民国时期汤用彤《理学谵言》对朱子学的阐释与推崇——兼论汤用彤早期的文化观

《理学谵言》是汤用彤在民国初期发表的一篇关于儒家文化的论文。汤用彤在文中详细阐述了朱子学和阳明学尤其是朱子学在拯救国家民族危机、提升国人精神道德方面的作用和意义。《理学谵言》反映了汤用彤对朱子学的推崇及会和朱王的倾向,并体现出汤用彤早期的文化观。青年汤用彤一方面坚持民族文化的主体性,倡导文化救国,另一方面抨击西方文明的没落,充分体现了汤先生早期的爱国热忱、忧患意识和他志在“为往圣继绝学“的历史使命感,彰显了汤用彤当时现代保守主义的文化立场。教育部哲学社会科学重大课题攻关项目“百年朱子学研究精华集成”(12JZD007

Advance in plant transformation of using sexual route

近年来 ,植物基因工程技术取得了重要进展 ,在农作物品种改良和育种方面发挥越来越重要的作用。然而 ,目前植物遗传转化所采用的受体系统 ,大都依赖于细胞组织培养技术才能获得转基因植株。其中 ,基因型限制和遗传变异是限制该技术发展和应用的两大障碍。因此 ,一些研究者试图避开组织培养和植株再生过程 ,利用植物有性生殖途径进行转化 ,并取得了一系列成果。这些方法包括以下方面 :(1 )利用花粉粒或花粉管作为转化DNA的载体 ;(2 )将外源DNA导入子房或胚珠中 ;(3 )以精、卵细胞、合子作为转化受体。这些方法利用了高等植物的有性生殖机制和胚胎发育过程 ,避免了无性繁殖过程中的遗传变异、植株再生困难及转基因植株嵌合等问题。该文归纳综合了该研究领域所取得的成果和最新进展 ,并对这些方法进行了评价及其发展趋势进行了分析。Molecular genetic manipulations and plant biotechnology have become important improvements. Great success has been achieved with transformation of genetically modified crops in recent years. However, routine transformation of any given cultivar in a specie is not yet possible in both monocot and dicot species. Almost all methods of transformation published so far require regeneration of plants from transformed cells or tissues which is generally highly genotype-dependent and prone to somaclonal variation due to longtime culture process in vitro. Therefore, many investigators have tried to use sexual pathway for plant transformation. The methods include the following:⑴The use of pollens or pollen tubes as vectors of transforming DNA;⑵The introduction of exogenous DNA into ovules and ovaries;⑶The use of sperms,eggs and zygotes as targets for plant transformation. These approaches developed recently were reviewed in this paper.福建省自然科学基金资助 (B0 0 10 0 0 1

Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of cultivable manganese bacteria in sediments from the Arctic ocean

对中国第二次北极科学考察采集的北极海洋沉积物中的锰细菌进行了筛选、分离和系统发育分析。根据其在筛选平板上菌落的形态学特征,分别从站位P11和S11采集的沉积物中分离到了21株和19株锰细菌。系统发育分析表明,两个站位的锰细菌群落组成有着明显的差别。站位P11分离的可培养锰细菌主要由细菌域(Bacteria)中变形杆菌门的γ-变形杆菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)和放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)组成,二者分别占86%和14%;γ-变形杆菌纲主要包括嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)、希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、海杆菌属(Marinobacter),其中以嗜冷杆菌属为主,其比例可达67%。从站位S11分离到的可培养锰细菌主要包括细菌域中变形杆菌门的α-变形杆菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)和γ-变形杆菌纲以及拟杆菌门(Bacteroides)中的黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteria);γ-变形杆菌纲主要包括希瓦氏菌属、海单胞菌属(Marinomonas)和交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas),α-变形杆菌纲主要为鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)。实验菌株均对Mn2+有着较强的抗性,其中以菌株Marinomonas sp.S11-S-4耐受性最高。The biogeochemical cycling of manganese is recognized as an important environmental process because manganese is not only an essential nutrient for all organisms but also its oxidation and reduction are intimately coupled with the cycling of other essential elements.Studies have demonstrated that Mn2+-oxidizing bacteria are abundant and distributed widely.A diverse array of bacteria,fungi,and microalgae have been shown to have the ability to catalyze oxidation or reduction of manganese.The oxidation of soluble Mn2+ to insoluble Mn3+/Mn4+ oxides and oxy-hydroxides is an environmentally important process because the solid-phase products oxidize a variety of organic and inorganic compounds,scavenge many metals,and serve as electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration.In most environments,Mn2+ oxidation is believed to be bact erially mediated.Over the years,Mn2+-oxidizing bacteria have been isolated from wide variety of environments,including marine and freshwaters,soils,sediments,water pipes,Mn nodules,and hydrothermal vents.Phylogenetically,Mn2+-oxidizing bacteria appear to be quite diverse,with all isolates analyzed to date falling within either the low G+C gram-positive bacteria,the Actinobacteria,or the α,β,and γ subgroups of the Proteobacteria branch of the domain Bacteria.In order to investigate the biodiversity of manganese bacteria in polar region,isolation,molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of manganese bacteria were carried out in the sediments which were collected from Arctic ocean during 2nd Chinese Arctic Scientific Expedition.Twenty one and nineteen species of cultivable strain were isolated from the sediments of both station P11 and S11 respectively according to their distinct morphology on screening plate of manganese medium.Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis showed that the cultivable manganese bacteria from station P11 were basically composed of γ subgroup of the Proteobacteria branch of the domain Bacteria(γ-Proteobacteria)and Actinobacteria,which accounted for 86% and 14% respectively.The γ-Proteobacteria mainly included Psychrobacter,Shewanella,Acinetobacter and Marinobacter,of which Psychrobacter was the major genus,it accounted for 67% of γ-Proteobacteria in sediments of station P11.The cultivable manganese bacteria from station S11 included α-proteobacteria,γ-Proteobacteria and Flavobacteria of Bacteroides.γ-Proteobacteria included Shewanella,Marinomonas and Alteromonas.The majority of α-Proteobacteria was Sphingomonas.The phylogenetic analysis indicated that bacteria from the sediments of station P11 and S11 had different cultivable manganese bacteria flora.All tested strains had higher resistance to Mn2+,of which Marinomonas sp.S11-S-4 had highest resistance.国家自然科学基金资助项目(40576060)~

