地理學的文化經濟與地方再現

After the 1990s, cultural economy has become an important issue in social science. Cultural economy is not only a form of industrial production and a style of living, but also an important strategy for local or regional (re)development. Representation via symbols, images, discourses, languages etc. is usually used to promote local or regional cultural economy, and it causes cultural representation of place. Thus local cultural economy is an important issue for geographical research. After its cultural turn, geographical research has made considerable progress in developing new perspectives on cultural economy and cultural representation of place. This paper aims at clarifying these perspectives. There are four major parts in this paper. The first part explores the evolution of cultural industry to cultural economy and the dimensions of cultural economy in geographical research. The second part analyzes the multiple perspectives of culture and economy. The third part combs through the concepts of ‘culture’ in new cultural geography through the dialectics between new and old cultural geographies. The last part discusses the relationships among place, culture and economy in terms of global culture, state cultural policies and local cultural economic strategies. This research seeks to offer feasible perspectives for the study of cultural economic activities, especially in Taiwan.1990年代以來，文化經濟成為學術研究的重要議題。文化經濟不僅是一種產業、一種生活方式，更是地方或區域再造的重要策略，而當地方推動文化經濟時，常常使用再現(符象、影像、論述、語言等) 的策略，進而肇致地方的再現，成為地理學關注的議題。文化轉向後的地理學，對於地方、文化、經濟與再現的研究觀點，都有相當程度的進展，本文主要在釐清此學術領域。 本文主要分四個部分，首先探討文化產業到文化經濟的演變，以及地理學文化經濟研究的趨向;其次，分析文化－經濟研究的多元觀點，以及其認識論的移轉;第三，藉由新舊文化地理的辯證，梳理新文化地理學對於「文化」的詮釋;第四，從全球文化、國家的文化政策、到地方文化經濟的策略，論述地方、文化、經濟的關係。本文亟盼為各地風起雲湧的文化經濟活動，及未來文化經濟的研究議題，提供可行的觀點

原住民族部落觀光的文化經濟與社會資本以山美社區為例

本文從當代全球-地方連結(global-local nexus) 的境況，分析全球文化經濟與地方反身主體性意識的興起，以及臺灣部落文化經濟的發展，其中部落觀光是重要的文化經濟媒介。相關部落文化經濟與地方發展的研究與理論，主張地方文化決定、地方內生發展，或強調地方文化商品化的自主性，但是較少完整檢視全球化的部落「地方」概念、部落文化經濟的動態過程與因素。因此本文以文化經濟研究取向，探討部落發展觀光的文化經濟過程，並且以認同、社會關係與創新的競爭策略，理解文化經濟工作的因素。選取鄒族山美社區作為個案研究。 本文研究主張部落從資源基礎的地方經濟轉變為以符號和想像為主的文化經濟地方，文化經濟工作的達成，必需考慮交織於特定地方的複雜社會資本(歷史積累的社會網絡關係、認同、創新);並且在全球-地方連結中，對於地方內生發展或地方文化決定的觀點，文化經濟工作必須伴隨著有效的外力運作;而文化經濟運作中的觀光地方意識是跨地連結的。This paper discusses tribal cultural economy development through tourism in Taiwan. It analyzes the development process of global cultural economy and the rising sense of local reflexive subject under the global-local nexus. Although many researchers believe in the viewpoints of local culture decisiveness, local endogenous development, or autonomy of local culture commodification in tribal cultural economy development, these perspectives are still insufficient in examining the concept of tribal “place,” the dynamic development of tribal cultural economy. This study discusses the cultural economy development process of tribal tourism and examines in a case study the elements of cultural economy work within the Tsou Saviki community. These elements include the coping strategies of social capital such as identity, social relation, and innovation. This study concludes that the tribe must shift from a resource-based commodity economy to a cultural economy of signs and images and must ponder its complex social capital in order to achieve cultural economy work. Secondly, to make the concepts of local endogenous development and local culture decisiveness applicable, it is necessary to associate these concepts with the outside driving forces effectively. Finally, the tourism and the sense of place within the cultural economy process represent the new translocality knowledge under the global-local nexus

