专题:中国非正规经济(下)

李明欢以非正规雇佣为主要内涵的非正规经济之所以能够在跨国领域大行其道,根源之一在于全球化正如同由跨国资本把握方向盘的巨型“压路机“,力图突破一切不利于其扩张之国境边界,朝着政治和

“Whither Chinese Agriculture?”: An Introduction (“中国农业往哪里去？”——导论)

This article attempts to provide a broad overview response to the question: Whence and whither Chinese agriculture? The point of departure is a summary and discussion of the ten articles of this symposium, five empirical and theoretical discussions from economic historians, two from scholars doing solid and illuminating research on the “new agriculture,” and finally three that explore the issue of what road Chinese agriculture should adopt for the future. The article places the agricultural and rural history of the People’s Republic into the broad perspective of changes since the eighteenth century. It distinguishes between cooperativization, collectivization, and the people’s communes, and between the open-field “old” grain agriculture and the high-value-added “new agriculture.” It examines the differences between the New World’s “lots of land and few people” and the East Asian “lots of people and little land” agricultures, and the former’s land-and-capital-dual-intensifying and the latter’s labor-and-capital-dual-intensifying paths of modern change. From that perspective, it examines the successes and failures of the people’s communes vs. cooperativization–collectivization, of dragon-head enterprises vs. small peasants, and of the American specialty co-ops vs. the East Asian integrated co-ops.本文试图对中国的农业从哪里来、到哪里去的问题做一个总体性的讨论。文章从对本专辑的十篇论文的总结和讨论出发。首先是五篇经验和理论探索的经济史论文，而后是两篇扎实和充满阐释性的关于近三十多年来兴起的“新农业”的研究，最后是三篇关于当前的农业与农村发展道路的探索。文章从18世纪以来的社会经济史视角来检视人民共和国农业发展的历史，区别合作化、集体化、人民公社化，以及“旧”大田（谷物）农业与高附加值“新农业”。文章论述地多人少的“新大陆”农业与人多地少的东亚农业，区别前者的土地与资本双密集化和后者的劳动与资本双密集化的不同现代演变道路,据此来检视人民公社VS. 合作化-集体化，“龙头企业”VS.小农经济，以及美国“专业合作社”VS. 东亚综合农协模式的得失。 (This article is in English.)</jats:p

The Three Models of China’s Agricultural Development: Strengths and Weaknesses of the Administrative, Laissez Faire, and Co-op Approaches (中国农业发展三大模式：行政、放任、与合作的利与弊)

This article demonstrates how the “old agriculture” of grain production operates today mainly by an administrative model, while the “new agriculture” of high-value-added products (high-end vegetables, fruits, meat-poultry-fish, and eggs-milk) operates mainly by a laissez faire market model. The former serves to protect low-value agricultural products from violent market price swings and international competition to ensure China’s “grain security,” but is prone to a commandist approach that can disregard peasant interests and wishes. The latter has stimulated peasant initiatives through market incentives, but suffers from violent price fluctuations and merchant extractions. A third model, “specialty co-ops,” has thus far been guided by a mistaken model of trying to imitateU.S.co-ops, which are purely economic entities, to the disregard of Chinese village communities. This article urges the adoption of an “East Asian” model of semi-governmental, integrated co-ops based on peasant communities (villages), extending from there up through the governmental hierarchy of townships, counties, provinces, and the central levels. Such co-ops provide “vertical integration” (processing and marketing) services for small-peasant agricultural products, offer technical assistance, organize the purchase and supply of agricultural inputs, extend credit services, engage in community activities, and see to peasant social-political interests, as was done so successfully in Japan-Korea-Taiwan, most especially during the period when their per capitaGDPand relative proportions of industry and agriculture stood at levels roughly comparable to China’s today.本文论证,中国的“旧农业”——谷物生产——今天主要运作于一个行政模式之下,而“新农业”——高值蔬菜、水果、肉-禽-鱼和蛋奶——则主要运作于一个放任的市场模式之下。在国际市场竞争和粮食价格相对低廉的压力下,前者起到保护中国谷物生产和“粮食安全”的作用,但也显示倾向过度依赖指令性手段和无视农民意愿的弱点。后者则成功地凭借市场收益激发了小农的创新性,但经常受到市场价格波动的冲击以及商业资本的榨取。作为第三种模式的“专业合作社”,则主要试图模仿美国的纯经济性合作社模式,无视中国村庄，不符合中国实际。本文提倡,中国应该模仿“东亚”模式的半政府性综合农协,扎根于村庄社区、由此往上延伸到乡-镇、县、省、中央各级政府。它们主要为小农提供“纵向一体化”的产品加工和销售服务、技术咨询与服务、信贷服务、组织农资供销、组织社区活动、并参与国家政治来维护小农利益,一如日-韩-台历史经验中,在其人均gdp以及工农业所占相对比例大致相当于如今中国的那段时期。 (This article is in English.)</jats:p

