Comparison on the Reform of Higher Education in China and Japan Since 1990's

分析比较20世纪90年代以来中日两国的高等教育改革,可以看到有不少相同之处。就影响因素而言,在两国的高等教育改革中社会因素起着主要的影响作用;就内容而言,扩大高校办学自主权、侧重高等教育管理体制改革是两国高等教育改革中较为引人注目的;就过程而言,两国高等教育改革具有从政府至大学、由上而下的基本特征。这些相同之处不仅体现着现代高等教育改革的特点,也在一定程度上反映出中日两国高等教育制度的本质。The same characteristics can be found in the reform of higher education between China and Japan since 1990's. First, social factors play an important part the reform of higher education in both countries.Second,reinforcing the authorities of universities and reforming administrative system of higher education are main contents in the reform of higher education.Third, the process of the reform of higher education flows from the governments to universities. These same characteristics not only embody the features of reform but also reflect the nature of the higher education system in the two countries

Underway observation of surface temperature and salinity in north South China Sea in September 2006

通过2006年9月南海北部开放航次的走航观测,得到了该海区多个断面的表层温度、盐度分布曲线。QuikScat海面风场资料显示观测期间处于西南季风向东北季风的转换阶段,走航观测所得的温、盐资料显示出在这一季风转换的特殊阶段该海区表层的水文特征。珠江口冲淡水的扩散范围在季风转向前后有显著的变化,低盐的冲淡水在西南季风阶段向珠江口外海区的东南方延伸较远,而在东北季风阶段则受珠江径流量、南海北部表层环流等因素的影响收缩至珠江口附近。闽南近岸和台湾浅滩南部表层具有低温高盐特征,但CTD资料表明台湾浅滩区域存在上升流,结合风场资料,可证实观测期间此处的上升流由海流-地形因素所造成。Based on the underway observation data of Joint Survey of Northern South China Sea in September 2006,the distributions of surface temperature and salinity along several sections were obtained.The sea surface wind field data from QuikScat indicated that September was the conversion period from southwest wind to northeast wind in 2006,and the temperature and salinity data obtained from the underway observation could give a clear demonstration of the hydrological character of the northern South China Sea during this special period.The extension of diluted water near the estuary of Zhujiang River had a major change after the monsoon conversion.During the phase of southwest monsoon,the diluted water could extend to the southeast to a larger distance;while the diluted water was confined to the nearby area of the estuary in the northeast monsoon.In the inshore area off south Fujian and southern part of Taiwan Bank there existed cold and high salinity waters.It was proved by the CTD data that an upwelling was active in the southern part of Taiwan Bank.Considering the northeast monsoon,it could be confirmed that this upwelling was driven by the current-topography effect.国家自然科学基金项目(40576015,40521003,40576013

卤原子取代苯并噻二唑聚合物给体材料的合成及其光伏性能研究

通过对苯并噻二唑单元进行氟、氯等卤原子取代,并同时调节烷基侧链的长度,设计合成了一系列基于苯并噻二唑四噻吩类的聚合物太阳电池材料.不同卤原子取代以及烷基侧链的长度都会影响聚合物的结晶性和薄膜聚集形貌从而改变其带隙和电荷传输性质.氟、氯原子的引入可调节聚合物的能级结构,而且相对于氟原子而言,具有更大原子半径的氯原子的引入可在更大尺度下调节能级结构,从而大幅提高相应太阳电池的开路电压,同时通过侧链的优化可进一步调节聚合物的微观聚集结构,改善器件能量转换效率.结果表明,在氯原子和氟原子共同作用的情况下,引入较长的侧链有利于提升聚合物的开路电压和短路电流,从而获得较好的器件性能.其中,以氯、氟共同取代的聚合物PCFBT4T-2OD与PC71BM为活性层的器件性能最佳,能量转换效率可达8.84%.国家自然科学基金(基金号51773087,21733005);;广东省自然科学基金(基金号2016A030313637);;深圳市孔雀团队(项目号KQTD20140630110339343)资助项

