The Velars and the Uvulars in the Classic Manchu and Sibe

本稿では、口蓋垂音・軟口蓋音の出現制約をふまえて、満洲古典語とシベ方言における軟口蓋音と口蓋垂音の違いが生じた原因について考察した。[1]「i/y の前以外」の環境にあった口蓋垂音は「i/y の前」の環境に置かれると、軟口蓋音に変化する。逆に「i/y の前」の環境にあった軟口蓋音は「i/y の前以外」の環境に置かれると、口蓋垂音に変化する場合としない場合が共にある。[2] 低母音を持たないが、口蓋垂音を持つ古典語の語幹のシベ方言における同源語では、高母音が低母音に変化するか、口蓋垂音が軟口蓋音に変化する傾向がある。また、低母音の消失による口蓋垂音から軟口蓋音への変化の例もある。[3] 古典語のある語の語幹につく完了接辞の子音の調音点と、シベ方言の対応する同源語語幹につく完了接辞の子音の調音点が違う(口蓋垂音かそれとも軟口蓋音かで異なる)ことがある。これは、完了接辞の子音が口蓋垂音として現れる条件の違いから生じている。また、シベ方言では、語幹における低母音の消失・出現により、完了接辞の子音の調音点が変化する場合がある。[4] シベ方言では、「軟口蓋音＋低母音」の出現頻度は「口蓋垂音＋低母音」の出現頻度に比べて相対的に低い。そのため、低母音の前にある軟口蓋音は口蓋垂音に変化することが予想される。しかし、そうした例は実際にはほとんどない。The present paper aims at finding the causes of the differences between the velars and the uvulars in the Classic Manchu and the Sibe dialect of Manchu based on the constraints on the two consonants. [1] A uvular changes into a velar when it is moved into the environment before i/y, whereas a velar may or may not change into a uvular when it is moved away from the environment before i/y. [2] If a stem containing a uvular in the Classic Manchu does not have a low vowel, a high vowel will probably change into a low vowel or the uvular will possibly change into a velar in its Sibe cognate. Moreover, the disappearance of a low vowel in a Sibe stem may also cause the uvular to change into a velar. [3] The place of articulation of the consonant (i.e. uvular or velar) in the perfective suffix attached to the stem in Classic Manchu is likely to be different from the place of articulation of the consonant in the perfective suffix attached to the stem in its Sibe cognate, and the difference is caused by the different principles in the two varieties specifying the consonant in the suffix. Moreover, the disappearance or the emergence of a low vowel in the stem may also cause the place of the articulation of the consonant in the suffix to change. [4] The frequency of “velar + low vowel” is lower than “uvular + low vowel” in Sibe, and it may be predicted that the velar before a low vowel changes into the uvular, however, there are scarcely any examples of this type of change.論文 Article

Palatalization and Anti-palatalization in Manchu

満洲語には、硬口蓋化と逆硬口蓋化が共にある。満洲語の硬口蓋化には、(i) 歯茎音の硬口蓋化と (ii) 軟口蓋音の硬口蓋化がある。(i) はアルチュカ方言を除く全ての変種に規則的に起こっているが、(ii) は現代方言のごく一部の語に散発的に起こっているのみである。また、満洲語の逆硬口蓋化も複数の変種に見られるが、どの変種においても規則的に起こったわけではなく、散発的に起こっているのみである。Both palatalization and anti-palatalization are attested in Manchu. Palatalization in Manchu can be divided into (i) palatalization of a dental consonant and (ii) palatalization of a velar consonant. (i) is a regular change in all the Manchu varieties except Alcuka Manchu. However, (ii) is only attested in some Modern dialects as a sporadic change. Besides, anti-palatalization is also attested in some Manchu varieties, but it is also a sporadic change.論文 Article

満洲語シベ方言の語頭における [jɪ] と [ʔi]

満洲語シベ方言において、語頭の [jɪ] と [ʔi] は音韻的に区別される。Kubo (2004) は両者の音素をそれぞれye とi と表記している。本稿ではこの問題に関する次の2 点について考察を行った。(1) 共時的には、[jɪ] の音韻形式をye に設定する方が合理的だと示唆する現象とyi に設定する方が合理的だと示唆する現象のどちらもあり、どちらか1 つに設定するよりは、決まった環境（語頭の [j] の後）における母音音素のe とi の中和と考える方が良いと考えられる。(2) 通時的には、シベ方言の語頭の [jɪ] と [ʔi] のどちらも主に満洲古典語のi またはe に由来する。古典語のi に由来する [jɪ] と [ʔi] の分布は音韻的に決められ、語幹における歯擦音（sibilant）の有無に関係するが、古典語のe に由来する [jɪ] と [ʔi] の分布は語彙的に決められる。Word-initial [jɪ] and [ʔi] in the Sibe dialect of Manchu are distinguished phonologically, as mentioned in Kubo (2004). This paper analyzes two aspects of this problem: (1) Synchronically, there are both the phenomenon which suggests the phonological form of [jɪ] is ye and the phenomenon which suggests the phonological form [jɪ] is yi, and consequently it is better considered as an example of neutralization of the phonemes e and i before the word-initial [j]. (2) Diachronically, both Sibe wordinitial [jɪ] and [ʔi] mainly descend from Classical Manchu i or e. The distribution of Sibe word-initial [jɪ] and [ʔi] which descend from Classical Manchu i is determined phonologically by whether there is a sibilant in the word stem, whereas the distribution of Sibe word-initial [jɪ] and [ʔi] which descend from Classical Manchu e is determined lexically.論文 Articlesdepartmental bulletin pape

