9 research outputs found
A Study on the Root System of Makino's Bamboo Forest and it's Effect on the Subsequent Landslide
[[alternative]]An analysis of indonesia's new era foreign policy
碩士[[abstract]]揮別上個世紀冷戰下的對抗,揮別金融風暴後的黯淡失序,1998年,印尼在蘇哈托政權結束,開啟了「改革年代」(Era Reformasi),在政治、經濟等各面向進行多項重大改革。國際環境隨冷戰結束後轉向多極體系競爭,以及在全球化與風險社會下,而產生更多非傳統安全議題,如金融安全及恐怖攻擊,對於先天上多元分歧的印尼帶來更大的挑戰。於此,本文關注印尼如何在該脆弱性條件下,維繫國家的完整性,以及於當今更加「國際國內性」(Intermestic)的決策環境中所制定之外交政策。 自1948年,印尼副總統哈達提出「自由、積極」(bebas aktif)的外交原則後,歷經六任總統與不同的政體,該原則和不結盟的外交取向成為印尼的基本外交原則延續至今。本文試圖由「自由、積極」外交原則在歷史脈絡之持續與變遷,探討印尼外交政策的本質,及該原則對印尼外交政策之影響。並擬由「國家-區域-國際」三層次的分析架構,分析改革年代中印尼各總統的外交政策之實踐。 研究結果除發現印尼外交政策的本質主要係基於民族主義與確保國家完整的努力,以及「自由、積極」原則的內涵隨時代而成長,並持續作為印尼外交指導方針。也發現自改革時代起,從哈比比開始的民主轉型,後有瓦希德的「再平衡政策」與「普世外交」,再到梅嘉瓦蒂的「全面外交」,以及蘇西洛政府「去敵人化」更靈活的「全方位外交」,可發現在後蘇哈托時期,更具體、更外向、更加「自由、積極」的印尼新世紀的外交政策正在成形中。[[abstract]]Free and active foreign principle, illustrated by the then Vice president Mohammad Hatta in 1948, has been the guideline of Indonesia`s foreign policy to this day for over 66years. After 32 years authoritarian regime of Suharto`s New Order broke down started the so called Era Reformasi in 1998. While suffering from the catastrophic Asian Financial Crisis, Indonesia commenced to democratize, which has brought concerns that if the state remained its integrity due to its frailty in nature, especially aggravated during the political and economic instability, and further, how Indonesia executed foreign policies in the new era which is far more complicated and intermestic as a result of the globalization and the modernity of the risk sociery which were quite different from the international environment of the Cold War Era. The purpose of this thesis was to identify the essence of Indonesia`s foreign policy, how the essence provoked the guideline, free and active principle, and the relations between doctrine and praxis of Indonesia`s foreign policy in the new era. In order to analyze how Indonesia`s foreign policy proform in the political reality, this research adopted the Three-Level Framework composed of state level, regional level, and international level to analysis possible factors in the making of Indonesia`s foreign policy in the 21st century.[[tableofcontents]]第一章 緒論 ........................................................ 1
第一節 研究動機與研究目的 ...................................... 1
第二節 研究方法與分析架構 ................................... 2
第三節 研究範圍與研究限制 ................................... 5
第四節 文獻檢討 .............................................. 7
第五節 章節編排 ................................................ 9
第二章 印尼外交政策的演變 .................................... 10
第一節 印尼獨立後的外交政策 ................................... 10
第二節 印尼的外交政策內涵與原則 .......................... 19
第三節 梅嘉瓦蒂政府的外交政策 ............................. 22
第四節 蘇西洛政府的外交政策 ............................... 28
第五節 本章小結 ............................................. 43
第三章 影響印尼外交政策的國內因素 ........................... 47
第一節 反殖民建國歷史與民族主義 ............................... 48
第二節 建國五項原則(班查西拉,Pancasila)與1945年憲法(UUD1945) .................................................. 53
第三節 地緣戰略因素 ........................................ 56
第四節 政體因素與地方自治改革 ............................. 60
第五節 本章小結 ............................................. 62
