무형자산 투자에 관한 연구

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 경영대학 경영학과, 2023. 8. 이우종.본 논문은 기업의 무형자산 투자와 관련한 두 개의 독립적인 논문으로 구성되어 있다. 첫 번째 논문은 특허등록 자료를 이용하여 재벌기업들이 비재벌기업들에 비해 특허를 더 많이 취득하는지 분석하고 이러한 두 그룹간 특허활동의 차이가 상품시장에서 갖는 시사점에 대해 살펴본다. 구체적으로 본 논문은 재벌 집단에 속한 기업들이 다른 기업들보다 매년 더 많은 개수의 특허를 취득함을 확인하였으며, 이러한 이유를 R&D투자 효율성과 재벌 집단 내 지식파급효과를 통해 살펴보았다. 재벌기업들의 경우 투자기회에 더 민감하게 반응하여 R&D 투자를 수행하고 있었으며, 재벌 집단에 속한 한 기업의 특허 개수가 같은 재벌 집단에 속한 다른 기업들의 특허의 개수와 양의 상관관계를 가짐을 확인하였다. 또한 본 연구는 한 기업이 취득한 특허의 개수가 증가할수록 미래 수익률이 증가하는 현상을 일부 발견하였으며, 이러한 현상은 재벌 집단에 속한 기업들에게 더 크게 나타남을 일부 확인하였다. 이는 재벌기업들이 비재벌기업들에 비해 특허를 더 많이 취득하고, 특허 취득으로 인한 경제적 효익도 더 크게 누리고 있음을 시사한다. 마지막으로 본 연구는 재벌기업들의 특허활동이 상품시장 전체에서 갖는 시사점을 살펴보고자 산업-연도 단위의 분석을 수행하였다. 구체적으로, 한 산업에서 재벌 집단에 속한 기업들이 취득한 특허의 비중이 증가할수록 재벌기업들의 시장점유율은 증가하고 비재벌기업들의 시장점유율은 감소하는 현상을 발견하였다. 또한 재벌기업들이 취득한 특허 비중이 증가할수록 허핀달-허쉬만 지수로 측정한 시장집중도가 증가함을 발견하였으나, 산업전체의 성장률과는 유의한 상관관계를 발견하지 못하였다. 이는 재벌기업들의 특허활동이 활발해질수록 재벌기업들의 시장점유율이 증가하고 시장집중도가 높아지나 시장전체의 크기는 증가하지 않음을 시사한다. 두번째 논문은 국민연금이 ESG를 고려한 책임투자(responsible investment)를 이행하고 있는지, 이행하고 있다면 어떠한 방법을 사용하고 있는지 분석한다. 국민연금은 2006년부터 책임투자활동을 수행하기 위한 기반을 마련하였으며, 2018년에 스튜어드십 코드를 도입하는 등 책임투자와 수탁자 책임활동을 이행할 것을 명시적으로 공표하였다. 본 연구는 국민연금이 실제로 책임투자를 이행하는지 분석하기 위해 국민연금 지분율과 피투자기업들의 ESG 성과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 책임투자를 이행하는 두 가지 방법으로는 주주활동(engagement)을 통해 기업들의 ESG 성과를 개선시키는 것과 기업들의 ESG 성과에 따라 투자의사결정을 하는 ESG 투자 방법을 살펴보았다. 분석결과, 국민연금 지분율이 높을수록 피투자기업들의 ESG 성과가 높음을 확인하였다. 또한 그레인저 인과관계(Granger causality) 방법론을 사용하여 국민연금 지분율이 증가하면 피투자기업들의 ESG 성과가 개선됨을 발견하였다. 이는 국민연금이 주주활동을 통해 책임투자를 이행하고 있음을 보여준다. 더 나아가 국민연금의 주주활동 방법을 자세히 살펴보고자 국민연금의 의결권 행사내역을 분석하였다. 국민연금이 주주총회에서 상정한 안건에 대해 반대 의결권을 행사하였을 때 피투자기업들의 ESG 성과가 개선됨을 발견하였으며, 특히 안건이 이사 및 감사의 선임 안건이었을 경우 그 효과가 나타남을 확인하였다. 그러나 본 연구는 피투자기업들의 ESG 성과가 변함에 따라 국민연금 지분율이 유의하게 변하지 않음을 확인하였으며, 피투자기업에 부정적인 ESG 사건들이 발생했을 때 국민연금의 지분율이 감소하는 결과를 발견하지 못하였다. 이는 국민연금이 기업들의 ESG 성과에 따라서 투자를 즉각적으로 조정하지 않음을 의미한다. 마지막으로 본 연구는 국민연금의 책임투자가 갖는 시사점을 살펴보기 위해 국민연금의 투자와 ESG 성과에 기반하여 포트폴리오 및 기업단위의 주식수익률 분석을 수행하였다. 분석결과, 국민연금이 투자한 기업들 중에서 ESG 성과가 좋은 기업들의 경우 ESG 성과가 좋지 않은 기업들에 비해 상대적으로 더 높은 미래 초과수익률을 보이고 있음을 일부 확인하였다.This dissertation consists of two essays on intangible investment. The first essay, entitled Chaebol Group Affiliation, Patenting Activity, and Product Market Concentration, examines the relation between chaebol group affiliation and patenting activity, as well as the economic implication of chaebols patenting activity in product markets. Using the patent data on Korean public firms from 2001 to 2016, I find that chaebol affiliated firms obtain higher number of patents than non-chaebol firms. To explain this finding, I examine two mechanisms: R&D investment efficiency and knowledge spillover. Moreover, I find some evidence that patents are positively associated with future profitability and that this relation is stronger for chaebol firms. Given these findings, this paper explores the economic implications of patenting activity of chaebols and shows that patenting activity of chaebols is positively (negatively) associated with the market share of chaebols (non-chaebol). Lastly, I find some evidence that patenting activity of chaebols is related to market concentration, but