15 research outputs found

    On 'Solitude' of the Characters in Herman Melville's Works: Focusing on Pip, Bartleby, and Ishmael

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    This paper analyzes the types of solitude of Pip and Ishmael in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick as well as Bartleby in“Bartleby, The Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street.” Solitude, or the state of being solitary or separated from the community, has been regarded as the prerequisite for religious meditation since the ancient times. However, starting at least from the mid-seventeenth century, the connection between solitude and religious practice was gradually attacked with the rise of individualism and its emphasis on the learning and self-knowledge. Social changes caused by the Industrial Revolution and capitalism in Europe accelerated the isolation of individuals from the community. Although it was established by immigrants from many countries around the world, the United States in the mid-nineteenth century developed a new state different from European countries in terms of system, custom and tradition. Solitude also took a different form in the US, because pioneers of the newly founded country voluntarily chose a different way of life confronting solitude at the frontier. As democracy and capitalism took root in the American society, the individualism founded on the claims of individual rights prevailed over the pursuit of the public good. Melville is a representative writer of the American Renaissance, along with Emerson, Hawthorne, Poe, Thoreau, and Walt Whitman. I define solitude as containing two different dimensions: one is the state of being ‘lonely’ as the result of social isolation, while the other is the state of being ‘alone’ as the essential human condition. Melville’s characters to be discussed in the dissertation are first of all ‘lonely’ figures, who suffer from socially disadvantaged situation. However, their reactions to the absolute human condition of ‘aloneness’are different. First, Melville shows the most condensed encounter with solitude through the solitude of Pip in Moby-Dick published in 1851. Pip as a black boy, situated at the bottom of the social hierarchy of the Pequod structured by the physical power and race. While chasing a whale on a boat, Pip falls into the water and experiences another world. When he is desperately waiting for the rescue from his colleagues, he is left drifting helpless. His soul achieves infinite wisdom like God’s. Pip’s solitude is initially caused by the social isolation from his colleagues and then worsened by his insanity, which hinders him from communicating with the others. Second, Bartleby in “Bartleby, The Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street” published in 1853, is a lonely figure who experiences a rapidly changing capitalistic society. Later, in an attempt to defend himself, he chooses solitude and death against the inequalities created by capitalism and discrimination in the community. His resistant solitude somehow seems to influence the lawyer-narrator, who delivers the story of Bartleby, however, we cannot expect any substantial change in the lawyer’s attitude. Finally, Ishmael of Moby-Dick rides on the whaleship because he is socially and economically estranged from the community life on land. As he pursues the white whale, Moby-Dick in the ocean, he learns of the importance of comradeship with Quequeg and other fellow sailors and overcomes his loneliness. Moreover, becoming the only survivor of the Pequod, Ishmael is given a chance to start life anew on land. This time, he is able to confront his solitude―this time both ‘loneliness’ and ‘aloneness’―with more elevated consciousness and wisdom he achieved during the voyage. In conclusion, I find the issues of solitude in the three characters are closely related with the literature and thoughts of the mid-nineteenth century America, for instance Emerson or Thoreau's Walden(1854). However, Melville, who was experiencing financial troubles during the economic depression, was well aware of the difficulties of the socially disadvantaged people like Pip, Ishmael, and Bartleby, and described their desperate social isolation. The theme of solitude is not limited to the period Melville lived but extended further into the 21st century, so I hope this dissertation can be of help to look into the solitude and isolation which people in the contemporary society experience.1. 서론 1 2. 개인의 탄생과 미국문학 속의 고독 8 3. 『모비 딕』에 나타난 핍의 숙명적 고독 23 3.1 에이헙과 피쿼드 호의 고독한 인물들 25 3.2 핍의 실성과 고독 31 3.3 핍의 숙명적 고독 39 4. 「필경사 바틀비」에 나타난 바틀비의 사회적 소외와 고독 42 4.1 생명이 없는 고독한 풍경 43 4.2 소통의 단절과 바틀비의 외로움 47 4.3 사회적 부재와 소외 55 5. 『모비 딕』에 나타난 이스마엘의 불멸의 고독 60 5.1 이스마엘의 명상적 고독 62 5.2 고랫배 선원 이스마엘의 운명적 고독 66 5.3 불멸의 고독 77 6. 결론 81 Works Cited 85Docto