第四章 影響印尼外交政策的區域因素 ................................. 65
第一節 印尼與東協國家的關係 ................................... 65
第二節 印尼與東協關係 ......................................... 70
第三節 三次峇里宣言的發展 ..................................... 73
第四節 本章小結 ............................................... 75
第五章 影響印尼外交政策的國際因素 ........................... 78
第一節 印尼與美國 ........................................... 78
第二節 印尼與中國 ........................................... 85
第三節 印尼與日本 ........................................... 88
第四節 本章小結 ................................................ 91
第六章 結論 ....................................................... 93
第一節 研究發現 ................................................ 93
第二節 研究建議 ................................................ 96
參考文獻 ........................................................... 98
附錄 .............................................................. 109
表目錄
表2-1 印尼不同時期的外交政策與特點 ............................... 45
圖目錄
圖1-1 本文分析架構圖 .............................................. 5
圖2-1 歷年印尼經濟成長率(1994-2013) ............................ 33
圖2-2 歷年印尼外國直接投資(1990-2011) .......................... 34
圖2-3 近年印尼負債比(2005-2014) ................................ 34
圖2-4 東協各國近三年平均通膨(2011-2013) ........................ 35
圖2-5 印尼貧窮率(2004-2013) .................................... 35
圖2-6 歷年印尼出口貨品服務結構 ................................... 36
圖2-7 近年印尼出口商品地 ......................................... 37
圖3-1 戰略遏制點-東南亞的三個門戶與海上交通線(SLOCs) .......... 58
圖3-2 主要原油海上運輸路線 ....................................... 59
圖5-1 東南亞恐怖活動分布-恐怖新月地帶 ........................... 82[[note]]學號: 697260148, 學年度: 10
The Deflection Testing value of Falling Weight Deflectometer in the use of Pavement Maintenance
鋪面承載力之評估為路面服務成效之重要指標,為求能達到安全、舒適之目標,並能事先掌握及瞭解路面結構強度,需在道路材料惡化前適時維修,以維持道路應有之服務水準。
目前非破壞性檢測法所量得之撓度值,大多先換算成撓度指標,再設定成臨界值或目標值之方式來評估路面強度現況及變化歷程。指標法簡單方便、使用容易,但指標準則大多根據路面評審儀、動力撓度儀之檢測值來建立鋪面強度評估準則,尚無以落重撓度儀七個接收器不等間距之檢測值來建立的,且指標法僅能作定性描述缺乏預警功能,無法確實掌握結構強度定量之變化。本研究就目前國道路面以落重撓度儀所測得之撓度值,運用AASHTO加鋪設計法及MODULUS程式計算鋪面服務強度來判別變化情形,以作為損壞預警及路面整修之參考。
研究結果顯示:(1)以MODULUS程式回算落重撓度儀檢測值獲得之路基回彈模數Mr值比AASHTO加鋪設計法計算值大,有效結構數則因MODULUS回算程式對碎石級配層彈性模數有低估情形而呈現部份路段有略為偏低現象。(2)兩者所得回算結構數經比較後結果相近,顯示此兩種方法在四層鋪面結構強度評估應用上十分合理。摘要 I
誌謝 II
目錄 III
表目錄 V
圖目錄 VI
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 3
1.3 研究方法與流程 4
第二章 文獻回顧 6
2.1 鋪面結構非破壞性試驗 6
2.2 落重撓度儀比較與分析 13
2.2.1 Dynatest 8000型 落重撓度儀施測原理 15
2.3 非破壞性撓度試驗之分析模式 17
2.3.1 傳統撓度指標評估法 17
2.3.2 回算應力分析法 22
第三章 研究方法 27
3.1 路段之結構型態 27
3.2 落重撓度儀介紹 27
3.3 研究方法 28
3.4 撓度儀檢測值分析 29
3.5 鋪面強度參數設定 39
3.5.1 參數設定 40
第四章 結果與討論 41
4.1 路基強度 41
4.2 鋪面整體結構強度比較 43
4.3 各層結構強度分析 44
第五章 結論與建議 66
5.1 結論 66
5.2 建議 67
參考文獻 68
附錄 A﹕AASHTO柔性鋪面加鋪設計法電腦程式 60
附錄 B﹕FWD資料格式轉換為MODULUS資料檔程式 67
附錄 C﹕國道高速公路局中區工程處
斗南工務段北上車道鋪面強度報告表 68
附錄 D﹕國道高速公路局中區工程處
斗南工務段南下車道鋪面強度報告表 79
附錄E:斗南工務段轄區概況
Potential Landsides in the Slopelands by Using Instability Index
以往坡地發生崩塌的條件常受地形與地質條件所控制,但隨著國內經濟的發展,坡地開發利用已成趨勢。土地的超限及不當利用,亦嚴重地影響了坡地的穩定性,土地利用亦為崩塌條件中不可忽視的因子。本研究採用坡度、坡向、高程、地質、土地利用等五項因子,利用GIS計算各因子分級之評分與權重,量化分析研究區之不安定指數值,評定崩塌潛勢區之等級和空間分布狀況。
