Development, fabrication, and applications of biomedical electrodes

生物医用电极作为一种能够有效地将生物体电化学活动产生的离子电位转换成测量系统电子电位的传感器,广泛应用于现代临床检测和生物医学测量.近年来,由于生物医用电极在心电图ECg、脑电图EEg、肌电图EMg以及电阻抗成像EIT等领域的迫切应用需求,新型生物医用电极结构及其高效低成本的制造方法不断涌现,生物医用电极制造技术获得飞速发展.本文通过对现有的生物医用体表电极进行了分类(包括传统银/氯化银电极、微针电极、纺织柔性电极、柔性衬底电极、泡沫结构电极、绝缘干电极),分别对其制造工艺过程与使用方法进行了综述,并对其已有或潜在的应用领域进行详细分析,最后对生物医用电极的应用前景进行了展望.Biomedical electrodes convert the ion potential generated by electrochemical activities into an electronic potential that can be measured by instrumentation systems; they are widely used as sensors in modern clinical detection and biomedical measurement.In recent years, with increasing applications in the fields of electrocardiography(ECG), electroencephalography(EEG), electromyography(EMG), and electrical impedance tomography(EIT), a great number of new biomedical electrodes with novel structural design and new material selection have been explored and developed; low-cost fabrication methods are also being intensively studied.In this paper, biomedical electrodes are classified into five types, including traditional silver/silver chloride electrodes, microneedle electrodes, flexible textile electrodes, foam electrodes, and insulated dry electrodes.The conversion mechanisms from ion potential to electronic potential of different biomedical electrodes described in the prior literature are firstly introduced, and then the latest research results concerning the fabrication processes for different biomedical electrodes, and the methods of using them, are reviewed.The advantages and disadvantages of each type of electrode for practical applications are discussed, based on the published literature.A general description of the current applications of biomedical electrodes in ECG, EEG, EMG, and EIT is presented.Typical results from researchers in various countries are reviewed to further introduce the detailed application of different biomedical electrodes.Emerging application fields for biomedical electrodes, such as electrooculography, electrogastrography, and the study of the nervous system, are also presented.Finally, the development and application prospects of biomedical electrodes are described briefly.With the rapid development of microelectronics, micro-nano manufacturing and signal processing technology, the related manufacturing technologies and signal processing methods for biomedical electrodes have achieved great progress; in particular, a much deeper understanding about the contact mechanism with human tissue and skin has been obtained.We believe that many new biomedical electrodes will be developed in the next few years to greatly improve the detection level of bioelectric information.国家自然科学基金(51475397); 厦门大学中央高校基本科研业务费(2013121017)资

东菲律宾海沉积物的地球化学特征与物质来源

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东菲律宾海新型铁锰结壳中元素的赋存状态

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