部门的“多重任务”和“多委托人”激励特征，基于个人工资、寻租收入和个人晋升任免的激励方式，探究了中央在政治集权体制背景下对中国地方政府官员的“效率”与“公平”激励，以及进而产生的政府财政激励和城乡间政策倾向。最终，本文构建了一个简单的理论模型探讨财政分权及具有城乡倾向性的支出结构对城乡收入均衡的影响机制，将财政支出结构划分为人力资本生产性...During economic transition period, the government is the most important subject and pacesetter of reform, and the support of fiscal policy is necessary for the sustainable development of Chinese economy. Based on a review of fiscal decentralization theory, other related theories and literatures, this thesis firstly analyzes the traits of fiscal decentralization between governments and China's fisc...学位：经济学硕士院系专业：经济研究所_政治经济学学号：2902012115207

Synthesis of Ethyl Carboxylate

报道了合成苯甲酸乙酯的新方法,并对不同一元羧酸乙酯的合成进行研究.应用该方法,可使反应时间大为缩短,产率也显著提高.同时对影响反应产率诸多因素进行了探讨,找出最佳反应条件.A improved method for synthesis of ethyl benzoate was developed.And then,an extended application to the synthesis of some ethyl carboxylates was studied.This new method displayed excellent performance for ethyl carboxylates from carboxylic acid and alcohol with higher yield and shorter reaction time.Moreover,the factors on reaction and optimization of reaction conditions were investigated.国家基础科学人才培养基金(J0630429)资

Optical System for Asymmetrical Crossed Czerny-Turner Raman Spectrometer with High Luminous Flux

为克服分立式便携拉曼光谱仪光通量低的缺点,设计了一种集拉曼探头光路与分光系统于一体的光学系统。探头光路采用大数值孔径的非球面透镜实现样品的有效激发和信号的高效收集,通过胶合透镜组缩小会聚光路尺寸、消除轴向色差。分光系统基于交叉非对称Czerny-Turner结构,为获得期望的光谱分辨率和光谱范围,建立了分光系统光谱分辨率及光谱范围与交叉非对称Czerny-Turner结构参数的关系。由测得的汞灯谱图可知,分光系统的光谱分辨率优于6 cm~(-1)(0.37 nm),光谱范围为790~950 nm(200~2000 cm~(-1))。将设计的光学系统对CCL4进行测试,实验结果表明在相同积分时间内由这种整体式的光学系统检测到的CCL4光谱谱峰强度是用商业探头通过光纤连接分光系统检测到的近3倍,验证了光学系统设计的合理性。To overcome the low luminous flux in separated portable Raman spectrometer, an optical system embodies the probe of Raman spectrometer and monochromator is designed. An aspherical lens with high numerical aperture is used to obtain the effective excitation of sample and the efficient collection of signal in the optical system of the probe. A cemented lens group is used to minish the size of converging path and eliminate chromatic aberration.The monochromator is based on asymmetrical crossed Czerny-Turner structure. For the purpose of achieving desired spectrum resolution and spectrum range, the relationship between the spectrum resolution and spectrum range of the monochromator and the structural parameters of the asymmetrical crossed Czerny-Turner system is established. According to the tested spectrogram of mercury lamp, the spectrum resolution of the monochromator is better than 6 cm~(-1)(0.37 nm), and spectrum range is 790~950 nm(200~2000 cm~(-1)). A sample of CCL4 is introduced to examine the performance of the optical system, the experimented results demonstrate that the peak intensity of spectrogram of CCL4 measured by this incorporative optical system is almost three times as high as that using a commercial probe couples to the monochromator, which verifies the rationality of the design of the optical system.国家自然科学基金(21503171);; 中央高校基本科研业务费项目(20720150091、20720150094);; 福建省高端装备制造协同创新中心资

丙烷选择氧化用VPO/SiO_2催化剂的研究

对比研究了VPO和VPO/SiO2 催化剂的结构、表面元素氧化态、还原性及其对丙烷选择氧化反应的催化性能 .与VPO催化剂相比 ,VPO/SiO2 催化剂具有较大的比表面积 ;VPO主要以 (VO) 2 P2 O7的形式高度分散于SiO2 表面 ;VPO/SiO2 催化剂的还原温度较低 ;VPO/SiO2 催化剂与丙烷的相互作用较强 ;在反应条件下 ,VPO/SiO2 催化剂的活性较高 ,但产物丙烯的选择性较低 ,并有丙烯醛等C3含氧化合物生成 .这可能是由于VPO/SiO2 催化剂表面的V与Si发生了相互作用之故 .随着VPO担载量的增加 ,VPO/SiO2 催化剂的比表面积减小 ;催化剂的还原温度略有升高 ,可还原的晶格氧量增加 ;催化剂表面与丙烷的相互作用增强 ;丙烷转化率升高而丙烯选择性降低 ,丙烯醛选择性在 5 %VPO/SiO2 催化剂上最高 .这可能是由于随着VPO担载量的增加 ,催化剂表面晶格氧的密度增大所