    Herman Melville's Criticism of Civilization in The Encantadas

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    The Encantadas or Enchanted Isles, a novella written by Herman Melville, is based on his experience of visiting the Galapagos Islands in 1841. The Galapagos Islands are famous as the site where Charles Darwin discovered and developed the theory of evolution by observing the wild animals there. Whereas the purpose of scientific inquiry is to establish a systematic knowledge through observation, Melville in the novella appropriates scientific discourses to elicit more possibilities and different perspectives on nature and human beings. Melville seems to employ scientific discourses including zoology and statistics in his observation of the Galapagos as if he were a scientist like Darwinat the same time, however, he relies on diverse materials of literature, philosophy, religion, mythology and the history of the islands to examine both nature and human beings. Through his description of the bleak nature of the Galapagos created by the volcanic activities, Melville reveals the avarice of a group of people who come to the islands. Starting with a distant view of the islands, The Encantadas consists of 10 episodic sketches and each sketch depicts each island with its animal inhabitants and human visitors. Although the narrator seems to take the eyes of a scientist who uses a telescope or a microscope, the portrayal of the barrenness of the Galapagos reflects Melville's critical attitude toward human society. Charles Darwin took interest in the possibilities of colonizing and incorporating the Galapagos into the British Empire and was obsessed with filling the islands into the map. In contrast, interested in portraying how the islands appear to change their shapes depending on the light and distance, Melville interprets them with the magical power of imagination and literary devices such as allusion and symbol. Melville shows how Rock Rodondo looks different depending on different perspectives and how its inhabitants such as penguins, birds, and fish resemble the stratified human society. He also criticizes American and European advocates of slavery. The Encantadas abounds with examples which illustrate Melville’s idea that human beings cannot be understood with an one-sided view and approach. Episodes of diverse visitors including an ambitious colonist, a corrupt hermit, 'rejuvenating' and transforming buccaneers, and an abandoned Chola widow reveal Melville’s in-depth literary approach. Through this strategy, he presents the possibility of interpreting or decoding the symbolic meanings of the Galapagos in various ways beyond the superficial observation of the islands. The representative example of this strategy can be found in his description of Galapagos tortoises. The mark on the back of Galapagos tortoises seems to bring "memento ****" to the narrator's mind. However, by leaving the word "mori" blank, Melville seeks to point out how its meaning is unfixed and cannot be limited into a symbol for the mortality of human beings. Melville closes the last sketch with the description of post offices and tombstones scattered throughout the islands. Through the emphasis on these remnants of human civilization, Melville depicts the Encantadas or enchanted isles as symbolic space that embodies his critique of human corruption and avarice rather than a Darwinian praise for human evolution.1. 서 론 .....1 2. 『엔칸타다스』의 과학담론 비판 ....6 2.1 동물학적 분류의 비판 .....10 2.2 통계에 대한 불신 .....18 3. 엔칸타다스의 방문자들 .....27 3.1 사회와 개인의 타락 .....30 3.1.1 견왕의 정치적 실험 .....30 3.1.2 은둔자 오벌루스의 타락.....32 3.2 관점에 따라 달리 보이는 인간.....36 3.2.1 해적.....37 3.2.2 후닐라 ......42 3.2.3 인간의 상징, 거북....50 4. 결론 .....56 Works Cited .....5

    Effect of phage endolysin SAL200 in combination with antibiotics for Staphylococcus aureus infection

