Analysis of the Role of Tariff Concessions in East Asia

While there are many studies focusing on the impacts of various trade policy agreements across the world in the recent years, there is not much focus in the literature on the extent to which these agreements are implemented later, in terms of the aspects agreed upon therein. In this paper, we firstly identify the past achievements of the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) in East Asian regions in terms of tariff removals and suggest future rooms for further economic benefits from trade liberalization in the region. Secondly, we provide the tariff concession dataset in the GTAP Data Base, which distinguishes the tariff removals agreed in these EPAs in East Asia but not implemented yet, from the existing overall tariffs in the benchmark year. As the standard GTAP Data Base only incorporates enforced tariff reductions through the base year applied tariffs, to analyse future trade integration, it might be worth it to integer commitments that are not yet implemented. We do that at the HS6 levels for East Asian EPAs that allows us to compare the economic impacts of partial versus complete implementation of the trade liberalization agreed in East Asian EPAs. Our results suggest that taking those commitments into account economically matters and that such satellite dataset might be taken as actual baseline for future policy simulations.JEL Classification Codes: D58, F13, F14, F15, F17The earlier version of this study was presented at the 18th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis on 17-19 June, 2015 in Melbourne

Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of cultivable manganese bacteria in sediments from the Arctic ocean

对中国第二次北极科学考察采集的北极海洋沉积物中的锰细菌进行了筛选、分离和系统发育分析。根据其在筛选平板上菌落的形态学特征,分别从站位P11和S11采集的沉积物中分离到了21株和19株锰细菌。系统发育分析表明,两个站位的锰细菌群落组成有着明显的差别。站位P11分离的可培养锰细菌主要由细菌域(Bacteria)中变形杆菌门的γ-变形杆菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)和放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)组成,二者分别占86%和14%;γ-变形杆菌纲主要包括嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)、希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、海杆菌属(Marinobacter),其中以嗜冷杆菌属为主,其比例可达67%。从站位S11分离到的可培养锰细菌主要包括细菌域中变形杆菌门的α-变形杆菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)和γ-变形杆菌纲以及拟杆菌门(Bacteroides)中的黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteria);γ-变形杆菌纲主要包括希瓦氏菌属、海单胞菌属(Marinomonas)和交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas),α-变形杆菌纲主要为鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)。实验菌株均对Mn2+有着较强的抗性,其中以菌株Marinomonas sp.S11-S-4耐受性最高。The biogeochemical cycling of manganese is recognized as an important environmental process because manganese is not only an essential nutrient for all organisms but also its oxidation and reduction are intimately coupled with the cycling of other essential elements.Studies have demonstrated that Mn2+-oxidizing bacteria are abundant and distributed widely.A diverse array of bacteria,fungi,and microalgae have been shown to have the ability to catalyze oxidation or reduction of manganese.The oxidation of soluble Mn2+ to insoluble Mn3+/Mn4+ oxides and oxy-hydroxides is an environmentally important process because the solid-phase products oxidize a variety of organic and inorganic compounds,scavenge many metals,and serve as electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration.In most environments,Mn2+ oxidation is believed to be bact erially mediated.Over the years,Mn2+-oxidizing bacteria have been isolated from wide variety of environments,including marine and freshwaters,soils,sediments,water pipes,Mn nodules,and hydrothermal vents.Phylogenetically,Mn2+-oxidizing bacteria appear to be quite diverse,with all isolates analyzed to date falling within either the low G+C gram-positive bacteria,the Actinobacteria,or the α,β,and γ subgroups of the Proteobacteria branch of the domain Bacteria.In order to investigate the biodiversity of manganese bacteria in polar region,isolation,molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of manganese bacteria were carried out in the sediments which were collected from Arctic ocean during 2nd Chinese Arctic Scientific Expedition.Twenty one and nineteen species of cultivable strain were isolated from the sediments of both station P11 and S11 respectively according to their distinct morphology on screening plate of manganese medium.Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis showed that the cultivable manganese bacteria from station P11 were basically composed of γ subgroup of the Proteobacteria branch of the domain Bacteria(γ-Proteobacteria)and Actinobacteria,which accounted for 86% and 14% respectively.The γ-Proteobacteria mainly included Psychrobacter,Shewanella,Acinetobacter and Marinobacter,of which Psychrobacter was the major genus,it accounted for 67% of γ-Proteobacteria in sediments of station P11.The cultivable manganese bacteria from station S11 included α-proteobacteria,γ-Proteobacteria and Flavobacteria of Bacteroides.γ-Proteobacteria included Shewanella,Marinomonas and Alteromonas.The majority of α-Proteobacteria was Sphingomonas.The phylogenetic analysis indicated that bacteria from the sediments of station P11 and S11 had different cultivable manganese bacteria flora.All tested strains had higher resistance to Mn2+,of which Marinomonas sp.S11-S-4 had highest resistance.国家自然科学基金资助项目(40576060)~

