30 research outputs found

    A Study of Recommendation Systems with Temporal and Geographical Information

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    早稲田大学博士(工学)早大学位記番号:新9499doctoral thesi

    Masked facial expression and its cognitive neural mechanism

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    个体出于某种目的,表现出与内心情绪感受不一致的表情即为伪装表情。探究伪装表情的特征在社会交往、公共安全、临床等诸多应用领域均具有非常重要的研究意义。以往关于伪装表情面部线索与特征的研究,主要关注情绪泄漏、不对称性和表情的持续时间等,并未比较真实表情与伪装表情两者之间动作单元(action units, AUs)的异同,也未有研究考察伪装表情表达的认知神经机制。 同时,在不同情绪状态下,个体自主选择时会倾向于做出何种伪装表情也尚不 清楚。本文采用&ldquo;情绪性说谎范式&rdquo;,诱发被试的情绪感受,并要求其做出指 定的或者自主选择做出与情绪感受一致或不一致的表情,通过两个研究(包括 4个视频材料评定、2个行为实验和 2 个脑电实验)较为系统地考察伪装表情表达 的面部动作特征及其认知神经机制。 研究一包括 2 个视频材料评定和 2 个行为实验,重点考察基于 AUs 的伪装 表情表达的面部动作特征。首先,招募被试对情绪视频片段进行评定(材料评定 A),并基于评定结果选取了诱发六种基本情绪的视频片段各 6 个,合计 36 个,用于实验 1 中诱发情绪的材料。实验 1 旨在考察被试在情绪诱发时做出的真实和伪装表情的面部动作特征及其差异。被试在实验室场景下观看不同类型的情绪性视频片段,并被要求做出指定的与诱发情绪感受一致和不一致的表情。实验 1 的结果发现,不同情绪状态下做出高兴表情共同的 AUs 有嘴角上扬的面部动作单元(AU12),同时也有一些特异性的 AUs。例如在诱发悲伤、惊讶和愤怒情绪条件下做高兴表情会出现和表情控制相关的 AU14;与高兴情绪条件下做高兴表情相比,悲伤情绪条件下做出高兴表情的 AU6 的出现频数显著更少。这些发现深化了对&ldquo;假笑&rdquo;的认识,表明了可能区分真实和伪装表情的面部线索。 增加中性视频片段,再次招募被试对情绪性视频片段进行评定(材料评定 B), 并基于评定结果选取了诱发高兴、悲伤、愤怒和中性情绪的片段各 4 个,合计 16 个,用于实验 2 中诱发情绪的材料。实验 2 旨在考察被试在诱发出不同情绪感受时,被要求真实表达与其情绪感受一致的表情以及自主选择表达某种表情来掩饰其情绪感受,真实表情和自主选择表达的伪装表情的面部动作特征及差异。