From Domestic Servant to Electric Servant: an Essay on the Relationship Between Social Change and Technological Change after the Civil War until the 1930s

What is the relationship between social change and technological change? According to the technological determinism, a technological change results in a social change, while the theory of social shaping of technology tells us a social change brings about a technological change. Housework has been treated as drudgery. While the industrialization after the Civil War had been propelled, domestic service became common in the middle-class families. Despite the increasing demand from the middle-class families and the increasing number of the domestic servants, since 1880s the ratio between domestic servant and family had been declined. At the nearly same time, the electrification in America had been spread. At some point, the electricity had been a part of everyday life; the domestic appliances such as electric iron, vacuum cleaner, washing machine, or refrigerator had been introduced to the American homes under the name ofelectric servant. They were advertised as the time-saving or labor-saving devices for the housework so that they could be expected to replace the domestic servants. In this article, we will trace the possibility of causality between the reduction of domestic servants and the increase of the domestic appliances

리튬이온배터리에 이용하기 위한 올리고 에틸렌 옥사이드와 프로필렌 카보네이트가 접합된 고리형 실록세인 전해질의 합성과 특성에 관한 연구

Thesis(masters) --서울대학교 대학원 :화학부(고분자화학전공),2010.2.Maste

Analysis of the factors affecting settlement of health insurance complaint : the ombudsman of Korea cases : 국민고충처리위원회 자료를 중심으로

