Reinterpretación de Cervantes acerca del Género Picaresco

Con el Lazarillo de Tormes y el Guzmán de Alfarache, el género picaresco se consolidó como un género literario, pero, pronto, el género picaresco lleva en sí los gérmenes de su desintegración. La reacción de los epígonos que intentan renovar el género picaresco conlleva el peligro de que el género se disperse en diversas formas. De ahí, resulta difícil conciliar las formas dispersas del género picaresco y los críticos discuten a la hora de precisar los límites del género y las obras que se incluyen en el género picaresco. Uno de los escritores que se incorporan en esta discusión es Cervantes. Algunos críticos dicen que Cervantes escribió novelas picarescas o algo parecido, pero no propiamente picaresco y otros dicen que Cervantes no escribió novelas picarescas, pensó escribir una siguiendo la moda y fue una lástima que no lo hiciera. Pero podemos analizar las novelas picarescas de Cervantes a partir del concepto del género que nace, crece y se disuelve en otro género. Ante el género como grupo no se trata de mostrar cuáles son sus atributos colectivos, sino sencillamente de decidir que hay tal agrupación. Así, Cervantes vio y juzgó muy pronto que el aspecto más atrevido de la novela picaresca era su carácter pseudoautobiográfico, y de este modo las novelas picarescas posteriores, es decir Rinconete y Cortadillo, La ilustre fregona, El Casamiento engañoso y El Coloquio de los perros, modifican e interpretan los elementos más destacados de la picaresca: el origen del pícaro, añadiendo el concepto de la ambigüedad, la originalidad y el ingenio. De esta forma las novelas de Cervantes pertenecen al género picaresco, pero modificadas e reinterpretadas por la orginalidad de Cervantes y convertida en un nuevo tipo del género picaresco