Sulphate reducing bacteria in core sediments from the Canada Basin and the Chukchi Sea

对取自北极楚科奇海及加拿大海盆的10个沉积物岩芯分别在4℃、25℃培养温度下进行硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)分析,结合首次北极科考海洋沉积物SRB的研究成果,探讨了研究区SRB的分布特点.研究结果表明,4℃与25℃温度培养的SRB含量均为0~2.4×106个.g-1(湿样);4℃时SRB的检出率与平均含量分别为45.5%和2.06×104个.g-1(湿样),25℃培养条件下分别为73.7%和4.70×104个.g-1(湿样);柱状沉积物中SRB的检出率、含量范围、平均含量都明显高于表层沉积物中SRB的相关指标;岩芯中SRB含量分布与采样点的纬度、深度有一定关系,但这种关系不如表层沉积物中SRB分布表现的那么明显;4℃培养时,各层位SRB含量的平均值范围为51~1.2×106个.g-1(湿样),25℃时为2.04×102~2.47×105个.g-1(湿样);在所研究的深度范围内,4℃时培养SRB的垂直变化较为明显,而25℃时SRB的垂直变化相对缓和;根据4℃、25℃2个不同培养温度时SRB的检出率、含量对比看,似乎25℃时更有利于某些SRB的繁衍.Ten sediment core samples(water depth from50 ~3850 m) were collected in the the Canada Basin and the Chukchi Sea during the SecondChinese National Arctic Research Expedition.Each core was sliced on board at 1 cm intervals from 0 ~10 cm and at 2 cm intervals below 10 cm assubsamples,the content of sulfate reducing bacteria(SRB) of these subsamples were analyzed by MPN(Most Probable Number) methed.The contents ofSRB cultivated at both 4℃ and 25℃ ranged from0 to 2.4×106cel.lg-1wet sample and the average SRB cultivated at4℃ and 25℃ were 2.06×104cell.g-1wet sample,and 4.70×104cell.g-1wet sample,respectively.Unlike surface sediments in the study area,the latter shows a tendency to increasefrom low latitude to high latitude,or from shallow water to deep basin.From surface to depths,the content of SRB in sediment changes irregularly,depending on the sedimentary environment.The average contents of SRB cultured at4℃ and 25℃ in the same layer ranged from51 to1.2×106cel.lg-1wet samples and 2.04×102to 2.47×105cel.lg-1wet samples.Comparing the contents,content range,and occurrence rate of SRB cultivated at4℃ and25℃,it seems that 25℃ is more suitable than 4℃for survival and propagation of some SRB.国家自然科学基金(No.40576060,40376017,40176017)~