Adsorption and Oxidation of 1,3-Butanediol on Pt and Sb,S Modified Pt Electrodes

应用电化学循环伏安和石英晶体微天平 (EQCM )研究了 1 ,3 -丁二醇 ( 1 ,3 -BDL )在Pt电极和以Sb、S吸附原子修饰的Pt(Pt/Sbad和Pt/Sad)电极上的吸附和氧化过程。从电极表面质量变化的结果分析 ,可认为 1 ,3 -丁二醇的氧化与电极表面氧物种有着极其密切的关系。Pt电极表面Sb吸附原子能在较低的电位下吸附氧 ,可显著提高 1 ,3 -丁二醇电催化氧化活性。与Pt电极相比较 ,饱和吸附Sb原子的Pt电极 ,1 ,3 -丁二醇氧化的峰电位负移了 0 2 5V ,峰电流增加了近 1倍。相反 ,Pt电极表面S吸附原子的氧化会消耗表面氧物种 ,饱和吸附S原子的Pt电极上 1 ,3 -丁二醇的电氧化受到抑制。本文从表面质量变化提供了吸附原子电催化作用的新数据。The processes of adsorption and oxidation of 1,3-butanediol on Pt and Pt modified with Sb and S in saturation(Pt/Sb ad and Pt/S ad )electrodes were studied by using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance(EQCM).The results demonstrated that the oxidation of 1,3-butanediol depended strongly on oxidation states of electrode surface.Sb adatoms on Pt surface could adsorb oxygen at relatively low potentials,and exhibited catalytic effects for 1,3-butanediol oxidation.In comparison with the case of Pt electrode,the oxidation peak potential of 1,3-butanediol on Pt surface modified with Sb in saturation was negatively shifted about 250 mV with peak current being doubly increased.In a contrary,the oxidation of S adatoms consumed oxygen species of Pt electrode surface.As a consequence,the oxidation of 1,3-butanediol was inhibited on Pt surface modified with S in saturation.The EQCM studies provided quantitative results of surface mass changes during 1,3-butanediol oxidation,and threw new light in elucidating different effects of adatoms Sb ad and S ad on Pt electrode surface towards 1,3-butanediol oxidation.国家自然科学基金 (2 983 3 0 60 );; 福建省教委科研基金资助项目 (K2 0 0 110 1

Sulphate reducing bacteria in core sediments from the Canada Basin and the Chukchi Sea