보건정책관리학과/석사[한글] 이 연구의 목적은 우리나라의 Ombudsman 기관인 국민고충처리위원회에 2004년 1월부터 2006년 12월까지 고충민원으로 접수ㆍ처리된 분야 중 건강보험 부문을 유형별로 조사ㆍ분석하고, 이를 토대로 처리결과의 합의해결 관련요인 분석을 통해 우리나라 건강보험 제도개선 방안에 대해서 알아보고자 하였다.민원접수 경로가 인터넷(기관 홈페이지 또는 참여마당신문고 등)을 비롯하여 방문, 서신, 팩스, 대통령비서실이관 등의 방식으로 접수한 건강보험과 관련한 총 632건의 고충민원을 국민건강보험공단의 직제·업무별로 보험료부과, 보험급여ㆍ급여관리, 보험료징수체납처분, 자격관리, 기관행정서비스 등으로 분류하였다. 또한, 민원제기인의 세대 의료이용과 세대 보험료에 대해서도 알아보기 위해 총진료비, 투약일수, 보험료 등을 연계하였다. 민원처리 결과의 내용은 국민고충처리위원회의 내부 운영지침에 의거 크게 합의해결과 그 이외의 안내, 이송(이첩), 기각(각하), 신청취하, 시정권고(제도개선ㆍ의견표명)를 기타로 나누어 구분하였다.접수된 고충민원의 현황을 파악한 결과, 서울지역본부와 경인지역본부에서의 민원이 과반수이상을 차지하고 있었다. 민원유형구분별로의 분포는 보험료부과, 보험급여·급여관리, 보험료징수체납처분, 자격관리, 기관행정서비스 순으로 나타났으며, 이 중에서도 보험료부과금액과 보험급여 범위의 확대 등에서 가장 많은 민원유형이 대두되고 있었다. 결국 보험료부과와 보험급여 범위의 합리성 제고를 통해 국민의 기대를 충족시켜야 한다는 것이다. 민원접수 경로로는 시대의 흐름을 반영하듯이 인터넷에 의해 민원을 제기하는 것이 점점 많아지는 추세이므로 이에 대한 홈페이지 관리도 민원편의 위주로 개선되어야 한다. 즉 수도권지역에 살고 있는 지역가입자가 보험료부과에 대해 기관 홈페이지나 참여마당신문고 등의 인터넷 방식으로 많은 민원을 제기하고 있다는 것이다.국민고충처리위원회에 접수된 민원에 대해 민원처리 결과 합의해결의 관련요인을 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 분석한 결과, 연령과 가입자구분 그리고 민원 접수년, 민원접수 피신청기관과 민원처리 조사관에서만 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나왔다. 고충민원의 합의해결은 민원제기자의 연령이 30세 미만에서 높았으며, 또한 의료급여 가입자의 경우에서도 높게 나타났다. 년도 별로 점차적으로 합의해결이 감소하는 현상이 나타나고 있으나 이는 국민고충처리위원회 내부 업무처리 운영지침의 변화로 인한 것이라고 보여 진다. 민원접수 피신청기관이 보건복지부인 경우에는 대다수가 제도개선을 통하여서만 해결 될 가능성이 강한 보험급여 범위의 확대 등이 주류이므로 현재의 규정과 구조적인 틀 속에서는 해결이 어렵다 할 것이다. 민원담당 조사관 중 파견(공무원)에서 민원해결이 높게 나타나고 있는데, 이는 의료급여 가입자가 민원을 제기하고 있는 기초생활수급권자와 관련된 민원을 주로 다루고 있기 때문이다. 즉 중앙정부와 지방자치단체에서는 이 부분에 대해 통일되고 정형화된 업무지침을 마련 민원접점 현장에서 철저히 집행하여 민원의 소지를 줄여야 한다고 생각한다.이 연구는 건강보험 고충민원의 합의해결 관련요인 분석을 통한 민원제기자의 특성, 세대 의료이용과 세대 보험료의 특성, 그리고 민원유형의 특성을 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통하여 연구한 것으로 이를 분석하여 향후 제도개선의 자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 그러나 고충민원 제기자의 소득이나 가족의 소득, 재산 등 사회경제적 수준에 대한 여러 지표들을 고려한 분석의 제한점이 있었으므로 앞으로 이 부분을 보완한 새로운 연구가 수행되어 더 좋은 연구결과가 나타나길 기대하여 본다. [영문] The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting the settlement of complaints regarding health insurance filed to the Ombudsman of Korea and suggest recommendations. I conducted a survey of the complaints of health insurance that had been filed between January 2004 to December 2006, classified types of complaints and analyzed these cases.A total of 632 complaints were filed regarding health insurance through Internet, visit, mail, fax and the presidential office and I classified these complaints into imposing contribution, insurance benefation·insurance benefit management, insurance collection delinquency in payment disposition, eligibilities management and public administration services. I linked total medical fees, days of prescription drugs and insurance due to find the uses of medical center and insurance due of those who filed the complaints. The results of complaints are classified into positive answers with guidance, transferring, rejecting, withdrawing applications and corrective advices to the inside operation guide of the Ombudsman of Korea.I found about a half of the complaints were filed by residents living in Seoul, Gyeonggi Province and Incheon. The types of complaints are imposing contribution, insurance benefation·insurance benefit management, insurance collection delinquency in payment disposition, eligibilities management and public administration services and the most complaints are related to imposing contribution and the rise in insurance payment. This indicates that these two areas should be fixed to improve the public’s satisfaction with the public service. A growing number of people filed the complaint through Internet, therefore the website services of the Ombudsman of Korea needs to be improved. The majority of complaints are filed by residents of Seoul and its suburban area, and they used Internet mostly.I analyzed the factors affecting the settlement of the complaints filed to the Ombudsman of Korea by using the logistic regression method and found that these factors give a significant effect on age, subscriber classification, the timing of complaints, the agency against which the complaint was filed, and ombudsman of investigator. The ratio of settlement of complaints was especially high among the people in their 30s or below and those who joined medical payment. The rate of settlement shows that the figure is declining year after year, and the trend is mostly related to the change in internal operation of the Ombudsman of Korea. In the case of the complaints filed against the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the majority of complaints complained about the rise in insurance payment and this will be improved only through institutional change. The settlement of the complaints showed that the rate was high when ombudsman of investigator were from other government ministries and this is because they dealt with the complaints regarding recipients of basic life insurance. Therefore the central and local governments should produce uniform guidelines to reduce the possibility of future complaints.This paper used the logistic regression model to find the characteristics of those who file the complaints, use of medical facilities and insurance due by generation and the trends in the complaints through the analysis of factors affecting settlement of the health insurance cases. This paper aims at producing recommendations to improve the public service. The limitation of this study is that there are a variety of indices regarding the socio economic level such as the income level of those who raise complaints and their family and wealth status and these variables hinder accurate analysis. This limitation should be resolved by future study for the better results.ope