基于矩张量分析的特大山体破坏前兆孕震机制研究

工程岩体震源机制研究是岩体破坏灾害监测预警研究和应用的基础。针对一次特大爆破诱发的采空区上覆岩体产生特大破坏案例的前兆微震定位数据,采用矩张量理论对前兆微震源定位事件进行震源机制解反演,计算监测所得微震定位事件的矩张量并进行分解,获得纯双力偶成分MDC分量;采用Feigner和Young矩张量破裂判据计算得到破坏类型判别参数R值,对前兆微震事件的岩体破裂类型进行判断,同时根据矩张量分量计算震源体积不变部分参数T和体积变化部分参数k,据此绘制并研究了哈德森震源类型-T k图,分析表明前兆微震源的破裂类型主要为剪切破坏;进一步根据矩张量分解所得纯双力偶成分MDC分量,解得岩体震源处的断层参数。将震源机制解分析得到的前兆微震事件剪切破裂类型与现场山体宏观剪滑破坏相对比,其结果是基本一致的。研究表明基于微震矩张量理论对前兆震源机制解的分析,可较为准确地判断中尺度工程岩体破裂类型,该研究可作为进一步的中尺度工程岩体破裂机制研究以及岩体工程灾害预警研究参考。国家自然科学基金资助项目(51674218);;\n国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC0600702

Assessing ecological risks of heavy metals to marine organisms in the Jiulongjiang Estuary by species sensitivity distribution

采用物种敏感性分布法(SSd)构建常见重金属元素对海洋生物的SSd曲线,结合九龙江口水体5、8、11月份21个站位重金属调查数据,计算了九龙江口7种重金属(AS,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Pb,zn)不同暴露浓度对海洋生物的潜在影响比例(PAf),并分析了在相应站位重金属复合污染生态风险(MSPAf)。结果表明,7种重金属中AS的生态风险最大(即PAf值最高);时间尺度上,5月份总的MSPAf较其他月份稍高;空间尺度上,西溪至海门岛(1~7号站位)污染较严重,其中又以位于西溪和玉枕洲的2号和5号站位的MSPAf为最。In the present work,a species sensitivity distribution( SSD) method was used to assess the ecological risk of common heavy metals to marine organisms.The ecological risk was characterized by potentially affected fraction( PAF) of species in relation to concentration of the toxic materials.According to the investigation data obtained at 21 stations in the Jiulongjiang Estuary in May,August and November,the PAFs of seven heavy metals( As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg, Pb,and Zn) to marine organisms were calculated.The results showed that As had the highest PAF among the seven heavy metals at each station of the Jiulongjiang Estuary.Spatially,the multi-substance PAF( msPAF) in May was higher than in other months.Temporally,the msPAF of the Stations 1-7( from the Xixi Stream to the Haimen Isle of the Jiulongjiang Estuary) suffered from heavier pollution.In particular,the pollution status of the Station 2 and Station 5 was the most serious among all the investigated stations.海洋公益性行业科研经费专项(201105015); 国家海洋局青年海洋科学基金项目(2011143); 国家自然科学基金项目(31101902); 福建省自然科学基金项目(2012J05074); 国家海洋局第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项(海三科2011006)资

新时代一流本科教育的重建(笔会)

继\"双一流\"建设正式实施,建设一流本科教育成为我国高等教育发展的又一重要任务。一流本科教育的概念具有历史性、时代性、国别性和普遍性。\"以本为本\"的提出重在强调本科教育的最基础地位、本科教学的最基本职能、本科教育的最基本特质。建设一流的本科教育首先需要有先进的教育理念,明确其基本定位、指导思想、主要内涵与实施路径。提高本科教育质量的关键在于结构化育人模式,而通过学生课程学习经历调查可以评估本科教与学的质量。在建设一流本科教育中,还要重视学业考核制度建设,推进教育评价改革,构建良好的师生关系。对于一流研究型大学,要凸显一流本科的特色,处理好本科教育与学科发展的关系。国家社科基金“十三五”规划2017年度教育学重大招标课题“‘双一流’建设背景下高校学科调整与建设研究”(项目编号:VIA170003)的阶段性研究成果;;教育部人文社科重点研究基地重大项目“中国特色的大学内部治理结构与质量保障机制建设研究”(项目编号:18JJD880005)的阶段性研究成果;;国家社科基金(管理学)一般项目“管办评分离背景下大学社会评价体系和机制研究”(项目编号:16BGL172)的阶段性研究成果;;中国高教学会“中国高等教育改革发展重大理论实践问题研究”之“一流大学建设与一流本科教育的研究”(项目编号:2017ZD02)的阶段性研究成果

