流域环境污染第三方治理：合约关系与制度逻辑

环境污染第三方治理的本质是合约治理。对于该治理机制的探讨需要回归合约或合同本身。而任何能被还原为合同关系的治理结构,在"合同人"的行为假定前提下,可用交易成本理论来解释。以Y区流域水环境第三方治理为例,运用扎根理论研究发现:科层制与合约制互嵌的制度场景建构了第三方治理过程。竞争性制度逻辑导致政府、排污方和治污方策略性互动,合约关系容易走向分离,面临第三方治理失灵的风险。实现第三方治理的有效性,还需更加规范的激励制度设计。国家社会科学基金重点项目“中国流域公共治理机制研究”(19FZZA001)福建省2011计划“厦门大学公共政策与地方治理协同创新中心”项

Separation and Identification of β-alanine in Sargassum horneri(Turn.) C.Ag.

非蛋白质氨基酸在抗癌、抗菌、抗结核、抗坏血病等方面有着重要的作用。本文主要对铜藻中的游离氨基酸进行检测分析和部分分离纯化及结构鉴定方面的研究,为更好的开发利用这些天然产物提供技术支持。采用离子交换树脂层析法分离铜藻粗提液中的游离氨基酸,收集3 MOl/l的氨水洗脱液,用PITC-HPlC柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱法对其进行检测分析,结果显示粗提液中除含有多种组成蛋白质的氨基酸外还有3种未知组分,且含量较高的常见蛋白质氨基酸为丙氨酸、脯氨酸、缬氨酸。采用半制备高效液相色谱系统制备分离了其中一种未知组分的衍生物MWz2,经真空冷冻干燥后为略黄固体粉末,结合核磁共振波谱、高分辨质谱、红外光谱数据,最终鉴定MWz2去掉已知取代基团PITC后的成分为β-丙氨酸,分子式为C3H7nO2,分子量为89.09。Non-protein amino acids were found to have many bioactivities such as anti-cancer,antibacterial,anti-tuberculosis,anti-scurvy and so on.Detection,separation and identification of free amino acids in Sargassum horneri(Turn.) C.Ag.were studied in this paper,which provided technical support for development and utilization of these natural products.Free amino acids were separated by ion-exchange column chromatography from the crude extracts of Sargassum horneri(Turn.) C.Ag.Amino acids were eluted with 3 mol/L NH4OH and the eluate was collected.Many protein amino acids and three unknown components were discovered in Sargassum horneri(Turn.) C.Ag.by PITC-HPLC.The main protein amino acids were alanine,proline,valine.One unknown derivative component(MWZ2) was obtained by preparation HPLC.MWZ2 was slightly yellow solid powder after vacuum freeze-drying.According to analysis of NMR,HR-MS,IR spectroscopy data,the molecular structure of MWZ2 had been elucidated.MWZ2 was β-alanine after removed substituent component of PITC,its molecular formula was C3H7NO2,molecular weight was 89.09.国家海洋局海洋公益项目(200805041

MnO/Nitrogen-doped graphene composite cathode for high performance lithium oxygen batteries

本文采用水热法制备了MnO/氮掺杂石墨烯复合材料. 作为非水锂空气电池的正极催化剂, 该复合材料表现出了优异的电化学性能以及循环稳定性.; 在充放电电流密度为0.05 mA cm~(-2)时, 其能量效率高达84.6%, 远高于目前文献所报道的非贵金属催化剂的能量效率,; 也超过了基于贵金属的催化剂. 其氧还原反应(ORR)和氧析出反应(OER)的过电势分别仅为0.11和0.41 V.; 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)结果表明, 所制备的MnO纳米颗粒能够均匀地分散在氮掺杂石墨烯的表面.; 密度泛函理论(DFT)计算揭示, MnO(100)面是主要的催化活性面, 其理论ORR和OER的过电势分别仅为0.21与0.24 V,; 充放电电势差为0.45 V, 与实验结果0.52 V相当.MnO/nitrogen-doped graphene (MnO/NG) composite cathode was fabricated by; a facile one-pot method as cathode catalyst for non-aqueous lithium; oxygen batteries. It exhibited superior electrochemical performance with; higher round-trip efficiency and better cyclic stability. It showed a; high round-trip efficiency of 84.6% at the current density of 0.05 mA; cm~(-2) with the discharge and charge overpotentials of 0.11 and 0.41 V,; respectively. Through scanning electron microscopy, transmission; electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it was; confirmed that MnO nanoparticles were homogeneously dispersed on NG; surface. The density functional theory calculations demonstrated that; the superior electrochemical performance of MnO/NG might be attribute to; the exposure of stoichiometric MnO (100) surface, with the ORR and OER; overpotential only to be 0.21 and 0.24 V, respectively. The; discharging-charging voltage gap is 0.45 V, in good agreement with the; experimental value of 0.52 V.国家重点基础研究发展计划; 国家自然科学基金; 国家基础科学人才培养基