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    학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 임상의과학과, 2017. 2. 김홍빈.서론: 황색포도알균은 다양한 침습성 감염증을 일으키는 중요한 병원균으로 항생제 내성이 치료에 있어서 중대한 문제가 되고 있다. 항생제 내성의 문제가 심각해지면서 세균감염증의 치료에 박테리오파지를 이용하려는 노력이 다시 이루어지고 있고, 다양한 균을 대상으로 파지와 리신의 항균효과를 생체외(in vitro) 균주실험과 동물감염 모델을 이용하여 확인한 연구들이 발표되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 리신을 항생제와 병합하였을 때 황색포도알균에 대한 항균효과를 in vitro 와 in vivo 에서 확인하고자 하였다. 특히, 항생제 내성균 감염에서 리신을 병합하였을 때 기존 항생제의 치료효과를 개선시킬 수 있을지 확인하고자 하였다. 방법: 황색포도알균 특이적 박테리오파지 SAP-1에서 분리된 리신 SAL200을 이용하여 대표적인 황색포도알균 균주에 대한 리신 최소억제농도(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC)와 최소살균농도 (minimal bactericidal concentration, MBC) 를 액체배지 미량희석 (broth microdilution) 법으로 측정하였다. 각 황색포도알균 균주에 대한 리신 MIC와 표준항생제인 vancomycin, nafcillin MIC를 측정한 후 checkerboard method와 time-kill assay를 시행하여 리신과 표준항생제의 병합투여 효과를 확인하였다. In vivo에서 리신과 표준항생제의 병합투여 효과를 확인하기 위하여 황색포도알균 균혈증 mouse 모델을 제작하였고, 이에서 ① 대조군, ② 표준항생제 투여군, ③ 리신 투여군, ④ 리신과 표준항생제 병합투여군의 치료 효과를 투약 후 1시간이 경과한 시점에 균혈증의 정도와 감염 후 72시간이 경과한 시점에 전이성 병변의 형성 정도로 평가하였다. 결과: 각 균주의 SAL200과 표준항생제 MIC와 MBC는 각각 단독으로 측정되었을 때보다 SAL200과 표준항생제를 병합하여 투약하였을 때 감소하는 것이 checkerboard assay에서 관찰되었다: Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index를 기준으로 SAL200과 nafcillin을 병합하였을 때 상승효과가 관찰된 균주들은 ATCC B1707, LAC, Newman 이었다 (각각의 FIC index = 0.375, 0.5, 0.5). SAL200과 vancomycin을 병합하였을 때는 ATCC B1707, Newman, ATCC 29213 균주에서 상승효과가 관찰되었다 (각각의 FIC index = 0.5, 0.5, 0.375). Fractional bactericidal concentration index를 기준으로 하였을 때에는, SAL200과 nafcillin을 병합한 경우 ATCC 33591, ATCC B1707, LAC, Newman, ATCC 29213 균주들에서 상승효과가 관찰되었고, SAL200과 vancomycin을 병합한 경우에는 ATCC B1707, LAC, Newman, ATCC 29213 균주들에서 상승효과가 관찰되었다. 각 균주를 MIC 또는 MIC보다 낮은 농도의 SAL200, 표준항생제, SAL200과 표준항생제의 조합에 노출시켜 배양한 time-kill assay에서는 MIC보다 낮은 농도의 표준항생제에 노출된 경우에는 황색포도알균 성장억제 효과가 미미하였으나, 동일 농도의 표준항생제와 SAL200을 병합하였을 때는 30분정도 경과하였을 때 bactericidal 한 수준의 균억제가 관찰되었다. LAC, Newman, ATCC 29213 균주들에서는 6시간동안 배양하였을 때, 배양시작 할 때 보다, 그리고 각 항생제 단독으로 노출된 경우 보다 inoculum이 2-log10 이상 감소함을 관찰하여 SAL200과 표준항생제가 병합되었을 때 상승작용을 볼 수 있었다. 균혈증 mouse 모델에서는 LAC 균주를 감염시킨 경우, 투약 후 1시간이 경과하였을 때, 대조군에 비하여 SAL200 단독투여군 (3.385 vs. 2.202P=0.009)과 병합투여군 (3.385 vs. 2.125P=0.016)에서 균혈증 정도가 유의하게 낮았다. Newman 균주를 감염시킨 경우에는 대조군에 비하여 SAL200단독투여군 (3.437 vs. 2.284P=0.025)과 표준항생제 투여군 (3.437 vs. 2.331P=0.021), 병합투여군 (3.437 vs. 1.635P=0.012)에서 모두 투약 후 1시간째에 균혈증이 유의하게 감소하였다. 감염 후 72시간 째에 비장내 균농도로 평가한 전이성 감염의 정도는 LAC 균주와 Newman 균주를 감염시킨 경우에서 모두 병합투여군이 가장 낮았다. 결론: 본 연구에서 리신 SAL200의 항-황색포도알균 효과를 in vitro에서 관찰하였으며, SAL200을 항-황색포도알균 표준항생제와 함께 사용하였을 때 상승작용이 있다는 것을 in vitro 와 in vivo에서 확인하였다. 특히, SAL200을 표준항생제와 병합투여 하였을 때, 균혈증 자체뿐만 아니라 전이성 병소 형성도 억제하는 효과를 보여, 그동안 표준치료에도 반응이 좋지 않았던 중증 황색포도알균 감염환자들에게 항생제와 함께 리신을 투여하면, 지금보다 치료성적을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.I. 서론 1 1. 황색포도알균의 임상적 중요성 1 2. 황색포도알균의 항생제 내성 문제 2 3. 박테리오파지를 이용한 세균감염증의 치료 3 4. 기존 연구의 제한점 6 5. 연구의 필요성 8 6. 연구 목적 9 II. 연구 방법 10 1. 황색포도알균에 대한 리신 MIC와 MBC 측정 10 2. 리신과 표준항생제의 in vitro synergism assay 12 3. 황색포도알균 균혈증 mouse 모델에서 리신과 표준항생제의 치료효과 평가 17 4. 치료 결과의 평가 25 5. 통계분석 방법 25 III. 결과 26 1. 리신의 황색포도알균에 대한 항생효과 26 2. 리신의 표준항생제의 in vitro synergism 29 가. Broth microdilution을 이용한 checkerboard assay 29 나. 리신과 표준항생제를 이용한 time-kill assay 46 3. 황색포도알균 균혈증 mouse 모델에서 리신과 표준항생제의 치료효과 51 IV. 고찰 57 V. 결론 66 참고문헌 67 Abstract 77Docto

    갱신의 지역편중성을 갖는 XML 문서를 위한 XML 프록시 캐쉬 시스템

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    학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :전기·컴퓨터공학부,2003.Maste

    Foundation and World of Jo Gi-cheon(趙基天)'s Poetry

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    A Study on Long Epic Poetry Titled <Mt. Baekdu> -Focusing on Creative Intention-

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    A Study on Long Epic Poetry Titled 『Song of life』

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    Creative Foundation of 『Baekdusan』 as Long Epic Poetry

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    The Poetic World of Lyudmila Zinina-Choi, The third generation of Koreans.

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