中国式学科评估:问题与出路

今年四月份,教育部学位与研究生教育发展中心(以下简称"教育部学位中心")邀请全国学位授予单位参加全国第四轮一级学科整体水平评估。随之,各个高校展开了一场大规模、高级别的学科评估申报及材料提交总动员。第四轮学科评估自发布起也引发了学界的广泛关注和热烈讨论。高等教育是中国崛起的思想发动机,关涉民族复兴的未来,而学科评估是近年来中国高等教育学科建设成就的集中展示,其意义和影响可谓深远。为了更好推进学科评估科学进行,特别是促进高等教育健康发展,《探索与争鸣》编辑部邀请全国

类泛素蛋白及其中文命名

泛素家族包括泛素及类泛素蛋白,约20种成员蛋白.近年来,泛素家族领域取得了迅猛发展,并已与生物学及医学研究的各个领域相互交叉.泛素家族介导的蛋白质降解和细胞自噬机制的发现分别于2004和2016年获得诺贝尔奖.但是,类泛素蛋白并没有统一规范的中文译名. 2018年4月9日在苏州召开的《泛素家族介导的蛋白质降解和细胞自噬》专著的编委会上,部分作者讨论了类泛素蛋白的中文命名问题,并在随后的\"泛素家族、自噬与疾病\"(Ubiquitinfamily,autophagy anddiseases)苏州会议上提出了类泛素蛋白中文翻译草案,此草案在参加该会议的国内学者及海外华人学者间取得了高度共识.冷泉港亚洲\"泛素家族、自噬与疾病\"苏州会议是由美国冷泉港实验室主办、两年一度、面向全球的英文会议.该会议在海内外华人学者中具有广泛影响,因此,参会华人学者的意见具有一定的代表性.本文介绍了10个类别的类泛素蛋白的中文命名,系统总结了它们的结构特点,并比较了参与各种类泛素化修饰的酶和它们的生物学功能.文章由45名从事该领域研究的专家合作撰写,其中包括中国工程院院士1名,相关学者4名,长江学者3名,国家杰出青年科学基金获得者18名和美国知名高校华人教授4名.他们绝大多数是参加编写即将由科学出版社出版的专著《泛素家族介导的蛋白质降解和细胞自噬》的专家

Preliminary study on PAH degradation by bacteria from contami-nated sediments in Xiamen Western Sea, Fujian, China

In order to estimate the biodegradation of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) compounds, bacterial strains were isolated from marine sediments in three heavily contaminated sites (Yuandang Lake, Dongdu Port and Aquacultural zones in Maluan Bay) in Xiamen Western Sea. The results show three bacterial strains, which used pyrene as the sole carbon source, were identified as strains of Aureobacterium sp., Arthrobacter sp., Rhodococcus sp. The PAH-degrading bacteria isolated had a strong ability to degrade phenan-hrene, fluoranthene and pyrene at different degradation rates. The highest degradation rate was observed when three PAH compounds were mixed with an individual strain in the medium. The three PAHs were degraded after one week with a degradation rate of 89.94 % for phenanthrene and 93.4 % for both of fluoranthene and pyrene. In addition, after 25 days of incubation, the degradation rate was 99.98 % for phenanthrene and 99.97 % for both of fluoranthene and pyrene. Optical density was measured to ..