it is not significantly associated with overall sales growth of an industry. The second essay, entitled Pension Fund Ownership and ESG Performance: Evidence from Korean National Pension Service, examines whether and how the Korean National Pension Service (NPS) follows its commitment to ESG. We explore two different channels for incorporating ESG factors in investment practices: encouraging investees to improve ESG performance (i.e., engagement), and changing holdings based on ESG. We first find that the level of NPS ownership is positively associated with future ESG score. We employ Granger causality tests to assess the causal relation and find that an increase in NPS ownership can predict future growth in ESG score, supporting the engagement channel. Furthermore, we investigate the exercise of voting rights as a form of engagement and find that ESG activities improve after the NPS votes against the agendas in shareholder meetings. However, we do not find the evidence that the changes in ESG score are associated with future changes in NPS ownership or that the NPS adjusts its holdings in response to negative ESG incidents. The findings suggest that the NPS implements its ESG commitment by engaging with companies, rather than by changing its holdings based on ESG performance of firms. Lastly, we examine the value implications of NPS holding and ESG performance. Using portfolio and firm-level regressions, we find some weak evidence that NPSs investees with higher ESG scores exhibit higher future abnormal returns.Essay 1. Chaebol Group Affiliation, Patenting Activity, and Product Market Concentration 1. Introduction 1 2. Literature Review and Research Questions 8 2.1. Literature Review 8 2.1.1. Prior Literature on Diversified Business Groups 8 2.1.2. Prior Literature on Patents 9 2.2. Research Questions 11 3. Data and Sample 12 4. Research Design and Empirical Results 13 4.1. Chaebol Group Affiliation and Patents 13 4.2. Mechanisms of Patenting 17 4.3. Economic Consequences of Patents 22 4.4. The Implications of Patenting Activity of Chaebols 26 4.5. Additional Tests 33 5. Conclusion 35 References 39 Appendix: Variable Definitions 60 Essay 2. Pension Fund Ownership and ESG Performance: Evidence from Korean National Pension Service 1. Introduction 64 2. Background and Research Questions 70 2.1. Background of the NPS 70 2.2. Pension Fund Ownership, Activism, and Firm Value 71 2.3. Pension Funds and ESG Consideration 73 2.4. Assessing whether Firms or Funds with ESG commitments Walk the talk 75 2.5. Research Questions 76 3. Data and Sample 78 4. Research Design 79 4.1. NPS Ownership and ESG Performance 79 4.2. Granger Causality Tests 81 4.3. The Effect of Voting Decision 83 4.4. Changing Holdings in response to Negative ESG Incidents 85 4.5. Value Implications of NPS Holding and ESG Performance 86 5. Empirical Results 90 5.1. Descriptive Statistics 90 5.2. Results for Engagement 91 5.3. The Effect of Voting Decision 92 5.4. Results for Changing Holdings 94 5.5. Changing Holdings in response to Negative ESG Incidents 95 5.6. Value Implications of NPS Holding and ESG Performance 96 6. Conclusion 99 References 102 Appendix: Variable Definitions 121박