(THE) RESEARCH ON THE BAG DESIGN FOR BUSINESS MEN

가방은 우리에게 친근한 의생활 소품이며 실용적인 도구이다. 용도별로 적당한 차림새에 맞추어 정리할 수 있고 의상과의 조화로 개성있는 멋도 나타낼 수 있다. 특히 여성에게는 필수품인 것으로 간주되어 왔다. 그래서 여성의 가방은 패션의 흐름과 함께 발전하였으며 지금도 다양하게 변화하고 있다. 대부분의 여성들은 의상마다 어울리는 좀 더 많은 종류의 가방을 원하기 때문에 팔기 위한 제조업자들의 노력에 의해 다양하게 디자인되어 그 용도와 종류는 매우 세분화되어 있고 신소재 개발에 따른 새로운 상품은 계속적으로 창출되고 있다. 그러나 남성의 가방은 아직 생소하며 그 종류도 손가방 서류가방에 지나지 않는다. 여성의 의상 패턴과 함께 발전한 여성 가방에 비하면 남성 가방은 의상과 무관한 것으로 여겨졌고 특히 유교권의 우리나라 남성들에게는 여성의 품목으로 인식되어 관심의 대상이 되지 못했다. 그러나 오늘날의 경제성장으로 인한 물질적인 여유와 개성을 존중하는 사회적 배경이 남성의 차림새에도 멋스러움을 요구하게 되었다. 그리하여 남성의 의복도 점차 케쥬얼화되고 용도와 감각에 따른 다양한 종류로 발전하였다. 이러한 경향은 남성 소품에도 도입되어 새로운 소품을 요구하게 되었다. 남성 소품으로는 많은 종류가 있지만 본 연구에서는 기능과 미를 겸한 남성용 가방을 선택하여 개발과정을 제시하고자 한다. Ⅱ 장에서는 비지니스맨의 일반적인 배경으로 비지니스맨의 용어적 범위와 라이프스타일 특성, 업무분류를 하였다. Ⅲ 장에서는 가방의 역사와 남성용 가방의 종류와 특성을 백화점을 중심으로 시장조사를 통하여 용도, 크기, 색상, 질감, 의상과의 관계 장식과의 관계를 통하여 살펴보았다. Ⅳ 장에서는 비지니스맨을 위한 가방 디자인 전제조건을 피혁소재의 활용과 기획 요소별로 살펴보았다. 이상에서 얻어진 내용을 바탕으로 비지니스맨을 위한 가방을 개발하고자 하며 이를 통하여 비즈니스맨에 대한 적극적인 관심과 신소재를 활용한 다양한 개발이 이루어지면 상품으로서의 발전은 무관하다고 생각되었다.;A bag is a small goods familiar with us and a useful instrument. According to uses and dresses you are able to match bags to your decent appearances and to be stylish with individuality harmonizing with your garments. A bag has been regarded as necessities in particular for women. And it means that women's bag has developed in accordance with the changes of fashions. And these days woman's bag is being changed variously. Most women wish more kinds of bag that are suitable for their clothes. As a result, the levels and scopes of bag are remarkably subdivided with numerous designs made by the efforts of manufacturers who try to sell more. Also new commodities resulted from new materials development are continuously being created. Man's bag, however, is still unusual and its development is not palpable. Comparing with woman's bag which has developed with the changes of her dresses patterns, man's bag has been takesn to have no relations with his garments and especially for Korean males in the realm of Confusianism has been acknowledged as women's item so that it couldn't attract attentions. Simultaneously, Koreanman couldn't afford a bag and only a few could. It's why a man's bag wasn't popular widespreadingly in Korea. But the material affluence resulted from rapid economic development and the social background defering personalities require men to be stylish in their appearances, Therefore men became interested in their fashions and styles. Also in cases of businessmen, as their activities extended around the world, they came to experience Western harmonic fashions of men and to need self-presentation that is as good as practical business abilities. We can mention leather products including wallets, belts, bags, and et cetra as man's small goods capable of showing an smart impression and generally harmonized gusto at any time and any place. Of leather products, we can say, it is man's bag that not only shows off in appearance but also is to be endowed functional beauty and many elements of design. This research has intented to develop convenient and characteric bags for men by using leather, a romantic material possessing both gusto and practicability, of many kinds of materials. In chapt Ⅱ, Businessmen's understandings of actual affairs and their life styles have been briefly described, as a general setting in developing leather products, the kinds, characteristics, application extent, and histories of leather have been introduced in chapt Ⅲ. In chapte Ⅳ, the current tendency of men's bag has been looked into through marketing researches of departmentstores according to uses, colors, sizes, materials, and designs so that several problems have been found out. Because there are seldom developments of man's bag in domestic markets, names and kinds of men's bag have been prescribed in person through comparing with women's bag and analyzing based on my practical experiences. And the manufacturing terms confused in the manufacturing processes and the technique researches have been expertized in this dissertation. Depending on contents resulted from above, the planning of business bag has been focused on one's thirties or forties of business mind. And the planning has been divided for casual, formal dress, and business trip and intended to develop into a design possessing the practical beauty under acceptable prices and unified materials. Moreover, as introducing process techniques and advanced skills, providing widley natural materials, and developing actively new matters, this essay has tried to lead business arena to new fashion and at the same time aimed at evolving into new markets exploitation and consumer's satisfaction as playing a role of a study which researched entire items for men.논문개요 = ⅷ Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 A. 연구목적 = 1 B. 연구범위 = 2 C. 연구방법 = 2 Ⅱ. 비지니스맨에 관한 일반적 배경 = 3 A. 비지니스맨의 용어적 범위와 특성 = 3 B. 비지니스맨의 라이프스타일 특성 = 4 C. 비지니스맨의 업무와 소지품 = 6 Ⅲ. 가방 개발을 위한 현황분석 = 8 A. 가방의 역사 = 8 B. 남성 가방의 종류와 특성 = 9 C. 현황 조사 = 17 Ⅳ. 비지니스맨을 위한 가방 디자인 = 27 A. 가방 디자인을 위한 전제 = 27 B. 비지니스맨을 위한 가방 기획 = 29 Ⅴ. 디자인 시안 = 33 A. 디자인 과정및 방법 = 33 B. 비지니스맨을 위한 가방디자인 계획 = 34 C. 설계도면 = 36 D. 작품 해석 = 40 Ⅵ. 결론 = 45 참고문헌 = 46 ABSTRACT = 4

