Automatic Classification of Respiratory Sounds Based on Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network and Bagging k-Nearest Neighbor

Respiratory diseases or lung diseases such as asthma bronchiectasis cystic fibrosis are a serious disease. Approximately 8 million people died in each year by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lower respiratory tract infections, trachea, bronchial and lung tumors. In addition, COVID-19 is prevalent worldwide in recent years. To analyze these symptom, auscultation of respiratory sounds is very important for screening the respiratory disease. However, there is no quantitative evaluation method for the diagnosis of respiratory sounds until now. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to develop a system to support the diagnosis of respiratory sounds. In the development of support system for auscultation, research by a large-scale, open database used in ICBHI (The International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics) 2017 Challenge is in progress. It is expected that a general purpose and highly accurate system will be developed using this dataset. We describe an algorithm for the automatic classification of the respiratory sounds as crackles, wheeze, both, and normal. We improve the classification rates compared with other ICBHI 2017 Challenge teams based on three components. First, we generate the spectrogram images by short-time Fourier transformation. We also extract features using a convolutional recurrent neural network. Third, we classify unknown respiratory sounds by bagging k-nearest neighbor algorithm. In the experiment, we applied our proposed method to 920 respiratory sound data which is obtained by the ICBHI Challenge data sets, and achieved Sensitivity with 0.670, Specificity with 0.863, ICBHI Score with 0.766 respectively. Also, area under the curve based on receiver operating characteristic curve of normal class with 0.892, crackle with 0.891, wheeze with 0.874, both with 0.883 were obtained respectively.journal articl

[新たな社会の創発を目指してvol.2]地域文化と博物館

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[新たな社会の創発を目指してvol.3(台湾語ver)] 發展跨領域及融合地方文化研究領域： 創造新社會 地方文化與博物館的可能性

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中国旅游发展笔谈——品质旅游

我国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段。就旅游业而言,也进入了品质化发展的关键阶段。随着人们出游机会的增多,人们对旅游的追求开始从\"有没有\"转向\"好不好\"。国务院发布的《\"十三五\"旅游业发展规划》关于旅游业发展形势的一个重要判断就是\"需求品质化\"。可以说,发展品质旅游既是对高质量发展国家战略的响应,也是满足人民群众美好生活需要的客观要求,同时是旅游业发展进入大众旅游中高级阶段之后的必然选择

Classification of Respiratory Sounds by scSE-CRNN from Triple Types of Respiratory Sound Images

Due to the respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lower respiratory tract infections nearly 8 million people were died worldwide each year. Reducing the number of deaths from respiratory diseases is a challenge to be solved worldwide. Early detection is the most efficient way to reduce the number of deaths in respiratory illness. As a result, the spread of infection can be suppressed, and the therapeutic effect can be enhanced. Currently, auscultation is performed as a promising method for early detection of respiratory diseases. Auscultation can estimate respiratory diseases by distinguishing abnormal sounds contained in respiratory sounds. However, medical staff need to be trained to perform auscultation with high accuracy. Also, the diagnostic results depend on each staff subjectively, which can lead to inconsistent results. Therefore, in some environments, a shortage of specialized health care workers can lead to the spread of respiratory illness. To solve this problem, an application that analyzes respiratory sounds and outputs diagnostic results is needed. In this paper, we use a newly proposed deep learning model to automatically classify the respiratory sound data from the ICBHI 2017 Challenge Dataset. Short-Time Fourier Transform, Constant-Q Transform, and Continuous Wavelet Transform are applied to the respiratory sound data to convert it into the time-frequency region. Then, the obtained three types of breath sound images are input to CRNN (Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network) having scSE (Spatial and Channel Squeeze & Excitation) Block. The accuracy is improved by weighting the features of each image. As a result, AUC (Area Under the Curve): (Normal:0.87, Crackle:0.88, Wheeze:0.92, Both:0.89), Sensitivity: 0.67, Specificity: 0.82, Average Score: 0.75, Harmonic Score: 0.74, Accuracy: 0.75 were obtained

Automatic Classification of Respiratory Sounds using HPSS

Respiratory disease is a serious illness that accounts for three of the top ten causes of death in the world, and approximately eight million people died worldwide each year. Early detection and early treatment are important for the prevention of illness due to these diseases. Currently, auscultation is performed for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases, however there is a problem that quantitative diagnosis is difficult. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new automatic classification method of respiratory sounds to support the diagnosis of respiratory diseases on auscultation. In the proposed method, respiratory sound data is converted into a spectrogram image by applying the short-time Fourier transform. Then, we apply HPSS (Harmonic/Percussive Sound Separation) algorithm to the respiratory sound spectrogram to separate it into a harmonic spectrogram and a percussive spectrogram. The three generated spectrograms are used for classification of respiratory sounds by CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) and SVM (Support Vector Machine) classifiers. Our proposed method obtained superior classification performance compared to the case without applying HPSS and satisfactory results are obtained