三明烟草公司烟叶调运决策及支持

结合三明烟草公司烟叶的实际调运情况, 提出了合同履行率的概念, 并以合同履行率最大化 为目标函数, 建立了相应的线性规划模型和非线性规划模型, 而且以两种模型得到的解为基础, 进行 适当的调整来满足整车装运的约束条件, 很好地解决了公司调运计划的制定问题

RESEARCH ON HIGH-RISE BUILDING AND ITS URBAN ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

【中文文摘】提出了高层建筑城市生态学的概念 ,在回顾高层建筑发展历史的基础上 ,指出高层建筑的城市生态问题 ,关系到城市居住区生活质量的改善以及城市生态环境的健康发展。结合国外高层建筑的建设 ,提出了可行的方案与对策 【英文文摘】The concept of high\|rise building ecology was raised in this paper.Based on the review of high\|rise building development,urban ecology problem that related with the improvement of residential environment quality and healthy of urban ecology environment were researched.Combined with the history of high\|rise building development,the advisable plan and countermeasure were advanced in the paper.宁波市计委研究项目 (甬计规批 [2 0 0 1] 12号

Assessment on the Eco-suitability of Human Settlement in the Real Estate Project by Fuzzy Multiple Comprehensive Method

以现代住区人居生态环境的要求和前人研究为基础,立足于以人为本和便于实际评估工作的开展,综合考虑人居生态环境健康、舒适的特点,在类比众多评价方法和参考国内外指标体系的基础上,运用模糊综合评价对某一大型房地产项目的生态宜居性进行初步分析,以期完善、充实中国房地产项目的生态宜居性评价体系和方法,为该领域的进一步研究提供基础。Based on the requirements and existing research materials for the eco-environment of human settlement in residential quarters,considering the characteristics of "healthy,comfortable,human-ecological,practical" and taking people as the dominant factor,this paper takes the South Mei Jiang Residential Quarter construction project as an example and introduces the method of fuzzy synthetic evaluation into the eco-suitability assessment.The assessment indicator system and the fuzzy synthetic evaluation are submitted,thereby provides a base for further research of the eco-suitability of human settlements

Study of Chinese Marine Protected Areas Management Mode

海岸带是人类活动最为集中的区域,沿海化的工程建设占据了大量的天然岸线,不合理的开发产生了资源、环境和社会经济发展的诸多矛盾,因此划定一定区域建立海洋保护区具有重要的现实意义。通过对中国海洋自然保护区及海洋特别保护区两个方面的探讨,指出中国海洋保护区建设管理中存在的问题,并针对美国MPAs体系模式进行论述,指出其管理模式上同中国海洋保护区之间的差异及其自身优势,并加以借鉴,力求通过对中国海洋保护区现有管理模式的转变,解决其存在的问题。Coastal zone is an area of intensive human activities.Littoralisation constructions take up a long coastal line and the irrational development results the conflicts between ecological environment and socio-economy.It is of practical significance to protect some areas as marine Protection Area.This paper discusses the problems of construction and management status of marine protection areas in China from two sides of marine natural reserves and marine special reserves.Introducing the marine protection areas of U.S.Comparing marine protection areas of China with U.S.MPAs and noting the difference between of them and advantages of U.S.MPAs and learning from it.Furthermore,the paper give some suggestions to resolve the problems existing in China's marine protection areas through changing the current management modes of marine protection areas in China

塔里木沙漠公路防护林生态工程的综合生态环境效应

为了探讨重大工程的生态环境效应,从风沙环境、土壤环境、小气候、生物多样性和地下水环境5个方面对塔里木沙漠公路防护林工程的综合生态环境效应进行了研究.结果表明:(1)防护林改变了近地表风沙运动过程,防沙体系内风速、输沙率降低幅度分别达64%~80%和87.45%~99.02%,风沙流结构、沙物质粒度、地表蚀积状况也发生了明显变化;(2)与自然流沙地相比,防护林土壤容重减小,全盐含量、总孔隙度和含水量增大,土壤肥力质量明显提高,其变化基本呈现"先快后慢"的规律;(3)防护林对于小环境改善作用明显,距地面6m范围内,林地不同高度的空气温度普遍低于自然流沙地,而空气湿度则高于自然流沙地,林地土壤温度也低于自然流沙地;(4)随着防护林内生境的变化,土壤微生物种类显著增加,但不同种类微生物的种群分布并不均匀;(5)目前防护林灌溉抽水对地下水位、地下水矿化度的影响不大,水位在厘米级范围波动,矿化度的变化幅度在±1g·L-1左右,且没有明显的变化趋势