被试在实验室场景下观看不同类型的情绪视频片段,并被要求做出与诱发情绪感受一致和不一致的表情(此时被试可以选择做出哪种伪装表情)。实验 2 的结果发现,在诱发悲伤和愤怒情绪条件下个体多倾向于用高兴表情或中性表情来掩饰其情绪感受,在诱发中性情绪条件下个体多倾向于用高兴表情来掩饰其情绪感受;在诱发悲伤情绪和中性情绪条件下做高兴表情时会出现 AU14 的面 部动作单元;与真实表情条件相比,伪装表情条件下共同出现的 AUs 之间连接网络更复杂,共同且相互联系紧密的核心 AUs 更多。实验 1 和实验 2 的结果均发现伪装表情条件出现了真实情绪感受对应的表情 AUs 泄露的现象,这表明做伪装表情时可能泄露出真实表情的部分 AUs。实验 2 结果表明,高兴表情通常被用来掩饰负性情绪和中性情绪,除了 AU14 外,真实和伪装的高兴表情的面部线索还可通过 AUs 之间网络连接的复杂性来区分。 研究二包括 2 个视频材料评定和 2 个脑电实验,考察伪装表情表达的认知神经机制。首先,增加视频片段数量并缩短时长,再次招募被试对高兴和悲伤情绪的视频片段进行评定(材料评定 C 和 D),并基于评定结果选取了诱发高兴和 悲伤情绪的视频片段各45 个,合计 90 个,用于实验 3 中诱发情绪的材料。选取 45 段悲伤视频,9 段高兴视频用于实验 4 中诱发情绪的材料。实验 3 旨在考察诱发高兴或悲伤情绪的条件下,被要求做出真实和伪装表情表达的脑电特征的异同。被试在实验室场景下观看高兴或悲伤的情绪性视频片段,并被要求做出指定的与诱发情绪感受一致和不一致的表情。结果发现,在诱发悲伤情绪条件下,与真实表情相比,做出与情绪诱发不一致的伪装表情的伴随性负波(Contingent negative variation, CNV)波幅以及 alpha 的事件相关去同步化(EventRelated Desynchronization, ERD)更强。这些结果表明,和真实表情相比,悲伤情绪诱发下,个体表达伪装表情的认知过程中表现出更强的有意控制和冲突抑制。 实验 4 旨在考察诱发悲伤情绪条件下,自主选择的伪装表情及其脑电特征。被试在实验室场景下观看诱发悲伤的情绪性视频和少量的高兴视频(用于调节情绪,其数据不纳入分析),并被要求在每次观看后自主选择做出一种与情绪感受不一致的表情。结果发现,个体更倾向于选择做出高兴的伪装表情,且此时自主选择做出的高兴表情比做出除高兴和中性表情外的其他表情(惊讶、愤怒、厌恶、恐惧和轻蔑)诱发更小的 N2 波幅。该结果说明做出高兴伪装表情时可能需要更少的冲突监控和抑制成本。进一步比较实验 3 和 4 中悲伤情绪诱发时做出高兴伪装表情的脑电指标的异同,结果表明自主选择时可能调动更少的认知控制资源解决冲突。 综上所述,本研究发现了区分真实表情和伪装表情的 AUs 的关键特征和线索,并揭示了伪装表情表达时关于冲突抑制、有意控制等认知过程的神经基础。本研究深化了对伪装表情表达的面部动作特征和认知神经机制的认识,并为识别真实表情和伪装表情以及研发计算机自动识别系统提供了心理学依据。</p