论我国会计科学研究学术规范的建设与运用问题

由厦门大学会计发展研究中心提供的第四届会计与财务问题国际研讨会——会计教育改革与发展论文集中的第三部分：研究生教育05会计科学作为人文社会科学体系的一个重要组成部分，有着丰富的实践基础和悠久的发展历史，在现代科学体系中已经占据着重要的学术地位。但客观地观察与分析我国现阶段会计理论研究成果的表达形式，我们认为离科学的学术规范要求还有一定的差距，特别是在会计学专业学术期刊的学术规范导向，以及对学生进行学术规范意识的培养与训练等相关问题上更显薄弱。本文通过对我国17所高校的100篇会计学专业博士与硕士研究生学位论文中学术规范遵循情况调查结果的统计分析与研究，提出应当加强我国现阶段会计科学研究学术规范的建设与推广运用工作

インガ キゾク ノ ホウコウセイ ト ガクシュウ スイコウ ト ノ カンレン ニ ツイテ

因果帰属に関して、Heider, Fの`努力\u27•`能力\u27`運\u27`課題の困難度\u27に分類する理論やWeiner, B. の内的・帰属の制御の所在と安定性を軸にした分類が知られている。これら因果帰属が、行動の結果を知った後の行動に影響を与えることが知られている。本研究では、因果帰属の方向性と学習の結果である試験結果等とどのような関係があるかを検証しようとするものである。本研究(1)では、因果帰属の方向性を測定する尺度であるI・P&C尺度、試験得点、試験に取組んだ時間を測定した。その結果、運や偶然に原因を求めないことが学習遂行を促進する可能性を示唆している。これに対して、物事の成否が運や偶然に左右されるといった認知が学習遂行を阻害している可能性を示唆しているとみることができる。About causal attribution theories, Fritz Heider developed a model which explains success and failure from the factors of `ability\u27, `effort\u27, `luck\u27 and `task difficulty\u27.Weiner\u27s model, which based on the foundations established by Fritz Heider, deals with the explanations we arrive at for success and failure of people on particular tasks. He assumes two dimensions; one is internal/external dimension, the other is temporary/ stable dimension. The temporary/stable dimension is assumed to be most important to us in forming expectancies, or prediction of how someone will do in the future. The second dimension of causal attribution is believed to relate primarily to the rewards or punishments that follow a performance.This study examines relations between the I•P&C scale which measures attribution tendencies (internal, powerful other\u27s and chance control), the length of examination time and the examination scores of university students.Results suggests that attributional directions contrary to luck, chance, opportunity enhance learning performance, and attributions to luck et al. reduce learning performance

EU アンゼン ホショウ セイサク ノ ハッテン カヘンヨクテキ トウゴウ ニヨル グンジテキ ソクメン ノ トリコミ チョウコッカセイ ハイジョ NATO トノ キノウ ブンカ

EUの安全保障政策形成は憲法条約における集団防衛条項の取り込みによって完成しつつあるが、NATOとの「棲み分け」という観点からは、EU安全保障戦略に見られるような新たな質的役割分担を目指していると思われる。EU\u27s acquisition of full foreign and security policy capability is in progress but still in transitional phase as process of including Commission has just started. After placing collective defense clause in its Constitutional treaty and adopting its first security strategy, full and organic cooperation with Commission would be sine qua non in its establishment as "civil-military body" to successfully differentiate as security actor other than NATO qualitatively rather than traditional quantitative demarcation between EU\u27s CFSP (ESDP) and NATO; "where NATO as a whole is not engaged, (to) launch and conduct EU-led military operations"

EU-NATO関係の現在:ソマリア沖海賊対策作戦の事例を中心に

EU-NATO関係は「死に体」と化していると言われる。そうであるとするならば、いつ、どのようにしてそうなったのだろうか。冷戦後、EUが安全保障政策分野に乗り出したことで、NATOとの競合の種は蒔かれていた。しかしながら、ベルリン・プラス合意策定によって競合は回避され、分業と協調の欧州・大西洋安全保障ガバナンスの枠組みが構築されるかに見えた。本論は、ソマリア沖海賊対策作戦に焦点を当てながら2008-2012年のEU-NATO関係の転機について分析するものである。Counter piracy operations off the Somali coast was the last occasion for EU-NATO cooperation. This article focuses on the missed and caught opportunities in the period of 2008-2012 and examines the change-of-tide moment in the EU-NATO relations