和田傳が描いた満洲分村移民 ―小説『大日向村』を中心に―

戦時下、農民文学懇話会（1938年11月発足）や大陸開拓文芸懇話会（1939年2月発足）という官民提携の文学団体が結成されたことにより、日本内地の多くの文学者たちによる積極的な満洲開拓地の視察・見学がなされた。彼らは、満洲農業移民の諸事情を題材として、大陸開拓文学と呼ばれる文学創作ブームを生み出し、満洲農業移民の宣伝及び記録の一役を担うこととなった。その代表作の一つとして、農民文学作家の重鎮である和田傳の小説で、当時の大ベストセラーとなった『大日向村』が挙げられる。この作品においては、分村移民の模範村であった長野県・大日向村の分村移民が題材にとられている。戦時下の日本語文学における満蒙開拓に関する言説空間などの問題を考える時、この小説は無視できない役割を担っていると思われる。だが、これまでの研究の多くは『大日向村』の国策宣伝小説というような位置づけへの関心に偏りすぎていて、作中の人物像、分村移民の宣伝・動員のストーリー、満洲イメージなどの具体的な作品内容に関する分析が足りない。本稿では、『大日向村』という小説に注目し、主に作品のテキスト分析を中心として、満洲農業移民に関わる社会学、歴史学などの研究成果を取り入れながら、この作品から作家が描いた満洲分村移民の諸相の抽出・提示を試みる。まず第1章で小説『大日向村』が出版された後の影響を指摘し、この小説に関する先行研究の問題点を提起し、本稿の問題意識と研究動機を説明する。続く第2章では、『大日向村』の創作背景を解明する。当時の和田傳の恐慌下の農村への関心、朝日新聞社の友人からの要請、農相・有馬頼寧との接近、農民文学懇話会への参加、日本内地と満洲の二つの大日向村への調査などの事実を指摘し、『大日向村』の成立までの経緯を追跡する。その後第3章では具体的な作品分析を展開する。主に、作品中に宣伝された分村移民の論理、登場した各層の人物、嵌め込まれた満洲イメージ、文学表象と歴史現実との対照という四方面から、この小説に反映された満洲分村移民の実像と虚像を考察する。最終章では、まとめとして、前述した分析に基づき、この小説の「国策宣伝」と「国策記録」の両方面の性格を論じる。議論を通じてこの小説が国策順応の開拓文学作品としての一面だけではなく、農民文学の代表作として、再評価されるべきだと主張する。After the establishment of Japanese writers’ societies such as the Peasant Literature Conference Party (founded in November 1938) and the Continental Pioneering Literature Conference Party (founded in February 1939), many members of these groups started visiting Japanese peasants’ villages in Manchuria. They reflected various aspects of Japanese emigration to Manchuria in their works. While promoting the emigration campaign and recording the historical circumstances of the era, they contributed to the popularization of the literary genre known as Tairiku kaitaku bungaku.One such representative work is Ōhinata-mura (1939), the best-selling documentary novel by Wada Tsutō, a prominent writer of peasant literature. This novel concerns the village-division (bunson) of Ōhinata village in Nagano prefecture, which came to be regarded as a showcase as well as a role model for the bunson emigration campaign. The author considers the novel to be a significant work for studying issues such as representations of emigration to Manchuria in Japanese literature during the war. Previous studies, however, focused on the aspect of the novel as propaganda for national policy and lack analysis in terms of personal profiles of the characters, the story plots related to propaganda and promotion of the bunson emigration campaign, and the representation of Manchuria. This paper attempts to investigate various aspects of bunson emigration represented in Ōhinata-mura while referring and adopting sociological and historical research results on agricultural emigration to Manchuria.The first section reviews the influence of the novel on society, points out aspects which have not been covered in previous studies, raises research questions, and states the objectives of this study. The following section examines the background when the novel was written. The author traces how the novel was created while considering Wada’s interests in villages during the Great Depression, a request from his friend who worked at the Asahi Shimbun, his close relationship with the Ministry of Agriculture, his involvement in the Peasant Literature Conference Party, and his visits to the two Ōhinata villages in Nagano and Manchuria. The third section analyzes the text in further detail to discuss the real-life and fiction of bunson emigration to Manchuria through examination of the four aspects: the ideology of the bunson emigration campaign promoted in the novel, characters from different backgrounds and social status, the representation of Manchuria, and a comparison of the literary representation and historical facts.In the last section, the two characteristics of the novel as propaganda of national policy and as a record of national policy, are discussed based on the analysis stated above. The author argues that this novel should be evaluated not only as a work of Tairiku kaitaku bungaku to promote national policy, but also as a representative work of peasant literature

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