El término "novela" en la literatura española de los siglos ⅩⅤⅠ y ⅩⅤⅡ

Aunque nosotros denominamos como "novela" a las obras de ficción, escritas en prosa en el siglo XVII, en realidad no se usaban la palabra "novela" para aquellas obras. Por lo tanto, en aquel tiempo no se aplicó el término "novela" a una obra pastoril, caballeresca, picaresca, morisca, sentimental o bizantina. Los escritores de su tiempo llamron "historia" a las obras de prosa. Hasta el siglo XVII, la historia todavía se revestía de ficción y la ficción se disfrazaba de historia. Los historiadores llamaban sus historias de leyendas, fábulas o incluso las novelaban deliberadamente. Los autores de obras de ficción afirmaban que la historia que narraban era veradera y con ello trataban de impresionar y conmover al lector. Para mayor confusión, no había en español una palabra que sirviera para distinguir la novela larga de la historia: ambas se podían designar con el nombre "historia"

The duality of dona Ana and don Fermin in La Regenta

La Regenta는 스페인 최초의 자연주의 소설이라는 타이틀과 함께 다양한 각도에서 많은 연구가 이뤄졌다. 프랑스 자연주의 소설가와 스페인 자연주의 경향의 다른 작가들과도 비교·연구되었고, 작품의 페미니즘적인 성격과 Don Juan과의 영향관계도 분석되었으며, 주인공들의 심리 분석도 이뤄졌다. 끌라린은 프랑스 자연주의를 무조건적으로 받아들였다기보다는 인간의 내면에 초점을 맞춘 서사기법을 발전시켜, 단적이고 객관적으로 정의를 내릴수 없는 등장인물의 복합적인 내면의식을 섬세하게 묘사했다. 이미 많은 비평가들에 의해서 이 작품은 엄격한 의미의 자연주의 소설은 아니라는 평가를 받기는 했지만 객관적인 관찰과 분석, 묘사가 위주가 되는 소설이라고 하기에는 거의 모든 각도에서 이중성이 발견된다고 할 수 있다. 심지어 객관적인 서술자로 머물러야 하는 화자의 경우에도 제 2의 화자가 느껴지면서 서사의 이중성이 발견되며, 등장인물들의 심리묘사에서도 내적독백과 달리 등장인물의 주관적인 심리 묘사에 유용한 자유간접화법을 이용한 이중성이 드러난다. 특히 주인공인 도냐 아나와 돈 페르민의 인물 묘사에서는 이러한 화법과 함께 서구 전통 철학의 고유 담론이라 할 수 있는 정신과 육체의 양립성을 통한 이중성이 보인다. La Regenta에서는 이러한 육체와 영혼의 양립성 사이에서 방황하며, 강요된 정조와 인간의 자연발생적 욕구와 열망에 희생되는 등장인물들의 모습을 통해 당시의 지배적 철학 담론을 수용하면서도 인간의 구체적 실존의 관점에서 육체와 영혼의 관계를 파악하려는 작가 끌라린의 유연하고 폭넓은, 한편으로 시대를 앞서간 철학이 반영되어 있다. La Regenta는 간단히 정의내릴 수 없는 등장인물들의 이중성을 통해 단적으로 정의내릴 수 없는 복잡하게 얽힌 당시의 사회를 반영했으며, 본 논문에서는 이러한 이중성을 더욱 극명하게 드러내는 두 주인공 도냐 아나와 돈 페르민을 분석해보고자 한다.According to critics, La Regenta was considered as the first naturalistic novel and one of the best novels in Spanish literature. Therefore we have studied and researched much until today in several respects: in comparison with French and Spanish naturalist writers; compared with Don Juan; in feminism and psychological analysis of several characters. I think almost nothing left to study on this work, as there are abundant studies of La Regenta. But analyzing this work, I have seen a link between free indirect discourse and duality of the main characters, specially Ana Ozores and Fermín De Pas. Although La Regenta is written in naturalistic style, it does not fully conform to the canons of naturalism. La Regenta stands transgression of the dogma of total objectivity. Almost of segments in La Regenta is doubly motivated, both contributing to the characters and constituting a reflecting device. Doubleness permeates La Regenta, and every element is conscious of and determined by its contrary. Segments are not simply opposites of one another; rather, one segment makes strange another segment in a reflection with combines similarity with difference in an ambiguos manner. This division of unity into doubleness is but the first strategy of the fragmentation of the text. Once the narrators authority has been debilitated, however, the fragments engage in dialogic interplay beyond his control. This leads to a duality of meanings and of the characters