Agricultural Involution and Bureaucratic Involution: Types, Concepts, Empirical Generalizations, and Theoretical Mechanisms

Abstract The article reviews the history of the word “involution,” the empirical basis of the concept of “agricultural involution,” and the mechanisms operating behind that phenomenon. It then considers the very different empirical bases and mechanisms of “bureaucratic involution.” State and peasant might interact in a positive way that leads to development – as when the state in the Reform era gave peasants the power and right to respond to market stimuli and develop the “labor and capital dual intensifying” “new agriculture” that has led to genuine development, demonstrating how small peasants have been the true primary subjects of Chinese agriculture and the true key to genuine agricultural development. By contrast, if bureaucratic involution should force on peasants policies that run counter to realities, it can lead to malignant “ultra-involution.” Similar consequences can be seen in spheres with scarce opportunities relative to the number of people seeking them, once they are placed under the forces of bureaucratic involution, as in the “examinations-above-all-else education system” as well as in similar (public and private) enterprise management. That is why the word “involution” has recently triggered such widespread resonance among so very many people. What is needed is state-party policies that truly accord with the interests of the people and draw their active participation. That kind of combination is what can check tendencies toward ultra-involution.</jats:p

基于表面增强拉曼光谱技术对GO复合材料细胞内吞机制的研究

<span>氧化石墨烯(GO)独特的结构和物化性质,如巨大的比表面积、良好的生物相容性,以及其表面较多的反应性基团,使其在生物医药领域具有广泛的应用前景。</span

额尔齐斯河流域水资源开发利用专题研究

该成果从分析流域资源环境和经济发展特点入手，评价了其战略地位，提出了流域资源开发和产业发展的方向、规模、布局和时序、兼及人口和城镇发展，建立了水资源合理开发利用计算机模拟模型，为区域开发、流域规划优选方案提供了科学依据。对流域的特殊地质、地理和生态背景进行了分析，对水资源开发过程中可能导致的环境变化和出现的问题，提出了相应对策和控制指标。该成果内容全面，资料丰富，国内领先，接近国际先进水平

Rotavirus capsid surface protein VP4-coated Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles as a theranostic platform for cellular imaging and drug delivery.

<p>The development of a theranostic nanoplatform based on rotavirus structural protein VP4-coated Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles (NPs) for dual modality magnetic resonance/fluorescence cellular imaging and drug delivery is reported. VP4 protein was obtained from Escherichia coli approach, and then chemically conjugated to Fe(3)O(4) NPs premodified with meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinnic acid (DMSA) in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC). Next, the VP4-coated Fe(3)O(4) NPs were loaded with doxorubicin (DOX), a typical anticancer drug, via formation of amide bond through the EDC approach. Prussian blue staining analysis reveals that the VP4-coated Fe(3)O(4) NPs can be internalized efficiently by MA104 and HepG2 cells, thereby significantly improving cellular MRI sensitivity, compared with dextran- and BSA-coated Fe(3)O(4) NPs. In addition, DOX loaded on the VP4-coated Fe(3)O(4) NPs exhibits significant cytotoxicity to the cancer cells (HepG2). The current work provides a general approach toward the rational design and synthesis of a versatile theranostic nanoplatform based on functional protein-coated magnetic NPs with good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and capability of simultaneously performing multimodality imaging and therapy for optimal clinical outcomes.</p

Prediction of Energy Resolution in the JUNO Experiment

International audienceThis paper presents the energy resolution study in the JUNO experiment, incorporating the latest knowledge acquired during the detector construction phase. The determination of neutrino mass ordering in JUNO requires an exceptional energy resolution better than 3% at 1 MeV. To achieve this ambitious goal, significant efforts have been undertaken in the design and production of the key components of the JUNO detector. Various factors affecting the detection of inverse beta decay signals have an impact on the energy resolution, extending beyond the statistical fluctuations of the detected number of photons, such as the properties of liquid scintillator, performance of photomultiplier tubes, and the energy reconstruction algorithm. To account for these effects, a full JUNO simulation and reconstruction approach is employed. This enables the modeling of all relevant effects and the evaluation of associated inputs to accurately estimate the energy resolution. The study reveals an energy resolution of 2.95% at 1 MeV. Furthermore, the study assesses the contribution of major effects to the overall energy resolution budget. This analysis serves as a reference for interpreting future measurements of energy resolution during JUNO data taking. Moreover, it provides a guideline in comprehending the energy resolution characteristics of liquid scintillator-based detectors