Research advances of electrochemical micro/nanofabrication based on confined etchant layer technique

与机械加工相比, 电化学加工技术具有无刀具磨损、无热效应、无机械损伤、加工效率高等优点, 而且适用于柔性、脆性及超硬材料,; 具备传统方法难以实现的复杂结构加工能力, 因而在航空航天、汽车、微电子等领域有着重要应用, 日益成为一种重要的工业制造技术.; 随着超大规模集成电路(ULSI)、微机电系统(MEMS)、微全分析系统(mu-TAS)、现代精密光学系统等高技术产业的迅速发展,; 功能性结构/器件的微型化和集成化的要求越来越高. 由于传统电化学只适用于金属材料, 为了应对微纳制造的时代要求, 拓展电化学加工的材料普适性,; 1992年田昭武院士提出了具有我国自主知识产权的约束刻蚀剂层技术(CELT). 一般的, 约束刻蚀包括3个步骤:; (1)通过电化学、光化学或光电化学的方法在模板电极表面生成刻蚀剂;; (2)通过后续的均相化学反应或自由基衰变反应将刻蚀剂约束在微/纳米厚度的液层内; (3)将模板电极逼近加工基底,; 当约束刻蚀剂层接触被加工基底时, 通过刻蚀反应实现微纳加工. 最近, 联合课题组通过仪器、原理和方法3个方面的努力, 引入外部物理场调制技术,; 实现一维铣削、二维抛光、三维微/纳结构加工, 大幅提升了CELT的技术水平.Compared with mechanical machining, ECM has several advantages, such as; avoiding tool wear, none thermal or mechanical stress on machining; surfaces, as well as high removal rate. Moreover, ECM is capable of; making complex three-dimensional structures and is appropriate for; flexible, fragile, or fissile materials even materials harder than the; machining tool. Thus, ECM has been widely used for various industrial; applications in the fields of aerospace, automobiles, electronics, etc.; ECM methods can be classified usually as electrolytic machining based on; anodic dissolution and electroforming based on cathodic deposition of; metallic materials. Recently, high technology industry, such as; ultralarge scale integration (ULSI) circuits, microelectromechanical; systems (MEMS), miniaturized total analysis systems (mu-TAS) and; precision optics, has developed more and more rapidly, where; miniaturization and integration of functional components are becoming; significant. Nowadays, the feature size of interconnectors in ULSI; circuits has been down to 20 nanometers, predicted by Moore's law.; Confined etchant layer technique (CELT) was proposed in 1992 to; fabricate three-dimensional micro- and nanostructures (3D-MNS) on; different metals and semiconductors, which has been developed an; effective machining method with independent intellectual property; rights. Generally, there are three procedures in CELT: (1) generating; the etchant on the surface of the tool electrode by electrochemical or; photoelectrochemical reactions; (2) confining the etchant in a depleted; layer with a thickness of micro- or nanometer scale; (3) etching process; when the tool electrode is fed to the workpiece, which applicable for 1D; milling, 2D polishing, and 3D microfabrication with an accuracy at micro; or nanometer scale. External physical-field modulations have recently; been introduced into CELT to improve its machining precision. In this; review, the advances of CELT in principles, instruments and applications; will be addressed as well as the prospects.国家自然科学基金; 机械制造系统工程国家重点实验室开放课题资助项

中国物理海洋学研究70年：发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团,以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强,研究领域不断拓展,涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果,其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的"普遍风浪谱"和"涌浪谱",发展了第三代海浪数值模式;提出了"准调和分析方法"和"潮汐潮流永久预报"等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法;发现并命名了"棉兰老潜流",揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等,系统描述了太平洋西边界流系;提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流);不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统,在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流,以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识;从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结;发展了浅海水团的研究方法,基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制,在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献;阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制,揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构,定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力;基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征,提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制;构建了"南海内波潜标观测网",实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识;发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论,提出了海流"边缘不稳定"的概念,开发了海洋湍流模式,提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等;在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识,并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响;研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式,推出一系列海洋与气候模式;发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统;建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模型实验平台;发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法,建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系,揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应;初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网;持续开展南北极调查研究;建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统,为中国气象减灾提供保障;突破了国外的海洋技术封锁,研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器;建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型,为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示,经过70年的发展,中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍,这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军

