4 research outputs found

    西安市PM_(2.5)和碳气溶胶质量浓度变化特征研究

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    为了探讨西安市PM_(2.5)和碳气溶胶质量浓度变化特征,从2012年3月~2013年2月对西安市大气 PM_(2.5)进行了为期一年的观测,并分析了有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度变化特征.结果显示,西安市2012年3月~2013年2月日均 PM_(2.5)质量浓度变化幅度为26.9 ~505.1 &mu;g/m~3, PM_(2.5)年平均质量浓度为114.0&plusmn;86.6 &mu;g/m~3,是中国PM_(2.5)空气质量标准(GB 3095-2012)年平均二级标准值(35 &mu;g/m~3)的3.3倍.PM_(2.5)季节变化特征为冬季 &gt; 秋季 &gt; 春季 &gt; 夏季.OC 和EC 年平均浓度值为21.44&plusmn;15.76 &mu;g/m~3和6.16&plusmn;3.38 &mu;g/m~3,OC/EC 年平均值为3.37&plusmn;0.95,变化范围为1.80~5.84,表明有二次有机碳气溶胶的存在.主成分分析法表明,西安市大气中的碳气溶胶主要来自汽油车和柴油车尾气、二次碳气溶胶以及生物质燃烧.</p

    核桃分离蛋白酶解产物结构与功能的变化Changes of structure and function of enzymatic hydrolysates of walnut protein isolate

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    核桃蛋白是优质植物蛋白,但其溶解度较低,限制了其在食品中的应用。为拓宽核桃蛋白的应用范围,采用不同的蛋白酶(碱性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶)对核桃分离蛋白进行酶解,然后分析不同蛋白酶酶解产物的水解度、二级结构和功能性(溶解性、吸水性、吸油性、乳化特性和起泡特性)。结果表明:碱性蛋白酶酶解产物的水解度最高,为22.16%,其次是木瓜蛋白酶的,为20.06%,而胰蛋白酶的最低,为13.95%;FTIR结果显示这5种蛋白酶酶解产物的二级结构中均以β-折叠及β-转角为主;在pH 7.0时,与核桃分离蛋白的吸水性(2.36 g/g)和吸油性(465 g/g)相比,5种蛋白酶酶解产物的吸水性和吸油性分别提高了11.58~17.15 g/g和758~15.44 g/g;与核桃分离蛋白相比,在不同pH(2~12)下,5种蛋白酶酶解产物的溶解度显著提高;在不同的pH和NaCl浓度下,5种蛋白酶酶解产物的乳化特性和起泡特性也不同。从提高蛋白功能性角度考虑,碱性蛋白酶为核桃分离蛋白的最佳酶解用酶。 Walnut protein is a high-quality vegetable protein, but its low solubility limits its application in food. In order to broaden the application scope of walnut protein, different proteases (alkaline protease, pepsin, trypsin, papain, neutral protease) were used to hydrolyze walnut protein isolate, and then the degree of hydrolysis, secondary structures and functionality (solubility,water absorption, oil absorption, emulsification and foaming properties) of different hydrolysates were determined. The results showed that the degree of hydrolysis of alkaline protease (22.16%) was the highest, following that of papain (20.06%), while the degree of hydrolysis of trypsin (13.95%) was the lowest. FTIR results exhibited that the secondary structures of the five hydrolysates were mainly β-sheet and β-turn. At pH 7.0,compared with the water absorption (2.36 g/g) and oil absorption (4.65 g/g) of walnut protein isolate without enzymatic hydrolysis, the different hydrolysates increased by 11.58-17.15 g/g and 7.58-1544 g/g, respectively; at different pH (2-12), the solubility of the enzymatic hydrolysates significantly increased; at different pH and NaCl concentration, the emulsification and foaming properties of the enzymatic hydrolysates were different. From the perspective of improving protein functionality, alkaline protease is the best enzyme for hydrolysis of walnut protein isolate

    我国大气中挥发性有机物的分布特征

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    大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)是臭氧和二次有机气溶胶形成的关键前体物之一,研究表明烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃是我国大气VOCs的重要组分。在不同区域,城市地区烷烃含量最高,而偏远地区芳香烃为含量最丰富的VOCs。VOCs浓度日间变化多呈双峰分布趋势,峰值多出现在早晨与傍晚的上下班高峰期。目前对我国臭氧污染事件的研究均表明芳香烃和烯烃是对臭氧生成贡献最大的化合物。VOCs源解析中广泛运用的模型包括CMB、PMF和PCA/APCS,各模型均存在优点和局限性。比较各地VOCs源解析结果,发现交通排放源和工业排放源为我国VOCs的主要人为来源。VOCs的跨区域传输决定与周边地区的合作将是未来空气治理中的发展方向。</p
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