对取自北极楚科奇海及加拿大海盆的10个沉积物岩芯分别在4℃、25℃培养温度下进行硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)分析,结合首次北极科考海洋沉积物SRB的研究成果,探讨了研究区SRB的分布特点.研究结果表明,4℃与25℃温度培养的SRB含量均为0~2.4×106个.g-1(湿样);4℃时SRB的检出率与平均含量分别为45.5%和2.06×104个.g-1(湿样),25℃培养条件下分别为73.7%和4.70×104个.g-1(湿样);柱状沉积物中SRB的检出率、含量范围、平均含量都明显高于表层沉积物中SRB的相关指标;岩芯中SRB含量分布与采样点的纬度、深度有一定关系,但这种关系不如表层沉积物中SRB分布表现的那么明显;4℃培养时,各层位SRB含量的平均值范围为51~1.2×106个.g-1(湿样),25℃时为2.04×102~2.47×105个.g-1(湿样);在所研究的深度范围内,4℃时培养SRB的垂直变化较为明显,而25℃时SRB的垂直变化相对缓和;根据4℃、25℃2个不同培养温度时SRB的检出率、含量对比看,似乎25℃时更有利于某些SRB的繁衍.Ten sediment core samples(water depth from50 ~3850 m) were collected in the the Canada Basin and the Chukchi Sea during the SecondChinese National Arctic Research Expedition.Each core was sliced on board at 1 cm intervals from 0 ~10 cm and at 2 cm intervals below 10 cm assubsamples,the content of sulfate reducing bacteria(SRB) of these subsamples were analyzed by MPN(Most Probable Number) methed.The contents ofSRB cultivated at both 4℃ and 25℃ ranged from0 to 2.4×106cel.lg-1wet sample and the average SRB cultivated at4℃ and 25℃ were 2.06×104cell.g-1wet sample,and 4.70×104cell.g-1wet sample,respectively.Unlike surface sediments in the study area,the latter shows a tendency to increasefrom low latitude to high latitude,or from shallow water to deep basin.From surface to depths,the content of SRB in sediment changes irregularly,depending on the sedimentary environment.The average contents of SRB cultured at4℃ and 25℃ in the same layer ranged from51 to1.2×106cel.lg-1wet samples and 2.04×102to 2.47×105cel.lg-1wet samples.Comparing the contents,content range,and occurrence rate of SRB cultivated at4℃ and25℃,it seems that 25℃ is more suitable than 4℃for survival and propagation of some SRB.国家自然科学基金(No.40576060,40376017,40176017)~

Genetic Operation of in vitro Fertilization System of Angiosperms

介绍被子植物离体受精系统分子生物学研究取得的重要成果及最新进展。福建省青年科技人才创新基金项目(2001J043

交联型聚芳醚基阴离子交换膜的制备及性能研究

燃料电池由于能量转化率高、环境友好等优点,是最具应用前景的能量转化装置之一。阴离子交换膜作为燃料电池的核心部件,仍存在低电导、高溶胀等问题.这里,通过设计聚芳醚结构使其侧链末端含有碳碳双键,在Grubbs二代催化剂作用下进行烯烃复分解反应接枝离子基团,利用剩余不饱和双键在高温下的交联反应,制备出交联型聚芳醚基阴离子交换膜.由于亲水性侧链与疏水性主链的不兼容性,使膜内形成了有利于离子传输的微相分离结构,交联膜的最高电导率达到81.1mS/cm(80℃).此外,交联结构能有效地抑制膜的溶胀,交联膜C-FPAE-PH-1.5在30℃下的溶胀率仅为7.51%,表现出优异尺寸稳定性.C-FPAE-PH-1.5膜在60℃下1mol/L KOH水溶液中浸泡360h后,保留了93.1%的电导率,表现出优异的耐碱性能.国家自然科学基金(21576226

Photoemissive structure in zinc sulFide

对硫化锌粉料、硫化锌半导体微晶薄膜进行了X射线光电子发射谱剖析。获得粉料、薄膜表层及表层下的电子态信息，揭示了硫化锌粉料、薄膜微结构与电致发光性能的关系: On the basis of analysis on XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) technique the inFormation on electron states of ZnS powder, ZnS thin Film surFace and internal layer is obtained.The eFFect of the microstructure of ZnS powder and ZnS thin Film on electroluminescent characteristics is revealed.福建省自然科学基

哌啶阳离子功能化侧链型阴离子交换膜的制备

燃料电池因其能量转化率高、污染小等特点,成为当前的研究热点.然而,作为关键部件的阴离子交换膜仍然存在离子电导率低、耐碱性能差等缺点,这限制了燃料电池的发展.利用威廉姆森成醚反应在聚醚酮主链接枝哌啶鎓盐,成功制备了侧链型阴离子交换膜.设计的哌啶鎓盐通过长柔性亚甲基与主链相连,使膜内形成有利于高效离子传输的微相分离结构,PEKCQA-1.0膜在80℃的电导率高达72.7mS/cm.此外,哌啶阳离子基团离主链较远,减弱了对主链的吸电子作用;同时,环型结构的哌啶阳离子具有一定的空间位阻,减少了OH~-对阳离子基团的攻击,使膜表现出优异的耐碱性能.PEK-CQA-0.8膜在60℃下1mol/L KOH水溶液中浸泡360h后,离子电导率仅下降了8.8%,有望应用于碱性燃料电池.国家自然科学基金面上项目(21376194,21576226

柿竹园多通道微震监测系统的建立及其应用

在柿竹园多金属矿床,由于大量集中采空区群的存在,采矿生产过程中地压现象显现严重,安全生产受到严重威胁。为此,公司与长沙矿山研究院合作,在优化采矿工艺的基础上,先后建立了多种常规地压监测系统,并从加拿大ESG公司引进地压监测设备,于2008年11月建立了国内矿山最大通道的全数字型微震监测系统。详细介绍了微震监测系统的建立、优化及其现场应用情况,论述了多通道微震监测技术在矿山地压灾害防治方面所展示的优势和效果