中国物理海洋学研究70年：发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团,以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强,研究领域不断拓展,涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果,其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的"普遍风浪谱"和"涌浪谱",发展了第三代海浪数值模式;提出了"准调和分析方法"和"潮汐潮流永久预报"等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法;发现并命名了"棉兰老潜流",揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等,系统描述了太平洋西边界流系;提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流);不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统,在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流,以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识;从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结;发展了浅海水团的研究方法,基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制,在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献;阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制,揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构,定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力;基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征,提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制;构建了"南海内波潜标观测网",实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识;发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论,提出了海流"边缘不稳定"的概念,开发了海洋湍流模式,提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等;在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识,并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响;研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式,推出一系列海洋与气候模式;发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统;建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模型实验平台;发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法,建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系,揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应;初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网;持续开展南北极调查研究;建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统,为中国气象减灾提供保障;突破了国外的海洋技术封锁,研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器;建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型,为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示,经过70年的发展,中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍,这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军

吉林桦甸油页岩及热解产物的红外光谱分析

Thermochemical conversion is the key technology for the comprehensive utilization of Chinese oil shale resources. Oil shales from three mining areas of Huadian Jilin were pyrolyzed at 500 degrees C in a quartz tube reactor and their pyrolyzed cokes and shale oil were derived. One oil shale was also pyrolyzed at 600 degrees C and 700 degrees C to assess the influence of temperature on pyrolysates. FTIR analysis was carried out to study the raw shales and their products. The results showed that shale oil had similar functional groups as the organic matter of oil shale, mainly aliphatic hydrocarbon, and the shale oil contained more of it than the raw material. The shale with more aliphatic oil yielded more oil. That with less aliphatic and more aromatic one yields less oil, and its coke is rich in condensed aromatics. Pyrolysis was almost completed at 500 degrees C. Oil yield did not increase further with temperature, but secondary pyrolysis strengthened. At 700 degrees C carbonates began to decompose

吉林桦甸油页岩及热解产物的红外光谱分析

Thermochemical conversion is the key technology for the comprehensive utilization of Chinese oil shale resources. Oil shales from three mining areas of Huadian Jilin were pyrolyzed at 500 degrees C in a quartz tube reactor and their pyrolyzed cokes and shale oil were derived. One oil shale was also pyrolyzed at 600 degrees C and 700 degrees C to assess the influence of temperature on pyrolysates. FTIR analysis was carried out to study the raw shales and their products. The results showed that shale oil had similar functional groups as the organic matter of oil shale, mainly aliphatic hydrocarbon, and the shale oil contained more of it than the raw material. The shale with more aliphatic oil yielded more oil. That with less aliphatic and more aromatic one yields less oil, and its coke is rich in condensed aromatics. Pyrolysis was almost completed at 500 degrees C. Oil yield did not increase further with temperature, but secondary pyrolysis strengthened. At 700 degrees C carbonates began to decompose

相变材料应用于建筑外墙的温度与能耗模拟

使用EnergyPlus能耗模拟软件对相变材料作为外墙表面隔热材料的应用效果进行模拟,在小空间和小型办公室的模型上,改变相变材料的相变温度、材料结构和用量等使用条件,并进一步考虑室内热源和不同气候区的影响,对比分析在空调季节里空间内部温度的变化情况和空调节能效果。模拟结果表明：相变温度稍高的相变材料更有利于夜间散热蓄冷,同时,结合双层复合结构可获得更好的温度抑制和节能效果；内热源的存在会提高房间空调能耗的基数,从而使相变材料空调节能率计算值降低,并且在一定程度上掩盖了相变材料对室内平均温度的抑制作用,尽管如此,相变材料在有内热源环境下使用时空调节能量仍与无内热源时相当

野生动物食物中真菌毒素研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌产生的有毒次级代谢产物,广泛污染各种食物。动物摄入被真菌毒素污染的食物会对其健康产生不利影响。出于食品安全和经济利益的考虑,在食品和畜禽饲料工业领域,真菌毒素污染问题已经得到了足够的重视,然而真菌毒素对野生动物的危害却没有得到充分的关注。本文对国内外野生动物食物中真菌毒素污染状况、真菌毒素中毒病例以及真菌毒素对野生动物健康水平的影响进行了论述,探讨了野生动物食物中真菌毒素的防控措施