차량 자동변속기의 변속품질 향상을 위한 관측기 설계 및 적응보상 변속제어

Thesis (master`s)--서울대학교 대학원 :기계설계학과,2000.Maste

미국에서의 민주주의와 사회개혁의 역사적 성격

1830년대 토크빌(Alexis de Tocqueville)이 미국의 민주주의(democracy)를 찬양한 이래 미국이 이 지구상에서 가장 민주화된 국가 중의 하나라는 사실에 이의를 제기하는 사람들은 드물 것이다. 특히나 자유 민주주의(libera1 democracy) 의 모델 국가로서 오랫동안 그 자리를 차지해 왔다. 그럼에도 불구하고 민주주의가 무엇이냐에 대해서는 아직까지 학자들 조차도 십인십색(十人十色)이다. 예를 들어, 사회과학의 대가들인 립셋(Seymour Martin Lipset)과 다렌도르프(Ra1f Dahrendorf)의 경우를 보자. 립셋은 민주주의를 잘 돌아가는 좋은 사회 그 자체라고 생각하지만, 다렌도르프는 그것을 혁명 없는 정치적 변화로 이해한다. 이 두 학자들 사이에서 민주주의를 바라보는 어떤 공통된 기반을 찾을 수 있는가? 더 나아가 일군의 학자들은 아예 미국의 민주주의를 부정하기조차 한다. 시사평론가 패런티(Michael Parenti)는 미국사회가 민주적이었던 시기가 없었다는 좌파 사회학자인 피븐 (Frances Fox Piven)과 클로워드(Richard Cloward)의 주장에 동의한다. 정치 철학자 바버 (Benjamin Barber)와 다알(Robert Dahl)도 미국에서 진정한 의미의 민주주의는 존재하지 않았다고 생각한다. 심지어 철학자 페이트만(Carole Pateman)은 페미니스트들의 시각에서 볼 때 민주주의는 인류 역사상 미국뿐만 아니라 이 지구상 어디에서도 존재했던 적이 없었다고까지 주장한다.이 논문은 2002년 한국학술진흥재단의 지원에 의하여 연구되었음 (KRF-2002-072-BM2010)

우리나라 雇傭保險制度의 中·長期 發展方向에 관한 硏究

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 행정대학원 :행정학과 행정학전공,2000.Maste