Controlling Reversible Expansion of Li2O2 Formation and Decomposition by Modifying Electrolyte in Li-O2 Batteries

锂空电池分别使用空气中的氧气和金属锂作为正负极活性材料，具有极高的能量密度。但是，这一体系尚不能实现商业化的应用，其中一些关键问题未能解决。由于其正极活性材料是气体，使得电化学反应涉及气-液-固三相界面，电极过程十分复杂。与其它二次电池相比，空气电极需要考虑结构因素和催化因素。不仅要改善氧气电化学反应的动力学迟缓问题，还要考虑放电产物的驻留空间问题。董全峰教授课题组在前期开展了基于空气电极固相表面电催化研究，并结合电极结构方面的问题，构筑了有利于氧气发生反应的仿生开放式结构电极。 该研究工作主要由化学化工学院2015级iChEM直博生林晓东（第一作者）在董全峰教授、郑明森副教授和龚磊副教授的共同指导下完成，理论计算由袁汝明助理教授（共同第一作者）完成，曹勇、丁晓兵、蔡森荣、韩博闻等学生参与了部分工作。周志有教授和洪宇浩博士生在电化学微分质谱方面给予大力的帮助与支持。【Abstract】The aprotic lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) battery has attracted worldwide attention because of its ultrahigh theoretical energy density. However, its practical application is critically hindered by cathode passivation, large polarization, and severe parasitic reactions. Here, we demonstrate an originally designed Ru(Ⅱ) polypyridyl complex (RuPC) though which the reversible expansion of Li2O2 formation and decomposition can be achieved in Li-O2 batteries. Experimental and theoretical results revealed that the RuPC can not only expand the formation of Li2O2 in electrolyte but also suppress the reactivity of LiO2 intermediate during discharge, thus alleviating the cathode passivation and parasitic reactions significantly. In addition, an initial delithiation pathway can be achieved when charging in turn; thus, the Li2O2 products can be decomposed reversibly with a low overpotential. Consequently, the RuPC-catalyzed Li-O2 batteries exhibited a high discharge capacity, a low charge overpotential, and an ultralong cycle life. This work provides an alternative way of designing the soluble organic catalysts for metal-O2 batteries.This work was supported by the National 973 Program (2015CB251102), the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (21673196, 21621091, 21703186, 21773192),and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (20720150042,20720150043). The authors thank Prof. Eric Meggers at Philipps-Univeristaet Marburg for his discussion about the synthesis of RuPC complex; Prof. Gang Fu at Xiamen University for his instructive discussions in DFT calculations; Lajia Yu and Dandan Tao at Xiamen University for their assistance in EPR experiments and UV-Vis spectroscopy experiments, respectively; and Yu Gu and Tao Wang at Xiamen University for their discussions in XPS results and CV data,respectively. 该工作得到科技部重大基础研究计划（项目批准号：2015CB251102）、国家自然科学基金（项目批准号：21673196、21621091、21703186、21773192）和中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金（项目批准号：20720150042、20720150043）的资助。 此外，感谢傅钢教授在理论计算方面的讨论和建议，Eric Meggers教授在配合物合成上的讨论，泉州师范学院吴启辉教授和化学化工学院谷宇博士生在X射线光电子能谱方面的帮助，于腊佳老师在电子顺磁共振实验上的帮助，陶丹丹博士生在紫外可见光谱测试上的帮助以及王韬博士生在循环伏安方面的讨论

中国物理海洋学研究70年：发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团,以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强,研究领域不断拓展,涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果,其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的"普遍风浪谱"和"涌浪谱",发展了第三代海浪数值模式;提出了"准调和分析方法"和"潮汐潮流永久预报"等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法;发现并命名了"棉兰老潜流",揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等,系统描述了太平洋西边界流系;提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流);不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统,在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流,以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识;从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结;发展了浅海水团的研究方法,基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制,在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献;阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制,揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构,定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力;基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征,提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制;构建了"南海内波潜标观测网",实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识;发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论,提出了海流"边缘不稳定"的概念,开发了海洋湍流模式,提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等;在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识,并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响;研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式,推出一系列海洋与气候模式;发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统;建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模型实验平台;发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法,建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系,揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应;初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网;持续开展南北极调查研究;建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统,为中国气象减灾提供保障;突破了国外的海洋技术封锁,研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器;建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型,为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示,经过70年的发展,中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍,这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军

