19 research outputs found

    PartⅠ: Selective O-alkylation based practical and efficient synthesis of Gefitinib, an EGFR kinase inhibitor PartⅡ: Practical synthesis of Levocabastine, a H1 receptor antagonist

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    학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 약학대학 약학과, 2018. 2. 이지연.PartⅠ. 4-Anilinoquinazolines, have been prevalent motifs for pharmaceutical molecules in recent years, notably as EGFR inhibitors. Many novel EGFR inhibitors have been designed and synthesized through incorporating an alkoxy moiety via O-alkylation of hydroxyl group at the C-6 or C-7 position of the 4-anilinoquinazoline scaffold. However, in most case of alkylation of anilinoquinazolines with alkyl halide, a mixture of O- and N-alkylated, and N,O-dialkylated derivatives were generated without decent selectivity. It is a tedious work to separate and purify them. Thus, the development of new synthetic strategies which allow access to selective O-alkylation of 4-anilinoquinazolines is of interest to both laboratory and industry preparation of EGFR inhibitors. Gefitinib (marketed by AstraZeneca) is the first selective inhibitor of EGFR kinase domain and was approved in May 2003 for treatment of recurrent NSCLC (Non Small Cell Lung Cancer). Since then, it has been widely used worldwide and synthetic methods for gefitinib consisting of 4-anilinoquinazoline moiety have been continuously reported. According to the procedure described in previous reports, the generation of an excess of an N-alkylated impurity is an inevitable hurdle for the preparation of gefitinib. We introduced a novel concept, that trimethylsilyl (TMS) group was used as a transient protection group capable of significantly suppressing the N-alkylated impurity generation. The TMS group was quite attractive to us in terms of highly N-alkylation suppressing effect and facile removable character by a simple work-up. Indeed, this new and unique process minimized the generation of the N-alkylated side product. We also confirmed that our process is well applicable to a variety of 4-anilinoquinazolines. PartⅡ. Levocabastine (marketed by Janssen) is a selective second generation H1 receptor antagonist and was discovered in 1979 for allergic conjunctivitis. As well as acting an antihistamine, levocabastine has also subsequently been found to act as a potent and selective antagonist for the neurotensin receptor NTS2, and was the first drug used to characterise the different neurotensin subtypes. Levocabastine is composed of piperidine substituted with phenyl and cyclic hexane, and has three chiral centers. According to the procedure described in a previous report, piperidine intermediate 9 was synthesized using N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-4-methylbenzene-sulfonamide as a starting material in a sequence of piperidine ring formation, the chiral resolution of intermediate 5, and detosylation with electrolysis. Subsequently, reductive amination with cyclic hexanone ring and hydrolysis afford to levocabastine. However, this procedure is considered not industrially suitable because it requires a chiral resolution, which lowered the yield and limited the utility of this synthesis in an economical process. Furthermore, the use of expensive platinum catalyst for reductive amination and electrolysis for detosylation remained as drawbacks for the commercial production. Therefore, we studied an efficient and practical procedure for the preparation of levocabastine. The key part of our strategy involves an introduction of chiral starting material to afford an optically pure key intermediate 8, replacement of electrolysis for detosylation, and removal of the use of platinum catalyst for reductive amination. By employing our process, we produced levocabastine hydrochloride with a 14.2% overall yield from a commercially available starting material, (S)-propylene oxide (11), on a multigram scale.H4 receptor antagonist 70 2. Previous synthesis 71 II. Results and Discussion 73 1. Synthetic strategy for levocabastine synthesis 73 2. Synthesis of key intermediate 74 2-1. Synthesis of optically pure key intermediate 8 74 2-2. Synthesis of optically pure key intermediate 10 76 2-2-1. Deprotection of ester intermediate 8 76 2-2-2. Reductive amination for the preparation of intermediate 10 77 3. Final optimized synthesis of levocabastine hydrochloride 78 III. Conclusion 80 IV. Experimental 81 V. References 89 VI. Appendix 91 VII. Abstract 110H3 receptor antagonist 70 1-3-4. H4 antihistaminePartⅠ I. Introduction 1 1. Targeted cancer therapy 1 2. Epidermal growth factor receptor 3 3. 4-Anilinoquinazoline 5 3-1. 6,7-Dialkoxy-4-Anilinoquinazoline 6 3-2. 6-Amino-4-anilinoquinazoline 8 3-3. 6-Alkoxy-4-anilinoquinazoline 10 4. Transient protection via TMS 11 5. Previous syntheses 12 II. Results and Discussion 16 1. Synthetic strategy for gefitinib synthesis 16 2. Screening results for O-alkylation of various compounds 16 2-1. O-alkylation of 18 with an assistance of TMSI as a transient protection group 16 2-2. O-alkylation of 4-anilinoquinazoline moieties with an assistance of TMSI 18 2-3. Alkylation of amino alcohols 19 3. Examination of deacetylation conditions for the preparation of intermediate 18 20 4. Optimal process for Gefitinib 21 III. Conclusion 22 IV. Experimental 23 V. References 34 VI. Appendix 38 VII. Abstract 61 PartⅡ I. Introduction 62 1. Histamine 62 1-1. Synthesis and metabolism of histamine 64 1-2. Histamine receptors 65 1-2-1. H1 receptors 66 1-2-2. H2 receptors 66 1-2-3. H3 receptors 67 1-2-4. H4 receptors 67 1-3. Antihistamines 67 1-3-1. H1 antihistamineH1 receptor antagonist 68 1-3-2. H2 antihistamineH2receptor antagonist 69 1-3-3. H3 antihistamineDocto