新型聚集荧光增强芴衍生物的光谱特性及电致发光性能研究

对新型聚集荧光增强芴衍生物的溶液状态下的光致发光和紫外-可见吸收光谱进行了表征,同时对比了其在丙酮/水混合溶液中的光致发光特性.结果表明,当水的体积比不断提高时,芴衍生物的丙酮/水混合溶液的光致发光光谱辐照度增强,这是由于该芴衍生物不溶于水,使得材料形成聚集态,导致聚集荧光增强;同时,PL光谱发生蓝移,这是因为溶液加水后形成芴衍生物的蓝色晶态聚集,这种晶态聚集会导致光致发光光谱的蓝移,并且晶态聚集越有序,发射的波长越短.另外,新型芴衍生物分子是通过在芴基团上链接四苯基苯和三苯胺官能团,具有抑制浓度猝灭及增强电荷传输能力,因此作为发光层,制得了非掺杂的有机电致发光器件. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra and UV-Visible absorption spectra of three novel fluorene derivatives solution containing different triphenylamine (TPA) and tetraphenyl-benzene (TPB) groups were systematically investigated. The PL spectra of the acetone/water solution were tested to analyze the capability of suppression concentration quenching (SCQ). The results showed that when water fraction ranged from 50% to 90%, the spectral irradiance of the mixture was obviously increased. Meanwhile, the PL spectra had blue shift due to the blue crystalline aggregation of novel fluorene derivatives, and the blue shift is proportional to the order of crystalline aggregation. Moreover, since the tetraphenyl-benzene and triphenylamine functional groups were tailored to fluorene backbone to suppress the concentration quenching of the fluorene dye and improve the charge carrier transporting ability, the non-doped organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) were achieved

モデル検査技術を利用したプログラム解析器の生成ツール

本論文では,時相論理式によって仕様が記述されたプログラム解析をモデル検査技術の利用によって行うツールについて述べる.本ツールは,対象プログラム言語はJimple,プログラム解析の仕様記述言語は時相論理CTL-FVである.JimpleはJavaと相互変換可能な3番地コードからなる中間言語であり,Javaに比ベプログラム解析や最適化が適用しやすい.また,CTL-FVはCTL(Computation Tree Logic)を拡張した時相論理であり,プログラム中の情報を述語に引用することを許したところに大きな特徴がある.CTL-FVによって多くのプログラム解析が記述できるため,本ツールを使用するとJimpleプログラムに対し様々な解析を自動的に行うことができるようになる.今回,モデル検査を既存のモデル検査ツールSMVをそのまま利用することによって実装が非常に簡単になり,Java言語で約500行(コメント除く)のプログラムでこれが実現できた.また,標準ライブラリのいくつかのクラスに対して無用命令の検出を本ツールにより実行したところ,比較的大きなサイズのクラスに対しても数分で解析することができた.ここでは,主に本ツールの設計と実装について説明する. : In this paper, we describe a tool that automatically performs program analysis using model-checking techniques. The tool has two characteristics; the target program is Jimple, and the specification of program analysis is described in temporal logic CTL-FV. Jimple is mutually convertible with Java; it is a 3-address intermediate language and is easier to perform program analyses and optimizations than Java. CTL-FV is an extension of CTL (Computation Tree Logic) to allow quoting information in a program to formulas. CTL-FV can describe many program analyses, thus our tool can carry out various analyses automatically. By the use of the well-developed model- checker SMV, we implemented this tool with only 500 lines of code in Java. As an example, dead code detection is performed to some classes in the standard library, and relatively large classes can be analyzed in a few minutes. We explain the design and the implementation of the tool