    分析影响高速公路工程造价的主要因素及控制策略

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    Research Progress of Dexamethasone in Peripheral Nerve Block by Different Approaches

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    The Effect of CARRC Model Spacing on the Characteristics of Slit Flow

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    Bachelor’s Life, Idyllic Nostalgia, and Homoeroticism: Male Domesticity in Edwardian Children’s Literature

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      本文始於我對維多利亞時期的中產階級家庭生活和女性氣質的密切關係的懷疑。近年來學者已研究過維多利亞中葉已婚男性的「居家男性氣質」(domestic masculinity),卻忽略了維多利亞末葉及愛德華時期的單身漢「男性居家氣質」(male domesticity),尤其是它在兒童文本裡的實例。在本文中,我試圖仔細分析J. M. 巴利的《彼得潘》(1911)、肯尼斯‧葛瑞漢的《柳林中的風聲》(1908),和碧翠斯‧波特的《松鼠提米的故事》(1911)中,男性居家氣質表現的單身漢生活、田園懷舊氣息,與「同性曖昧」(homoeroticism)。我也會採用兩部影響深遠,與單身漢友情及男性居家氣質有關,具備同性曖昧潛質的系列故事來作為參考對照:第一部是湯瑪斯‧休斯的《湯姆‧布朗》系列,包含《湯姆‧布朗的學校生活》(1857)和《湯姆‧布朗在牛津》(1861),融合了維多利亞時期的男孩冒險故事及中學學校故事。另一部則是亞瑟‧柯南‧道爾爵士的《福爾摩斯》(1887-1927),為世界知名的偵探系列故事及「男性冒險故事」(male romance)。   為了將成人小說如《福爾摩斯》與愛德華時期兒童文學對照,我將上述三文本置於「跨界小說」(crossover fiction)的類別,以互文性加以討論,以證明兒童文本仍存在如同性曖昧等成人議題。關於兒童文學和性別理論學者,我和他們在對童年、對維多利亞居家生活,和對男性友誼的評論看法上有共同點;然而,我也進一步分析愛德華時期的兒童文學作家將同性戀禁忌議題轉化為同性曖昧暗示的方法。透過以雙重讀者為作品目標,這些作家才能在書中強調同居單身漢的友情,以及對女性居家生活的排除。This thesis begins with my doubts on the close link between Victorian bourgeois domesticity and femininity. Recent scholars have studied “domestic masculinity” of mid-Victorian married men, yet they ignore “male domesticity” of late-Victorian and Edwardian bachelors, particularly when the cases come from children’s texts. In this thesis I intend to dissect bachelor’s life, idyllic nostalgia and homoeroticism in the representations of male domesticity in J. M. Barrie’s Peter Pan (1911), Kenneth Grahame’s The Wind in the Willows (1908), and Beatrix Potter’s The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes (1911). I also adopt two far-reaching series featuring bachelor’s friendship, male domesticity and homoerotic potentials as references. One is Thomas Hughes’ Tom Brown series, including Tom Brown’s Schooldays (1857) and Tom Brown at Oxford (1861), both fusing Victorian boy’s adventure story and the public school story. The other is Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes (1887-1927), the world-renowned detective series and male romance. By juxtaposing adult fiction such as Sherlock Holmes with Edwardian children’s literature, I put the above three texts into the crossover fiction category with intertexuality to evidence the existence of adult issues like homoeroticism in children’s texts. With regard to scholars of children’s literature and gender theory, I share with them the critical perspectives of childhood, Victorian domesticity and male homosociality; however, I further analyze the ways writers of Edwardian children’s literature use to transform the tabooed issue of homosexuality into homoerotic hints. By targeting their texts at duel readership, they emphasize friendship of cohabited bachelors and exclude feminized domesticity in their works

    Inequality and Civil Unrest in China: An Investigation of Rational-Materialist and Socio-Cognitive Approaches

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    本文探究中國貧富差距增大之現象對社會不穩定的影響,主要以兩個理論切入:理性唯物主義(分配衝突理論)與社會心理學(相對剝奪理論)。結果顯示中國的實際貧富不均相當嚴重、制度化,也是社會不穩定的重要來源之一。然而,這個關係需要透過若干認知過程,特別是相對社會比較,才產生影響。中國貧富差距的結構限制上層階級與下層階級之間的互動與比較,從而降低貧富不均所造成的社會動盪。This thesis examines the relationship between rising inequality and social unrest in China. This relationship is approached from two theoretical angles: rational-materialist (distributive conflict theory), and socio-cognitive (relative- deprivation). The results show that objective inequality is highly institutionalized in China, and is indeed an important cause of social unrest in China. However, the strength of this connection is mediated by cognitive processes, particularly that of relative social comparison. The structure of inequality in China has limited social comparison between the advantaged and the disadvantaged, thereby minimizing inequality-induced social unrest

    Epigenetic deregulation of DLK-DIO3 imprinted locus and the differentiation potential of human embryonic stem cells

