the proportionality in criminal law

自国家产生以来，权力与权利的关系不仅是政治哲学中一个难题，也是法哲学上一个经久不衰的热点问题。为达到一定的国家目的，国家权力的行使不可避免地会侵害公民权利。在宪政体制下，虽然基本权利可以在公益考量下得以限制，但国家不能以此为挡箭牌而任意行使国家权力。那么怎样确定权力行使的限度和标准呢？作为国家权力最集中体现的刑法应当如何平衡呢？由此引伸出了比例原则。比例原则是德国首创的行政法基本原则之一，它包含适当性原则、必要性原则和狭义的比例原则三层内涵。随着公法研究的深入，比例原则被提升为整个公法领域的基本原则，但我国刑法领域对其讨论仍属于初级阶段。因此，如何在刑法中确立该原则的意义非常重大。 本文共分...ABSTRACT From the country began to appear, the relationship between rights and power has been not only a difficult problem of the politics, but also an enduring hot issue of the Jurisprudence. To achieve the particular national aim, the execution of force of state inevitably violates civil rights. Under the constitutional regime, although the fundamental rights can be limited in consideration o...学位：法学硕士院系专业：法学院法律系_刑法学学号：1292007115025

刑法中比例原则的概念及定位

“比例“一词的内涵十分广泛,“比例原则“作为公法上的普遍原则之一已经被行政法领域学者深入的研究,在英美法刑法领域结合宪法也有比较深刻的阐述,但在我国刑法领域基本属于空白阶段。因此,本文试图先从“比例“一词的语言学、经济学、再到我国传统哲学领域来源为切入点,逐渐扩展到对“比例原则“的理解,最后由此具体到刑法中的比例原则的定位问题,认为刑法中的比例原则至少应当包括三个子原则:应罚性、需罚性和均衡性,希望能够做一个初步的梳理和判断,为将来的研究打下基础

Role of FY in polyadenylation

APA是存在于真核生物中一种重要的基因表达调控机制，其关键步骤是mRNA前体的核苷酸序列的识别，直接决定了成熟mRNA转录本的序列。本项目研究人员全面探讨了FY不同结构域在poly(A)位点使用中的作用，同时阐明FY与AtCPSF30在polyA信号识别过程中的关系。进一步研究发现FY的WD40结构域的突变与PPLPP结构域的缺失对3’UTR区间polyA位点选择和信号使用有着相反的影响。该论文揭示了拟南芥开花因子FY在选择性多聚腺苷化（Alternative PolyAdenylation, APA）过程中的功能，为植物复杂的多聚腺苷化（polyA）信号识别机制提供遗传学证据，完善了植物polyA过程的分子机制，同时为深入理解通过APA调控植物生长发育和植物对环境响应的分子机制奠定基础。A crucial step for mRNA polyadenylation is poly(A) signal recognition by trans-acting factors. The mammalian cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex components CPSF30 and WDR33 recognize the canonical AAUAAA signal for efficient polyadenylation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the flowering time regulator FY is the homologue of WDR33. However, its role in mRNA polyadenylation is poorly understood. Using poly(A) tag sequencing, we found that over 50% of alternative polyadenylation (APA) events are altered in fy single mutants or double mutants with Atcpsf30, but mutation of the FY WD40-repeat has a stronger effect than deletion of the plant-unique PPLPP domain. fy mutations disrupt AAUAAA or AAUAAA-like poly(A) signal recognition.Notably, A-rich signal usage is suppressed in the WD40-repeat mutation, but promoted in Pro-Pro-Leu-Pro-Pro (PPLPP)-domain deficiency. However, fy mutations do not aggravate the alteration of signal usage in the Atcpsf30 null mutant. Furthermore, the WD40-repeat mutation shows a preference for 3'UTR shortening, but the PPLPP-domain deficiency shows a preference for lengthening. Interestingly, the WD40-repeat mutant exhibits shortened primary roots and late flowering with alteration of APA of related genes.Importantly, the long transcripts of two APA genes affected in fy are related to abiotic stress responses. These results reveal a conserved and specific role of FY in mRNA polyadenylation.This work was supported in part by a grant from the National Key R&D Project of China (2016YFE0108800), a grant from the U.S. NSF (IOS-154173), both to QQL, and grants (2017M620274, 2018T110649) from China Postdoctoral Science Foundation to JL

臨床・病理討議会（CPC）

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