以各影響因子相對崩塌率計算出變異係數並求得權重,得到影響權重之大小順序分別為:土地利用>地質>高程>坡度>坡向,再由相對崩塌率給予評分,求得影響分數並區分為高、中、低潛勢區,並將其疊合求得崩塌潛勢圖,崩塌潛勢圖與莫拉克風災崩塌位置圖疊合比較,發現此分級於本研究區內尚屬吻合,因此,本文所提出的方法可供規劃設計之參考。In the past, collapse in a slopeland is often governed by the topographical and geological conditions. While with the domestic economy development, exploitation in slopelands has become a trend. Over and improper land use can seriously affect the stability of sloplands. Therefore, land use is also a key factor that affects landslide formation in the slopelands. Five factors which include slope, aspect, elevation, geology, and land use are adopted in this study by using GIS technologies to calculate the score and weighting for the categories of each factor and the instability index of the study area is applied to assess the levels and spatial distribution of the potential landslides.
Coefficient of variance which derived from the relative landslide rate of each affecting factor can be as weighting. The impact weight of each factor is land use, geology, slope, altitude, and aspect in order. Affecting scores can be calculated from relative landslide and can then be further classified into high, medium, and low potential to delineate the map of potential landslide. The results show good match in the spatial distribution of potential landslide compared to the actual landslides induced by the typhoon Morakot. Therefore, the proposed methodology in the study can be used as references for the planning and design.摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 III
表目錄 V
圖目錄 VI
壹、 緒論 1
一、 研究動機 1
二、 研究目的 3
貳、 文獻探討 4
一、 崩塌地之定義 5
二、 崩塌地及其影響因子 7
三、 崩塌之型態 12
四、 崩塌潛感分析之相關研究 15
五、 相關法規 20
六、 小結 21
參、 材料與方法 22
一、 研究之工具 22
二、 研究方法與流程 27
三、 小結 47
肆、 結果與討論 48
一、 不安定指數分析法分析結果 48
二、 崩塌地各項因子綜合分析 49
三、 潛勢因子權重比較 59
伍、 結論與建議 64
一、 結論 64
二、 建議 66
參考文獻 67
一、 期刊學報 67
二、 論文 67
三、 單位、圖書 6
A Study on Corporate Governance of Russia
俄羅斯大民營化從1992年7月起經歷了證券民營化、現金民營化及個案民營化等階段。此ㄧ漫長過程的開端也正是俄羅斯公司治理改革的濫觴。以俄羅斯公司治理改革歷程而言,內部公司治理呈現:「內部人控制」及「委託-代理」問題。俄羅斯公司所有權與經營權之分離,進而產生所謂委託人及代理人間之代理關係,衍生出一連串代理問題及代理成本相關議題,隨著經濟改革開放,代理問題更加明顯。至於外部公司治理部份,最重要因素是資本市場、銀行和政府。
本研究藉由分析比較英、美、德、日及俄羅斯之公司治理結構,歸納如下:英美模式的內部公司治理主要由股東大會、董事會和經理階層組成;外部公司治理為「用手投票」機制和「用腳投票」機制並存。德日模式的內部公司治理採取監事會、董事上下隸屬的雙層結構;外部公司治理為企業「交叉持股」。目前俄羅斯公司治理結構的情況,以公司內部的組織結構來看,符合英美模式的「股東大會-董事會-經理委員會」結構。但就其內容而言,股份集中程度高,內部人控制、員工持股比例高,具有濃厚的德日模式的色彩。以外部公司治理來看,市場化程度低,產品市場、資本市場、勞動市場及技術不發達,股份的流動性差;政府的行為對企業的影響巨大;銀行掌握大企業的大量股份等等,表現出德日模式的特徵。從公司治理的整體發展水平來看,俄羅斯的公司治理水準較低,尚不成熟,兼具英美模式及德日模式某些特徵的綜合型治理結構。
俄羅斯統一電力公司的公司治理改革符合俄羅斯公司治理法規轉變的歷程。俄羅斯統一電力公司內部及外部公司治理分析的八個項目,除「委託及代理」呈現經理委員會權力過大;「股東權利及投資風險」呈現小股東權利受威脅及與國家參與相關的風險,上述兩項目尚未發展成熟,其餘六個項目已符合俄羅斯公司法現行規範並逐漸朝向OECD公司治理制度的目標發展。Since July, 1992, the privatization of Russia has gone through several processes such as security privatization, cash privatization and cases of privatization. And these long processes are exactly the ones initiating the revolution of corporate governance. Regarding the process of revolution of corporate governance, the problems of insider control and principal-agent exist in internal corporate governance. The isolation of ownership and management of Russian enterprise has further resulted in the so-called agency relationship between principal and agent from which appeared a series of relative issues regarding agent problem and agent cost. The more open the economic revolution, the more obvious the agent problem. As for external corporate governance, the most important key point is capital market, bank and government.