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    選擇優質的人類胚胎幹細胞株 (human embryonic stem cell lines, hESCs lines) 對於 hESC 相關的研究及治療模式能否成功是關鍵的。然而, 在 hESC 的培養中經常能觀察到一些基因或表觀基因修飾的不穩定,包括基因銘印不穩定等現象。經由銘印機制調控的銘印基因當其表現失調時被認為與許多生長缺陷及癌症發生相關。我們利用 bisulfite 定序技術發現 DLK1-DIO3 銘印區域相較於其它受測區域更容易在長期培養的 hESC 中遭受異常的高度甲基化修飾。此外,源自該銘印區域經母源表現之非編碼 RNA (non-coding RNAs) 其表現在長期培養的 hESC 中遭受到抑制也為一相關異常。為了探討該銘印區域是否與 hESC 細胞特性有關,本研究主要依據該區域中名為 MEG3 長片段非編碼 RNA (lncRNA) 與其下游之 lncRNA 及微 RNA (microRNA, miRNA) 之表現,將 hESC 亞細胞株分為 “MEG3-ON” 與 “MEG3-OFF” 兩組。與 MEG3-ON 組別相比,這些 ncRNA 的表現在 MEG3-OFF 組別受到抑制。初步分化 hESC 為類胚體 (Embyoid body, EB) 的實驗結果顯示,由 MEG3-OFF hESC 衍生出的第十二天的 EB 其形態不正常且三胚層相關的基因表現異常。轉錄組分析顯示,與 MEG3-ON 組別相比,許多與發育及癌症相關的基因在 MEG3-OFF 組別中表現失調。特別的是,大部份的失調基因與神經系統有關。我們在數種 hESC 細胞株與誘發性多潛能幹細胞 (hiPSC) 株中驗證了 MEG3 失去表現的確與一些神經系相關的基因受到調降有關,之後利用 siRNA 及 shRNA 方式調降 MEG3 表現後同樣偵測到這些基因的表現降低。藉由神經分化的實驗證明,與 MEG3-ON hESC 所分化的類神經系細胞相比,將 MEG3-OFF hESC 誘導分化成類神經系細胞後,階段性的神經標記表現較低,且神經軸突的形成較少。因此,本研究推論避免使用 DLK1-DIO3 銘印區域失調的 MEG3-OFF hESC 能維持具備較好的神經分化潛能的實驗效率,其對於在基礎研究與進一步的治療應用將有所助益。Selection of high-quality human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines is crucial for successful hESC-based research and therapeutic models; however, some genetic and epigenetic instability, including imprinting instability, have been frequently found in cultured hESCs. Imprinted genes should be correctly regulated by Epigenetic machinery. Defective dosages of imprinted gene expression are associated with various growth defects and cancers. When screening the imprinting status in prolonged cultured hESCs by bisulfite sequencing, we observed that the DLK1-DIO3 imprinted locus was more susceptible to abnormal hypermethylation than other examined imprinted loci. Also, repression of maternally expressed non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) from this locus was one of the first signs of epigenetic deregulation in the prolonged cultured hESCs. To investigate whether this locus correlates with hESC properties, we classified hESC sublines into “MEG3-ON” and “MEG3-OFF” primarily based on the expression levels of a long non-coding RNA from this locus (lncRNA), named MEG3, as well as its down-stream lncRNA and microRNAs (miRNAs). Through embryoid body (EB) formation, we found that the 12-Day-old EBs derived from MEG3-OFF hESCs, where DLK1-DIO3 ncRNAs were repressed, displayed smaller size and aberrant expressions of three germ layer genes. Transcriptome profiling showed that many genes involved in developmental events and different cancer types were deregulated in undifferentiated MEG3-OFF hESCs, compared with MEG3-ON hESCs. Notably, most of these deregulated genes are associated with neural lineage. When validating array results in three hESC lines and two hiPSC lines, we found an association between MEG3 repression and downregulation of several neural lineage-related genes. Direct manipulation of MEG3 via siRNA and shRNA knockdown approach further suggested a potential causative effect that MEG3 reduction leads to a decrease in these neural lineage gene expressions. When performing neural differentiation, lower expression levels of stage-specific neural lineage markers and reduced neurite formation were observed in the neural lineage-like cells derived from MEG3-OFF hESCs compared with those in MEG3-ON groups. Taken together, this study suggested that prevention of using MEG3-OFF hESCs where DLK1-DIO3 locus was deregulated may maintain the experimental efficiency with proper neural differentiation potential, which will benefit basic research and further therapeutic applications in this field
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