丙烷选择氧化用VPO/SiO_2催化剂的研究

对比研究了VPO和VPO/SiO2 催化剂的结构、表面元素氧化态、还原性及其对丙烷选择氧化反应的催化性能 .与VPO催化剂相比 ,VPO/SiO2 催化剂具有较大的比表面积 ;VPO主要以 (VO) 2 P2 O7的形式高度分散于SiO2 表面 ;VPO/SiO2 催化剂的还原温度较低 ;VPO/SiO2 催化剂与丙烷的相互作用较强 ;在反应条件下 ,VPO/SiO2 催化剂的活性较高 ,但产物丙烯的选择性较低 ,并有丙烯醛等C3含氧化合物生成 .这可能是由于VPO/SiO2 催化剂表面的V与Si发生了相互作用之故 .随着VPO担载量的增加 ,VPO/SiO2 催化剂的比表面积减小 ;催化剂的还原温度略有升高 ,可还原的晶格氧量增加 ;催化剂表面与丙烷的相互作用增强 ;丙烷转化率升高而丙烯选择性降低 ,丙烯醛选择性在 5 %VPO/SiO2 催化剂上最高 .这可能是由于随着VPO担载量的增加 ,催化剂表面晶格氧的密度增大所

Studies on VPO/SiO2 catalyst for selective oxidation of propane

VPO catalyst is one of promising catalysts for selective oxidation of C4H10 and C3H8. The catalysts VPO and VPO/SiO2 with different VPO loading were prepared. Using BET, XRD, LRS, XPS, H-2-TPR and C3H8-TPD techniques, the physicochemical properties of the catalysts, such as structure, reducibility, vanadium oxidation states and V-O bond, as well as the interaction between C3H8 and the catalysts, were comparatively investigated. The catalytic performance of the catalysts in selective oxidation of C3H8 was also tested. VPO/SiO2 had higher specific surface area and reducibility than VPO. In addition, the binding energy of V 2p(3/2) on VPO/SiO2 was higher than that on VPO, which indicated that the coordination environment of V changed and Vdelta+ (4 < delta < 5) might exist on VPO/SiO2. Compared with VPO, the stronger interaction between C3H8 and VPO/SiO2 was observed. The interaction between Si and V occurred on VPO/SiO2, which modified its physicochemical properties and in return changed its catalytic performance. In the case of VPO/SiO2, (VO)(2)P2O7 was the main phase (oxidation state) and highly dispersed on SiO2. With the increase of VPO loading, the reduction temperature of the catalyst and binding energy of V 2p(3/2) changed slightly, and the intensity of V-O bond and the H-2 consumption in TPR increased, indicating that the amount of V-O species increased on the surface. On the other hand, with the increase of VPO loading, the C3H8 conversion increased while the CA Selectivity reduced, and the acrolein selectivity appeared the maximum value on 5% VPO/SiO2 catalyst

Do Chinese Fiscal Decentralization and Fiscal Expenditure Structure Promote the Equilibrium of Urban-rural Income?

财政分权和财政支出结构影响城乡收入均衡化水平,本文对中国省际面板数据进行了实证检验与分析。研究发现:东部地区财政分权和财政支出结构是有利于城乡收入均衡的,而中西部地区这种政策则不利于城乡收入均衡。一定限度的财政分权是有益的,但如果绩效考核体系偏重增长激励、城乡二元体制固化程度与城市倾向性较高,那么必然会进一步引致支出政策及相关配套政策扭曲,从而加深收入不均衡程度。财政支出政策应更综合、全面地承担起优化公共服务、改善民生的责任。This paper conducts an empirical analysis with the inter-provincial panel data of China,in order to find out how Chinese fiscal decentralization and fiscal expenditure structure affect the equilibrium of urban-rural income.Fiscal decentralization and fiscal expenditure promote equilibrium of urban-rural income in east region,while the fiscal policies are negative in the central and west region.Limited fiscal decentralization is positive.However,if the performance appraisal of government officials is growth-oriented,urban-rural dualism is serious,and the policies are urban-biased,the fiscal expenditure policies and supporting policies will be more inappropriate,with wider urban-rural income gap.Moreover,fiscal expenditure policy should be made more comprehensively focusing on optimizing public service and improving people's livelihood.国家社会科学基金重大项目“经济持续健康发展与收入倍增计划的实现路径研究”(13&ZD029

research of mikey key negotiation mode in real-time stream transport

对MIKEY的密匙管理过程进行了阐述,论述了的密匙的生成步骤.比较分析了MIKEY 协议的三种基本密钥协商模式,比较其优缺点.针对其共同缺点,研究了采用MIKEY-RSA-R模式的改进方法,避免了在密钥协商前必须先拥有共享密钥或交换证书.最后通过改进minisip以增加MIKEY-RSA-R模式进行测试,证明了这种新模式的优势

Studies on Syntheses and Formation of Borophosphates under Room Temperature and Ambient Pressure

在常温常压条件下直接合成了硼磷酸盐NaCd(H2O)2[BP2O8·]0.8H2O(Hexagonal,P6122,a=0.97130(14)nm,c=1.6136(3)nm,V=1.31836(40)nm3,Z=6)和NaZn(H2O)2[BP2O8]·H2O(Hexagonal,P6122,a=0.95404(2)nm,c=1.47780(3)nm,V=1.16488(5)nm3,Z=6)。用粉末XRD表征了合成产物。用扫描电镜观察了不同温度下形成的产物的形态。通过实时XRD监测方法研究了常温常压下硼磷酸盐NaZn(H2O)2[BP2O8·]H2O的形成过程。NaCd(H2O)2·0.8H2O and NaZn(H2O)2·H2O have been synthesized under room temper-ature and ambient pressure. The two borophosphates were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. Their morphology were observed by SEM. The formation procedure of NaZn(H2O)2·H2O was studied by in situ powder X-ray diffraction.国家自然科学基金委杰出青年基金(No.20025101);; 国家自然科学基金委重点基金(50332050);; 上海市光科技发展基金(No.022261015);; 国家科技部863计划课题(No.2002AA324070)