[[alternative]]台灣地區的四個個案分析

[[issue]]51

[[alternative]]鄒族山美社區個案

[[issue]]44

Cultural Economy and Cultural Representation of Place in Geography

1990年代以來，文化經濟成為學術研究的重要議題。文化經濟不僅是一種產業、一種生活方式，更是地方或區域再造的重要策略，而當地方推動文化經濟時，常常使用再現(符象、影像、論述、語言等)的策略，進而肇致地方的再現，成為地理學關注的議題。文化轉向後的地理學，對於地方、文化、經濟與再現的研究觀點，都有相當程度的進展，本文主要在釐清此學術領域。 本文主要分四個部分，首先探討文化產業到文化經濟的演變，以及地理學文化經濟研究的趨向; 其次，分析文--經濟研究的多元觀點，以及其認識論的轉移; 第三，藉由新舊文化地理的辯證，梳理新文化地理學對於「文化」的詮釋; 第四，從全球文化、國家的文化政策、到地方文化經濟的策略，論述地方、文化、經濟的關係。本文亟盼為各地風起雲湧的文化經濟活動，及未來文化經濟的研究議題，提供可行的觀點。After the 1990s, cultural economy has become an important issue in social science. Cultural economy is not only a form of industrial production and a style of living, but also an important strategy for local or regional (re)development. Representation via symbols, images, discourses, languages etc. is usually used to promote local or regional cultural economy, and it causes cultural representation of place. Thus local cultural economy is an important issue for geographical research. After its cultural turn, geographical research has made considerable progress in developing new perspectives on cultural economy and cultural representation of place. This paper aims at clarifying these perspectives. There are four major parts in this paper. The first part explores the evolution of cultural industry to cultural economy and the dimensions of cultural economy in geographical research. The second part analyzes the multiple perspectives of culture and economy. The third part combs through the concepts of ‘culture’ in new cultural geography through the dialectics between new and old cultural geographies. The last part discusses the relationships among place, culture and economy in terms of global culture, state cultural policies and local cultural economic strategies. This research seeks to offer feasible perspectives for the study of cultural economic activities, especially in Taiwan

Cultural Economy and Social Capital of Aboriginal Tribe Tourism--A Case Study of Saviki Community

本文從當代全球-地方連結(global-local nexus)的境況，分析全球文化經濟與地方反身主體性意識的興起，以及臺灣部落文化經濟的發展，其中部落觀光是重要的文化經濟媒介。相關部落文化經濟與地方發展的研究與理論，主張地方文化決定、地方內生發展，或強調地方文化商品化的自主性，但是較少完整檢視全球化的部落「地方」概念、部落文化經濟的動態過程與因素。因此本文以文化經濟研究取向，探討部落發展觀光的文化經濟過程，並且以認同、社會關係與創新的競爭策略，理解文化經濟工作的因素。選取鄒族山美社區作為個案研究。 本文研究主張部落從資源基礎的地方經濟轉變為以符號和想像為主的文化經濟地方，文化經濟工作的達成，必需考慮交織於特定地方的複雜社會資本(歷史積累的社會網絡關係、認同、創新); 並且在全球-地方連結中，對於地方內生發展或地方文化決定的觀點，文化經濟工作必須伴隨著有效的外力運作; 而文化經濟運作中的觀光地方意識是跨地連結的。This paper discusses tribal cultural economy development through tourism in Taiwan. It analyzes the development process of global cultural economy and the rising sense of local reflexive subject under the global-local nexus. Although many researchers believe in the viewpoints of local culture decisiveness, local endogenous development, or autonomy of local culture commodification in tribal cultural economy development, these perspectives are still insufficient in examining the concept of tribal “place.” the dynamic development of tribal cultural economy. This study discusses the cultural economy development process of tribal tourism and examines in a case study the elements of cultural economy work within the Tsou Saviki community. These elements include the coping strategies of social capital such as identity, social relation, and innovation

Tourism Culture Economy and Constructing Place of Aboriginal Region -A Case Study of Saviki Community Tsou