Characteristics of biofilm formation of pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila

应用改良的微孔板法研究了致病性嗜水气单胞菌(AErOMOnAS HydrOPHIlA)b11的生物膜形成特性。结果显示,嗜水气单胞菌b11能够在聚苯乙烯酶标板表面形成稳定而明显的生物膜,其生物膜的Od590值在6H即达到小高峰,于22H达到峰值,其后随着培养时间的延长而降低;随着初始菌液浓度的增加,生物膜的Od590值逐步降低;25℃的生物膜的Od590值显著高于其他温度的生物膜生成量(P0.05);培养液中添加氯化镁达到1MMOl/l时,生物膜的Od590值会显著性降低(P0.05)。研究结果表明,嗜水气单胞菌b11能在聚苯乙烯酶标板表面形成稳定而明显的生物膜;其生物膜的形成能力受温度、酸碱度、起始菌液浓度、钙、镁离子浓度等因素的影响;肌肉组织提取液也存在能影响生物膜形成的成分。本研究旨在为探讨嗜水气单胞菌生物膜形成机制和致病机理提供参考。The characteristics of biofilm formation of pathogenic Aeromanas hydrophila B11 was investigated by the method of modified microtiter-plate test.The results showed that A.hydrophila B11 developed stable and evident biofilm on the surface of the polystyrene microtiter plate,and the OD590 value of biofilm reached the secondary peak in 6 h and the highest peak in 22 h and then reduced with incubation time.The OD590 value of the biofilm decreased with densities of initial bacterial suspension.The OD590 value of biofilm recorded at 25 ℃ was significantly higher than those recorded at other temperatures(P0.05).The results indicate that:A.hydrophila B11 strain can form biofilm on the surface of polystyrene microtiter plate;the bacterial biofilm formation can be affected by different environmental factors such as temperature,bacterial concentration,pH,Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrations and so on;muscle extract of eel can promote the biofilm formation.国家863计划资助项目(2007AA09Z115);农业部行业专项(nyhyzx07-043-01);农业部产业技术体系项目(200907100001);厦门市科技项目(3502Z20073019;3502Z20073020

骨生长和骨折愈合的生物力学研究

应力或应变对骨生长和骨折愈合起着十分重要的作用,国内外已经形成了研究的热点。本文介绍了自1976年以来的1/4世纪中,我们几个单位合作在对骨生长和骨折愈合的生物力学研究中的进展,并介绍了两个应力与生长研究有启发性的定性实验,最后展望了由应力对人长高的控制和得到骨折愈合施加最佳应力的可能性

Influence of N/P ratio on the growth and competition of two red tide algae

研究了两种赤潮藻即假微型海链藻(Thalassiosira pseudonanaHasle et Heimdalh)和裸甲藻(Gymnodiniumsp.)在不同氮磷比培养条件下的生长特性和藻间竞争作用,探讨了氮磷含量及其比值对赤潮爆发的影响机理.结果表明,在N/P=16条件下,假微型海链藻的最大比增长率最高、相对生长常数最大、平均倍增时间最短,叶绿素a含量最高,说明该N/P值是假微型海链藻最佳生长营养盐条件.对裸甲藻而言,N/P=6是其最佳生长的营养盐条件.叶绿素a含量受N/P值的影响和藻细胞密度所受的影响趋势基本一致.不同N/P值对藻间竞争作用和群落演替的总体影响不明显,都呈现先硅藻后甲藻的群落演替规律.裸甲藻可能具有利用体内磷来维持生长的特点. 【英文摘要】 The growth and species competition of two red tide species Thalassiosira pseudonana and Gymnodinium sp.were studied under different N/P ratio,and the algal batch culture experiments was conducted.The physiological and biochemical indexes were measured periodically,including μ_(max),K,G(d)and Chla.The results showed that when the N/P ratio was 16∶1,the μ_(max),K and Chla of Thalassiosira pseudonana were all the highest,and G(d)was the shortest.This implied that the optimal N/P ratio of Thalassiosira pseudo...福建省自然科学基金项目(D96012);; 国家海洋局海洋科技项目(A01305);; 国家重点基础研究计划项目(2001CB409701)资助课