    부산 중추도시생활권 연계협력방안

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    노트 : 본 간행물은 국토연구원에서 2014년 6월에 발행한 [중추도시생활권 발전전략] 특집의 제 4부입니다

    Digital customer experience in online channels by purchase journey phases of home appliance customers

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    학위논문(석사) - 한국과학기술원 : 정보경영프로그램, 2018.8,[v, 56 p. :]디지털 관점에서의 고객 여정과 고객 경험 관리는 기업의 중요한 현안으로 대두되고 있다. 이 연구는 대형 가전제품 구매 고객을 중심으로 온라인 구매 여정의 각 단계별 고객 경험의 특징과 상호 영향을 분석하고, 제품 재구매 의도에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 디지털 고객 경험의 구성 요인 중 인지적 경험은 만족도와 신뢰도 모두에 직접적 영향을 주는 반면, 감성적 경험은 간접적으로 영향을 주었다. 정보검색 단계의 경험은 다음 단계인 구매 경험에 긍정적 영향을 미쳤으며, 구매 단계의 경험은 제품의 재구매 의도로 연결되었다. 그러나 온라인 구매 채널의 선택에 따라서 구매 경험보다 정보검색 경험이 제품 재구매 의도에 영향을 주는 요인이 될 수 있음도 확인하였다.한국과학기술원 :정보경영프로그램

    A NONLINEAR GALERKIN METHOD FOR THE BURGERS EQUATION

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    Effects of Temperature and Mechanical Deformation on the Microhardness ofLead free and Composite Solders

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    전자 기기의 솔더 접합부는 고온에서 작동하고 온도 변화와 부품의 열팽창계수 차에 의해 소성변형을 겪게 된다. 그리고 변형된 솔더는 다시 고온에서 회복과 재결정의 과정을 겪는다. 이와 같은 일련의 열적 기계적 과정은 솔더의 미세구조와 기계적 특성을 변화 시킨다. 본 연구에서는 전자 장치가 실제 작동할 때 솔더의 기계적 특성 변화를 예측하기 위해 여러 종류의 무연 솔더와 복합 솔더 (composite solder)의 미소경도 (micohardness)를 다양한 열적 기계적 환경에서 측정하였다. 측정된 무연 솔더에는 Sn, Sn-0.7Cu, Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu, Sn-2.8Ag-7.0Cu (복합 솔더), Sn-2.7Ag-4.9Cu-2.9Ni (복합 솔더)가 포함되어 있다. 솔더 시편은 0.4~7oC/sec의 냉각속도로 주조되었고 30~50%의 압축변형을 가한 후 150oC에서 48시간 열처리 하였다. 미소경도는 25~130oC에서 측정하였다. 각 시편의 미세구조 역시 관찰하여 미세구조와 비교하였다

    원자력 발전소 고온관에서 유로의 기하학적 형상이 역류유동제한 현상에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