本研究以地方文化(知識)與觀光地景生產兩研究對象，探究近年台灣原住民族地區在全球文化經濟環境中，如何以地方文化(知識)，透過文化經濟運作的策略，進行觀光地景的生產，回應市場經濟與國家政策，並且在觀光發展中，如何進行地方建構。起自於原住民族地區的特殊地理事實，其實也反應在文化經濟學與新區域地理學術的發展脈絡，本研究亟盼在地理事實和地理學理之間進行相互對話與審視。選取自主發展觀光近二十年的鄒族山美社區作為研究個案。 由於1970年代起運輸與網路的發達，全球與地方的連結，肇致文化(或異族)觀光市場的興起、資本主義與地方主義同時重視地方差異性、以及地方強調反身主體性。三者相互關連，改變了地方、文化與經濟三者的關係。台灣到了1980年代面臨經濟再結構與政治的解嚴，牽動中央與地方關係，以及衍生原住民族的社會運動，致使國家原住民族政策的調整；觸發部落族裔流動、媒體景觀的流轉與原住民族意識的建構；以及原住民族地區的文化復振與經濟發展的空間改造。 本研究的發現與結論。首先，本研究提擬原住民族地方、文化、經濟鍵連的邏輯: 依據地方文化(知識、實踐、和信仰的累積複合體)所決定的方式，檢選文化標記(資源)，經由創意與象徵的文化化過程，發展地方文化與經濟。其次，雖然邊區文化經濟發展強調內生發展、由下而上的文化自主性，然而原住民族地區的經驗研究發現(山美個案的研究)，仍需外在作用力的發揮。第三，山美社區是以地方商品化、組織調整、共享資源三者所建立的互動機制，接合市場經濟與國家體制。第四，原住民族地區文化自主性的發展，肇致另類經濟的發展，異於完全資本主義的發展方式。最後，想像山美在傳媒與網際網絡的想像世界，也激起新的社會行動與空間改造，衍生真實地方與想像地方的斷裂。 本研究無論是在原住民族地區地方文化經濟的理論意涵；地方文化與外力文化化的各自反身詮釋與作用；鑲嵌於地方文化的內外接榫機制建立與調整；原住民族文化自主性的另類經濟發展；或想像世界所揚起的新社會空間生產與作用，都與既有的相關理論與經驗進行對話與突破。Selecting both local culture (knowledge) and tourism landscape production as object matters, this study explores how Taiwans’ aboriginal tribe responses to tourism market and government policy by applying local culture (knowledge), operating culture economy strategy, and proceeding tourism landscape production, and how they practice place construction based on the result of previously mentioned activities. This developmental process is not only the unique geographic fact of aboriginal tribe area, but also the development context of culture economy and new regional geography. Therefore, this study selected Saviki Community as study case, by which its tourism has been developed autonomously for two decades, to explore the connection between geographic facts and geography theories. Due to the uprising cultural tourism market, emphasis on the local difference by capitalism and localism, and increasing sense of local reflexive subject, the relationship among place, culture and economy under the global-local nexus has been changed and connected since 1970s. With global economy restructure and politics curfew lifting at 1980s, Taiwan government adjusted the aboriginal policies because of the transformation on the relationship between central government and local governments and the stimulation of aboriginal social movement. This process also drives aboriginal region cultural flows (ethnoscape, mediascape and ideoscape) and to make aboriginal cultural resurgence and economy development. First of all, the study proposes the connecting logic among place, culture and economy of aborigine: based on the decisiveness of local culture (an accumulative complexity of knowledge, practice and belief), cultural markers (resources) are selected to develop local culture and economy through the culturalisation of innovation and symbolization. Secondly, although the culture economy development of marginal regions emphasizes the local endogenous and bottom-up development, this study finds that it is necessary to associate outside driving forces effectively to make the concepts of local endogenous development and local culture decisiveness applicable. Thirdly, the development of Saviki community is the articulation of local culture, tourism market, and government system through interactive machine among resources sharing, place commercialization, and community organization adjustment. Fourthly, the alternative local economic development is the result of autonomic development of local culture of Saviki , which is different from the economic development of capitalism. Finally, the imagination of Saviki in imagined worlds also encourages new social movement and space reconstruction, and further induces disjuncture between reality and imagination. The contribution of this research is to dialogue and make innovation between relevant geography theories and empirical research. The discussion include the construction of spatiality of aboriginal culture economy, the interpretations and influences for both local culture and outside agency on aboriginal tourism development (culturalisation), the establishment and adjustment of internal-external articulating machine from local culture embeddness, the alternative economic development under aboriginal cultural autonomy, and the production of new social space and driving forces (influence) from imagined worlds.第一章 緒論……………………………………………….….1 第一節 研究動機與目的……………………………………....1 第二節 名詞界定與研究範圍……………………………..…..4 第三節 研究架構與流程………………………………....….15 第四節 研究向度與方法架構……………………….…………18 第二章 地方、文化、經濟相關理論論述與經驗研究……….27 第一節 全球文化經濟的形成與後生產的轉型…..…….…28 第二節 邊區觀光文化經濟與再現理論、經驗的回顧與評析35 第三節 觀光文化經濟的地方建構…………………..…….52 第四節 國內原住民地區文化經濟取向與研究區相關研究….61 第三章 國家政策、文化經濟環境與制度形式…………….…66 第一節 國家政經再結構與部落產業政策………………….66 第二節 部落的文化流景觀…………………….……………..77 第三節 鄒族文化經濟的制度形式…...………………….85 第四節 鄒族部落觀光文化經濟的概述….………………..…97 第四章 山美地方觀光意識與觀光文化經濟策略…………..103 第一節 山美的地方特質與觀光社會資本……………….103 第二節 山美觀光的「地方」意識與想像……………….115 第三節 觀光文化經濟策略-地方知識與達娜伊谷觀光 地景生產…………………………………………………......119 第五章 山美社區觀光發展的地方建構……………….…..144 第一節 山美地方與國家、市場接合政治經濟過程…………146 第二節 觀光發展的地方文化經濟建構……..………………161 第三節 新社會空間的生產與作用……………………………171 第六章 　結論……………………………………………….180 參考文獻………………………………………..………………189 附錄……………………………………………………………..20

Human aspects of container truck accidents: causes, effects and possible improvement measures

published_or_final_versionTransport StudiesMasterMaster of Art