中国物理海洋学研究70年：发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团,以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强,研究领域不断拓展,涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果,其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的"普遍风浪谱"和"涌浪谱",发展了第三代海浪数值模式;提出了"准调和分析方法"和"潮汐潮流永久预报"等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法;发现并命名了"棉兰老潜流",揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等,系统描述了太平洋西边界流系;提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流);不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统,在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流,以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识;从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结;发展了浅海水团的研究方法,基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制,在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献;阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制,揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构,定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力;基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征,提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制;构建了"南海内波潜标观测网",实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识;发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论,提出了海流"边缘不稳定"的概念,开发了海洋湍流模式,提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等;在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识,并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响;研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式,推出一系列海洋与气候模式;发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统;建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模型实验平台;发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法,建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系,揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应;初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网;持续开展南北极调查研究;建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统,为中国气象减灾提供保障;突破了国外的海洋技术封锁,研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器;建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型,为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示,经过70年的发展,中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍,这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军

血清透明质酸测定对肝纤维化诊断的临床意义

目的: 探讨血清透明质酸(HA)对肝纤维化诊断的临床意义。方法: 用放射免疫法测定 164 例各型病毒性肝炎患 者治疗前后血清 HA 水平,其中 66 例慢性肝病患者做肝穿刺活检,活检同时测定血清 HA 。比较各组肝炎之间 HA 差异、各组 治疗前后 HA 变化及 HA 与肝组织分级、分期相对照。结果: 血清 HA 水平随着肝纤维化发展而升高 ,在肝硬化组最高, 与各 组比较均有显著差异(P 130 ng/L)为判断肝纤维化标准,与病理诊断相比较, 则 HA 对肝纤维化诊断的敏感性 为 45. 0%,特异性为 84. 6%。结论: HA 对肝纤维化诊断有临床应用价值。由于 HA 与肝内炎症、坏死亦有关, 故对于静止期 肝炎来说,HA 明显升高对肝纤维化的存在有提示意义 ,诊断价值也更高

华南虎染色体核型分析及带型模式建立研究

采用外周血淋巴细胞培养及G带染色体标本制作技术，研究和分析华南虎（Panthera tigris amoyensis）染色体的核型和带型。结果表明：华南虎二倍体染色体数为 2n=38条，其中常染色体18对，性染色体1对。常染色体按相对长度从长到短依次编号为1~18。根据着丝粒指数可将华南虎染色体分为4组，即A组（m），包括2、5、13、18和X；B组（Sm），包括1、4、7、8、9、10、11、12、14、17和Y；C组（St），包括3、6；D组（t），包括15、16。核型公式为8（m）+20（Sm）+4（St）+4（t），XY（m，Sm）/XX（m，m）。本研究成功制备了华南虎染色体核型标本，初步建立了华南虎染色体G带核型模式图谱。经比对，发现华南虎与东北虎（P.t.altaica）染色体核型存在明显差异，可为虎亚种的分类研究提供依据，同时能为华南虎种群基因多样性及遗传学研究提供新的参考和开辟新的途径