Glucosylceramide synthase regulates adipogenesis in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells

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The cerebellum could serve as a potential imaging biomarker of dementia conversion in patients with amyloid-negative amnestic mild cognitive impairment

Background and purpose As part of network-specific neurodegeneration, changes in cerebellar gray matter (GM) volume and impaired cerebello-cerebral functional networks have been reported in Alzheimer disease (AD). Compared with healthy controls, a volume loss in the cerebellum has been observed in patients with continuum of AD. However, little is known about the anatomical or functional changes in patients with clinical AD but no brain amyloidosis. We aimed to identify the relationship between cerebellar volume and dementia conversion of amyloid-negative mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods This study was a retrospective cohort study of patients over the age 50 years with amyloid-negative amnestic MCI who visited the memory clinic of Asan Medical Center with no less than a 36-month follow-up period. All subjects underwent detailed neuropsychological tests, 3 T brain magnetic resonance imaging scans including three-dimensional T1 imaging, and fluorine-18[F-18]-florbetaben amyloid positron emission tomography scans. A spatially unbiased atlas template of the cerebellum and brainstem was used for analyzing cerebellar GM volume. Results During the 36 months of follow-up, 39 of 107 (36.4%) patients converted to dementia from amnestic MCI. The converter group had more severe impairments in all visual memory tasks. In terms of volumetric analysis, reduced crus I/II volume adjusted with total intracranial volume, and age was observed in the converter group. Conclusions Significant cerebellar GM atrophy involving the bilateral crus I/II may be a novel imaging biomarker for predicting dementia progression in amyloid-negative amnestic MCI patients

Early Impairment in the Ventral Visual Pathway Can Predict Conversion to Dementia in Patients With Amyloid-negative Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

Background: Around 15% to 20% of patients with clinically probable Alzheimer disease have been found to have no significant Alzheimer pathology on amyloid positron emission tomography. A previous study showed that conversion to dementia from amyloid-negative mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was observed in up to 11% of patients, drawing attention to this condition. Object: We gathered the detailed neuropsychological and neuroimaging data of this population to elucidate factors for conversion to dementia from amyloid-negative amnestic MCI. Methods: This study was a single-institutional, retrospective cohort study of amyloid-negative MCI patients over age 50 with at least 36 months of follow-up. All subjects underwent detailed neuropsychological testing, 3 tesla brain magnetic resonance imaging), and fluorine-18(F-18)-florbetaben amyloid positron emission tomography scans. Results: During the follow-up period, 39 of 107 (36.4%) patients converted to dementia from amnestic MCI. The converter group had more severe impairment in all visual memory tasks. The volumetric analysis revealed that the converter group had significantly reduced total hippocampal volume on the right side, gray matter volume in the right lateral temporal, lingual gyri, and occipital pole. Conclusion: Our study showed that reduced gray matter volume related to visual memory processing may predict clinical progression in this amyloid-negative MCI population

Effects of Body Weight on the Safety of High-Dose Donepezil in Alzheimer's Disease: Post hoc Analysis of a Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel Design, Three-Arm Clinical Trial

Donepezil 23 mg is considered for Alzheimer's disease (AD) to optimize cognitive benefits; however, increased adverse events (AEs) can negatively influence drug adherence. We investigated whether body weight (BW) differs based on the presence of AEs, and which baseline factors were relevant to the safety of high-dose donepezil. BW is the most important factor that correlated with cholinergic AEs. Hence, stepwise dose titration should be considered, particularly in patients with low BW, to minimize the inverse relationship between BW and the occurrence of AEs