By analysis this research compares the corporate governances of United Kingdom, United States, Germany, Japan and Russia and concludes in the following: The Internal corporate governance of the Anglo-Saxon Model mainly consists of general meeting of stockholders, board of directors and the main officers of class; while vote with their hand and vote with their feet coexist in external corporate governance. The internal corporate governance of the German-Japanese Model adopts the double layer structure of board of inspector and board of directors; while the external corporate governance adopts cross-shareholding. The current status of corporate governance of Russia, observed from the inner structure of corporation, conforms to the structure of general meeting of stockholders-board of directors-the main officers of class of the Anglo-Saxon Model. However, one will realize that in this status, the centralization of stock is high, and the proportion of insider control and the proportion of employees holding stock are high and hence the corporate governance of Russia contains the obvious style of the German-Japanese Model. From the external corporate governance, one can observe low degree of marketization, the unprosperous of product market, capital market, labor market and technology, and low liquidity of stock, as well as great impact of government policy on enterprises and banks holding massive stocks of big enterprises. All of these reveal the characteristics of the German-Japanese Model. Observed from the development of corporate governance, the level of Russian enterprise, which contains both the Anglo-Saxon Model and the German-Japanese Model, is still premature.
The revolution of the corporate governance of Unified Energy System of Russia (UES of Russia) conforms to the relative regulations. Six out of eight items analyzed from the internal corporate governance and external corporate governance of UES of Russia have conformed to the current regulations and are progressing toward the system of corporate governance of OECD company, except for the two which are still premature: 1. the overwhelming power of principal-agent and the main officers of class; 2. shareholder’s rights and investment risk revealing the rights of minor shareholders being threatened and the risks of national participation
[[alternative]]醫療事故損害賠償之規範目的及法律原則
[[abstract]]The case numbers of civil trials of medical malpractice dramatically increase in the past years in Taiwan. To construct the standards of liability and compensation in medical malpractice, we examined legal theories, courts' decisions and legal reasoning, and legislative purposes in the present study. Currently, the "differentiated amount theory" is the most popular theory in Taiwan, which emphasizes the principle to compensate all damages and lost benefits by the incremental risk caused by liable medical practice. However, the amount of compensation should be based on the ill status of the patients before the medical practice instead of based on a healthy status. In addition, the uncertainty of medical practice, the versatility of human being, and the nature course of diseases should all be taken into account in determining causality and calculating amount of compensation in order to establish a fair compensation system for medical malpractice
探討Line社群的品牌權益
[[abstract]]Line 社群的發展是資訊進步的一個重要關鍵,隨著資訊科技的發展促成網路虛擬社群平台興起,無線電通訊與衛星導航等技術都逐漸運用在手機上,使通訊市場正走向及時便利。然而,使用者的需求也隨著科技的改變而增加,公司在Line App 的功能、品牌等設計上的選擇也逐漸多樣化,由此可知,創新與創造不但是全球通訊市場增長的重要之一,也造成企業間強大競爭力。
探討使用者是否因Line 即時通訊軟體的功能使用,感知豐富度的提高,加強了生活經驗與資訊的分享,並拉近了人們的距離及增加使用率情形。隨著科技發達,「傳送訊息」已慢慢逐漸變為「發送免費即時訊息」等新型態的使用方