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    학위논문(석사) - 한국과학기술원 : 원자력공학과, 1999.2, [ xi, 81 p. ]An experimental study of countercurrent flow limitation (CCFL) has been performed for air-water countercurrent flow in a horizontal pipe connected to a upwardly inclined pipe through a bend. The CCFL determines the maximum rate at which one phase can flow countercurrently to another phase. A total of 85 onset of CCFL and 13 zero penetration limits were obtained. The parametric effects of the pipe diameter, horizontal pipe length, and inclined pipe length on CCFL were also examined. Three different mechanisms that lead to CCFL were observed in accordance with the inlet water flow rate. For low inlet water flow rate, the CCFL occurred simultaneously with the formation of the large unstable waves at the crest of the hydraulic jump in the horizontal pipe. The hydraulic jump appeared far away from the bend as the inlet water flow rate increased; at intermediate inlet water flow rate, no hydraulic jump was observed, and CCFL occurred as a result of large wave formation at the end of the horizontal pipe; at high inlet water flow rate, no hydraulic jump and no large wave formation at the end of the horizontal pipe were observed, but the entrainment of the water droplet into the water tank that is connected to the inlet of the test section induced CCFL. The effects of the horizontal pipe length-to-diameter ratio, L/D, and inclined pipe length on CCFL were significant in the present experimental range. Based on the present experimental data, an empirical correlation for CCFL was developed in terms of square roots of dimensionless superficial velocities. The present correlation predicted the large pipe diameter data more closely than the existing empirical correlations. The discrepancy of the two correlations are mainly due to the fact that the experimental range of L/D and inclined pipe length were quite different.한국과학기술원 : 원자력공학과

    기초생활권발전계획의 효율적 운영 및 대응방안 (박상호,이관률,김현호,김선기,강성권)

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    [제1주제]기초생활권발전정책의 주요시책 (박상호 과장 지역발전위원회) [제2주제]기초생활권발전계획의 성공적 추진을 위한 실천과제 [제3주제]지역간 연계협력 활성화 방안 [제4주제]예산군 기초생활권발전계획 사례발표 (강성권 균형발전담당 예산군)1. [제1주제]기초생활권발전정책의 주요시책 (박상호 과장 지역발전위원회) I.지역발전정책 추진 개관 II.기초생활권 현황 III.기초생활권 비전과 추진방향 IV.10대 중점 추진과제 V.효율적 지원체계 구축 2. [제2주제]기초생활권발전계획의 성공적 추진을 위한 실천과제 (이관률 책임연구원 충남발전연구원) I.기초생활권 발전계획의 개요 II.기초생활권발전계획 수립의 의미와 성과 III.기초생활권발전계획 수립과 집행과정의 애로사항 IV.기초생활권발전계획의 성공적 추진을 위한 실천과제 3. [제3주제]지역간 연계협력 활성화 방안 (김현호 지역발전연구실장, 김선기 선임연구위원 한국지방행정연구원) I.서론 II.지역간 협력의 개념 및 효과 III.지역간 협력사업의 법적 기반 IV.지역간 연계협력의 해외제도 V.지역간 연계협력의 현황 VI.지역간 연계협력의 성과 및 한계 VII.지역간 연계협력의 활성화 방안 4. [제4주제]예산군 기초생활권발전계획 사례발표 (강성권 균형발전담당 예산군) I.계획수립 배경 및 목적 II.우리군 여건분석 III.잠재력 분석 및 과제 도출 IV.기본구상수립 V.재정효율적 투자 VI.계획서 구성도 제

    Spalling of Intermetallic Compound during the Reaction between Electroless Ni(P) and Lead-free Solders

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    무전해 Ni(P)는 솔더링 특성과 부식저항성이 우수하고 표면 거칠기가 적으며 원하는 금속 상에 선택적으로 도금이 가능하여 전자패키지에서 반도체칩과 기판의 표면 금속층으로 폭 넓게 사용되고 있다. 그러나 솔더와의 반응 중 금속간 화합물의 spalling과 솔더 조인트에서의 취성파괴 문제가 성공적인 적용의 걸림돌이 되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 각각 조성이 다른 세가지 Ni(P)막 (4.6, 9, and 13 wt.% P)을 사용하여 솔더와의 반응시 무전해 Ni(P)막의 미세구조 및 상 변화와 금속간화합물의 spalling 거동을 면밀히 조사하였다. Ni3Sn4 화합물 아래로 침투한 Sn과 P-rich layer (Ni3P)와의 반응에 의해 Ni3SnP 층이 형성되며 Ni3SnP 층이 성장함에 따라 Ni3Sn4가 spalling됨이 관찰되었다. Spalling 후에는 Ni(P)막이 용융된 솔더와 직접 접촉하게 되어 Ni(P)막의 결정화가 가속화되고 Ni3P 상이 Ni2P 상으로 변태되었다. 또한 이러한 결정화 과정 중 Ni(P)막의 부피가 감소됨에 따라서 인장응력이 발생하여 막 내부에 크랙이 발생하였다

    Current Status and Issues in Public Library Advancement Plan of Busan Metropolitan City

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