드잘로신스키 모리아 상호작용 현상과 관련된 자기장 인가 자구벽 동역학과 자기 버블케이드 메모리

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :자연과학대학 물리·천문학부,2016. 2. 최석봉.For application as a data storage entitled to magnetic hard disk drives, the magnetic domains are widely used. Each domain represents unit of stored information, and the region between domains is known as domain walls (DWs). For the promising memory and logic devices, it has been proposed to shift the information by coherent moving these DWs through a magnetic nanowire, called racetrack memory. This concept has led to the establishment of a quickly evolving new research field which investigates the mechanisms moving the DWs. This mechanism is operated by the use of an externally applied magnetic field, or injecting an electric currents through the nanowire in which the DWs reside. Recently, perpendicularly magnetized anisotropy (PMA) materials are not only particularly interesting for these applicational devices, but also new physics is being found in these materials since finding DW motion driven by spin-orbit-torque and chiral DW by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI). This thesis contains several contributions which are right at the heart of recent developments on DW physics in PMA materials such as Pt/Co/Pt. The first part of the thesis focuses on maximizing the motion of DWs by adjustment of thickness of metal (upper and bottom Pt layers) contacted by magnetic layer. In particular, it is shown that by changing the each Pt thickness, the PMA is altered in such a way that DW speed is affected. This phenomena is successfully explained by the creep law with scaling law between PMA and DW speed. So this results offer a method of maximizing the DW speed without changing the thickness of the magnetic Co layer. In the second part of the thesis, it deals with topic of fast DW motion called, the flow regime. This regime has been widely studied since 1950. All of the study have been performed the relation between DW speed and driving force (applied external field). In this thesis, main topic is the DW speed with respect to in-plane magnetic field (changing the DW energy related DW profile) with fixed out-of-plane magnetic field (driving force). Based on the 1-dimensional model, analytic solution is suggested and the result from analytic solution is well-satisfied with micromagnetic simulation. Furthermore, this analytic result is well-explaining experimental result, qualitatively: variation of the speed. Important point is the minimum speed at compensating the field induced by DMI, and so it can be quantitatively determined the DMI-induced field. The third part suggests new technique to measure the DMI. This is advanced technique to overcome such field-strength limit. The core idea is to utilize the dependence of minimum speed on the tilting an- gle of the DWs with respect to the direction of the in-plane magnetic field. The present idea can be also demonstrated to other lms (Pt/Co/AlOx and Pt/Co/MgO), where DMI induced field is even much larger than the field-strength limit of equipment, and thus enables the development of an advanced DMI meter based on asymmetric DW motion. The final part of the thesis is composed of application device by use of magnetic-field oscillation. For this application, unidirectional motion of magnetic DWs is the key concept underlying next-generation DW-mediated memory and logic devices. In this part, new scheme is suggested and it utilizes the recently discovered chiral DWs, which exhibit asymmetry in their speed with respect to magnetic fields. Because of this asymmetry, an alternating magnetic field results in the coherent motion of the DWs in one direction. Such coherent unidirectional motion is achieved even for an array of magnetic bubble domains, enabling the design of a new device prototype—magnetic bubblecade memory—with two-dimensional data-storage capability. And then the study about the optimization of magnetic bubblecade speed is performed. In the operation of the magnetic bubblecade memory, two major control factors were found to play the decisive role in determination of the bubblecade speed strength and tilting angle of the magnetic field. Here, the relation of bubble speed with respect to strength and tilting angle of the magnetic field and obtain the analytic solution from the creep scaling law is examined. The proposed analytic equation thus offers the way to predict the optimization condition for the maximum bubblecade speed in the operation of the magnetic bubblecade memory.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Energy 1 1.1.1 Magnetostatic Energy 2 1.1.2 Exchange Energy 3 1.1.3 Anisotropy Energy 4 1.1.4 Zeeman Energy 6 1.2 Types of the Domain Wall: Bloch and Neel Walls 6 1.3 Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction and Chiral Domain Wall 7 Chapter 2. DW Dynamics in Creep regime 11 2.1 Maximizing DW Speed via Magnetic Anisotropy Adjustment in Pt/Co/Pt Films 11 2.1.1 Introduction 12 2.1.2 Sample Preparation & Experimental Methods 12 2.1.3 Result.1: Large Enhancement of the DWSpeed by 50 Times 14 2.1.4 Result.2: DWSpeed & Creep Scaling Constant in Pt/Co/Pt Films 15 2.1.5 Analysis & Discussion & Conslusions 16 Chapter 3. DW Dynamics & Asymmetric DW Motion in Flow Regime 20 3.1 Broken chirality governing asymmetric domain-wall motion in the flow regime 21 3.1.1 Steadt-State Flow & Walker Breakdown 22 3.1.2 Precession Flow 24 3.1.3 Numerical Calculation 26 3.1.4 Micromagnetic Simulation 26 3.1.5 Comparision between Experimental Result and Analytic solution 27 3.1.6 Conclusion 29 3.2 Universality of Chiral-Domain-Wall Motion by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction in the Creep and Flow Regimes 30 Chapter 4. DMI meter 2.0 33 4.1 DMI meter 1.0: Asymmetric Magnetic Domain-Wall Motion by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction 33 4.2 DMI meter 2.0: Measuring the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction based on Angular Dependence of Asymmetric Magnetic DWMotion 34 4.2.1 Result.1: Angular Dependence of Asymmetric Magnetic DW Motion in Pt/Co/Pt 34 4.2.2 Result.2 Angular Dependence of Asymmetric Magnetic DW Motion in Pt/Co/Pt, Pt/Co/AlOx, and Pt/Co/MgO 35 Chapter 5. Applicaiton Device: Magnetic Bubblecade Memory 38 5.1 Magnetic Bubblecade Memory based on Chiral Domain Walls 38 5.1.1 Introduction 39 5.1.2 Sample Preparation & Experimental Methods 40 5.1.3 Result.1: Single Bubble Motion 42 5.1.4 Result.2: Speed of Bubble Motion 44 5.1.5 Result.3: Bubble Radius Variation 46 5.1.6 Result.4: Bubblecade and Memory Operation 47 5.1.7 Discussion & Conclusions 49 5.2 Magnetic Bubblecade Motion in Creep Regime 50 5.3 Optimization of Magnetic Bubblecade Speed via Strength and Angle of Magnetic Field Adjustments 55 Chapter 6. Temperature Dependence of DW Motion in Creep Regime 58 6.1 A Method for Compensating the Joule-Heating Effects in Current-Induced Domain Wall Motion 58 6.1.1 Introduction 59 6.1.2 Sample Preparation & Experimental Methods 60 6.1.3 Results & Discussion 63 6.1.4 Conclusions 67 Chapter 7. Other Works 68 7.1 Distinct Universality Classes of DomainWall Roughness in Two-Dimensional Pt/Co/Pt Films 68 7.2 Determination ofMagnetic Domain-Wall Types Using DzyaloshinskiiMoriya-Interaction-Induced Domain Patterns 70 References 71 Publication Lists (SCI & SCIE) 82 Presentation Lists (International Conferences) 85 Presentation Lists (Domestic Conferences) 92 초록 99Docto

해외 동향] 이란의 직업훈련제도

본 고는 그간의 자문 활동을 통해 파악할 수 있었던 이란의 직업훈련 제도 및 현황에 대한 것을 간략히 요약한 것이다. 교육제도 개요 직업훈련제도 개요 TVTO와 그 역할 직업훈련의 명