EFFECTS OF TIDAL CREEK MORPHOLOGY ON SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON IN SOIL IN TIDAL WETLAND

Soil organic carbon is a major carbon pool in tidal wetland ecosystems. By dividing the level of the tidal creek and calculating its morphological characteristic index, the spatial distribution characteristics of the typical tidal creek system were analyzed, taking a typical natural tidal channel as the research object. The spatial distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon were analyzed by geostatistical methods. In addition, the effects of morphological characteristics of the tidal creek on the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon were explored. The results showed that there was obvious spatial heterogeneity in the morphological characteristics of the tidal creek. In the middle tidal flats, the connectivity of the tidal creek network was higher, and the density, curvature and bifurcation ratio were also higher than that in other tidal zones. The tidal creek length gradually increased with the increase of tidal creek development grade, while the tidal creek curvature gradually decreased with the increase of tidal creek development grade. The spatial interpolation results showed that the lowest soil organic carbon in 0 to 10 cm soil layer occurred in the middle tidal flats where tidal creeks were more developed, and within the 10~ 20 cm soil layer, soil organic carbon showed a gradually increasing trend from sea to land, and showed a strip-shaped spatial distribution choracteristic. In the low tidal flats, the mean value of soil organic carbon in a third-order creek was significantly greater than that in a first-order creek. In the middle tidal flats, the mean value of soil organic carbon in a second-order creek was significantly greater than that in a third-order and a first-order creek. The soil organic carbon of the high tide flats was not significantly correlated with the tide creek development level. Within the 0 to 10 cm soil layer, the soil organic carbon gradually increased with increasing distance to the tidal creek in low and middle tidal flats. Within the 10 to 20 cm soil layer, the soil organic carbon gradually decreased with increasing distance to tidal creek in the middle tidal flats. However, there was no correlation between the soil organic carbon and the distance to the tidal creek in high tidal flats. The spatial heterogeneity in the morphological characteristics of the tidal creek was one of the important factors of spatial differences in soil organic carbon content in the tidal wetland. Therefore, morphology changes in tidal creeks should be considered in order to accurately estimate the soil carbon pools in tidal wetlands

Construction of "One Syndrome and One Product” specialized ward in the Department of Spleen and Stomach Disease and it effect on the promotion of patients experience of hospitalization (脾胃病科“一证一品”专科模式病房建设提升患者住院体验的临床实践)

Objective To explore the effective nursing service and technical nursing methods in "One Syndrome and One Product" specialized ward in the Department of Spleen and Stomach Disease. Methods To carry out the humanistic care service of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) and the characteristic techniques of TCM: shaking-hands nursing shift, the whole process of accompanying inspection service, TCM needle and stone ironing therapy, and so on. Results Through effective TCM nursing service and techniques, patients' satisfaction with nursing service, patients' satisfaction with nursing technology and nurses' satisfaction with nursing plan were improved, and the average hospital stay was reduced. Conclusion TCM humanistic care service and TCM characteristic nursing techniques can realize the close combination of TCM nursing techniques and clinical application, and the close combination of clinical service ability and " One Syndrome and One Product ", thus establishing an effective joint mode of medical care collaboration and TCM humanistic care. (目的 探讨脾胃病科“一证一品”专科模式病房的有效服务及技术方法。方法 开展中医人文关怀服务及中医特色技术: “握手”交接班、全程陪检服务、砭石熨摩中药透入法等, 通过问卷调查满意度情况。结果 有效的服务及技术提升了患者对护理服务的满意度、患者对护理技术的满意度、护士对护理方案的满意度, 同时降低了平均住院日。结论 中医人文关怀服务及中医特色护理技术可以实现中医护理技术与临床应用紧密结合, 临床服务能力和“一证一品”紧密结合, 建立了有效的医护协同和中医人文关怀联合模式。

中国脑血管病临床管理指南（第2版）（节选）——第3章 脑血管病高危人群管理 Chinese Stroke Association Guidelines for Clinical Management of Cerebrovascular Diseases (Second Edition) (Except) ——Chapter Three Management of Patients at Hige-risk of Cerebrovascular Diseases

针对脑血管病的危险因素积极进行早期干预管理是减少脑血管病危害最有效的方法。本章节介绍脑血管病高危人群管理的推荐意见，包括对不可干预和可干预血管危险因素的控制，阿司匹林在缺血性卒中一级预防中的应用以及首次卒中风险评估等方面。 Abstract: Early intervention to manage the risk factors of cerebrovascular disease is the most effective way to reduce the harm of cerebrovascular diseases. This chapter presents recommendations for the management of populations at high risk for cerebrovascular disease, including control of non-interventionable and interventionable vascular risk factors, the use of aspirin in the primary prevention of ischaemic stroke, and the risk assessment of first-time stroke