广州市城区75岁以上老年人痴呆患病率调查

目的　調查廣州城區 75歲以上老年人的癡呆患病情況。　方法　采用 2階段整群抽樣方法。初級抽樣單元為街道 ,次級抽樣單元為居民小組。第 1階段采用系統抽樣 ,第 2階段采用簡單隨機抽樣方法。分人群篩選和病例診斷 2個階段進行調查。篩選階段采用簡易精神狀態檢查量表(MMSE)及日常活動功能量表 (ADL)等。診斷階段根據病史、精神科醫師訪問、神經心理測試、神經系統及一般體檢結果作出評定 ,診斷采用DSM Ⅲ R和NINCDS ADRDA的標準。　結果　篩選階段中MMSE作為篩選工具 ,其敏感度為 74 5 1%、特異度為 74 96 %。 75歲以上老年人癡呆患病率為8 90 % ,男、女患病率分別為 2 91%和 13 11%。Alzheimer病 (AD)患病率為 7 49% ,其中男性和女性分別為 2 0 1%和 11 36 % ,血管性癡呆 (VD)患病率為 1 16 %。 75歲以上老年人中AD占所有癡呆患者的84 2 4% ,VD僅為 13 0 0 %。 75～ 79歲、80～ 84歲到 85歲及以上組 ,隨年齡的增加AD的比例明顯增加。　結論　廣州城區 75歲以上老年人的癡呆患病率低于上海的調查結果 ,但較國內其他研究的結果高。 75歲以上老年人中 ,女性、低教育程度者AD患病率較高 ,AD在癡呆患者中所占的比例明顯高于國內外的報道。MMSE作為篩選工具尚有不足之處 ,應結合其他量表如ADL、POD等一起使用。Objective To obtain an accurate prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer' s disease ( AD) in large sample of ≥75-year-old elderly living in Guangzhou city . Methods From August 1994 to December 1995, the study was conducted in Liwan District of Guangzhou, China.A two-stage cluster sampling design was used to obtain a large sample.` Jiedao' ( resident unit in China) was the primary sampling units ( PSU) , ` Jumin Xiaozu' ( resident group) was the secondary sampling units ( SSU) .Systematic sampling and simple random sampling procedures were used for the first and second stages, respectively.The study was divided into two phases:a door-to-door survey of the entire sample aged ≥75 years ( 4 735 persons) , followed by a clinical examination of suspected cases for positive and differential diagnosis.In the first phase, mini-mental status examination ( MMSE) was used as screening method for dementia.In the second phase, dementia and AD were clinically diagnosed according to the criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders ( DSM-III-R) , National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders ( NINCDS) and Stroke-Alzheimer' s Disease and Related Disorders Association ( ADRDA) . Results The sensitivity and specificity of MMSE were 0.7451 and 0.7496 respectively while the positive predictive value was 0.2251.The prevalence of dementia in individuals aged 75 years and over was 8.90 %, in which male and femalewere found to be 2.91 %and 13.11%, and that of AD was 7.49 %, male and female found to be 2.01% and 11.36 % respectively.The prevalence of vascular dementia ( VD) was 1.16%.Of the subjects with dementia, 84.24 %was diagnosed Alzheimer' s disease, 13%VD, and 2.76% dementia with other causes.The proportion of AD increased obviously by every 5 years. Conclusions The prevalence of dementia in ≥ 75-year persons was lower in Guangzhou than that in Shanghai, but was higher than that in other regional studies within China.In ≥75-year male and/ or poorly educated female were more easily suffered from AD.The proportion of AD in dementia was higher in this study than that in others .These figures indicated that as a screening tool for dementia MMSE need improving and should be combined with ADL and POD togethe

Formation and STM tip-induced reduction of ultra thin SnO film on Au(111)

This Letter presents a study on the oxidation of electrochemically deposited Sn monolayer on Au(1 1 1) surface and STM tip-induced reduction of as-prepared ultra thin SnO film. A threshold bias of 0.6 V (tip negative) at a low tunneling current of similar to50 pA is required to image the as-formed SnO thin film by STM, typical of a semiconductor characteristic. Increasing the tunneling current to similar to2 nA leads to the reduction of the SnO back to Sn. Based on the energy level calculation for the SnO, a mechanism involving direct electron tunneling is proposed to account for the tip-induced reduction. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

木粉水解残渣热解特性实验研究

采用典型的木粉稀酸水解残渣，在热天平和管式炉反应器中进行了热解实验研究，重点考察了反应温度和样品中残酸的存在对热解过程和热解产物的影响。结果表明：水解残渣热失重900％时的最终固体残留物高于未经稀酸水解的原生物质（达35％）；水解残渣的三相产物规律与未经稀酸水解的原生物质类似，但是热解焦产率明显高于原生物质（为32％～45％）；残酸对水解残渣热分解起到了催化作用，对气相产物的生成有促进作用；对于固相产物，在620-710℃以前水洗样品的产焦率低于未水洗样品