회계법인의 노동유연화 전략이 감사보수와 감사품질에 미치는 영향

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :경영대학 경영학과,2019. 8. 이우종.The provision of audit services is a highly labor-intensive task. This paper analyzes monthly CPA (certified public accountants) employment data of each audit firm to assess the implications of CPA staffing for audit pricing and audit quality. Consistent with the prevalence of short-term hires of freelance CPAs during busy season, we find that growth in CPA employment peaks before busy season but drops dramatically to below zero afterward. We further document that the standard deviation of changes in monthly CPA numbers within a year is negatively associated with audit fees, implying that flexible staffing enables audit firms to charge lower fees to clients. By contrast, we find no evidence that flexible staffing impairs audit quality. We conclude that audit firms reduce operating leverage via flexible staffing arrangements and share the benefit with clients without compromising audit quality.본 연구는 회계법인의 노동유연화 전략이 감사보수와 감사품질에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 본 연구는 한국공인회계사회에서 제공하는 회계법인별 월별 회계사 수 데이터를 활용하여 회계법인이 감사시즌에 대비하여 어떻게 인력을 운영하고 있는지 파악하고, 이러한 회계법인의 인력운영결과가 감사보수와 감사품질에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 본 연구는 감사시즌 직전에 회계사 수가 가장 많이 증가하고, 감사시즌이 끝난 직후에 회계사 수가 급감하는 현상을 발견함으로써 회계법인들이 감사시즌에 단기적으로 회계사들을 채용하는 노동유연화 전략을 사용함을 발견하였다. 더 나아가, 본 연구는 회계사 수의 월별변동성으로 측정된 노동유연화의 정도가 감사보수와 음(-)의 상관관계가 있음을 발견하였으나, 감사품질과는 유의한 상관관계를 발견하지 못하였다. 이는 회계법인이 노동유연화 전략을 통해 절감한 비용을 감사품질을 손상시키지 않으면서 피감법인들에게 공유함을 시사한다.I. Introduction II. Literature Review and Hypothesis Development 2.1. Human Resource Management in Audit Firms 2.2. Consequences of Flexible CPA Staffing Ⅲ. Research Design 3.1. Uniqueness of the Audit Data Available in Korea 3.2. Change in the Number of CPAs within an Audit Firm 3.3. Model Specifications IV. Sample and Descriptive Statistics 4.1. Data and Sample Selection 4.2. Descriptive Statistics Ⅴ. Empirical Results 5.1. Effect of Flexible CPA Staffing on Audit Fees 5.2. Flexible Staffing and Labor Cost Savings 5.3. Audit Quality Test Ⅵ. Additional Analyses 6.1. Effect of Client Bargaining Power 6.2. Sensitivity Test: An Alternative Measure of Flexible Staffing 6.3. Control for Selection Bias 6.4. Differential Effects between Big4 and non-Big4 6.5. Effect of Initial Audit Engagement Ⅶ. Conclusion Reference Appendix A. Variable Definitions. Appendix B. Annual Change in the Number of CPAs. Appendix C. Regression Model for Monthly Trend.Maste

The ketogenic diet in children 3 years of age or younger: a 10-year single-center experience

The ketogenic diet (KD) is an effective treatment option for intractable epilepsy. Here, we reviewed the last 10 years of our experience with the KD and characterized its use in patients under 3 years of age. Medical records of all patients under the age of 3 years who were treated with the ketogenic diet from April 2004 to June 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. One hundred and nine patients with drug-resistant epilepsy were included. The mean age at the initiation of the KD was 1.4 ± 0.8 years old. The youngest patient was 3 weeks old. After 3 months, 39% (42/109) of patients responded to the KD and experienced more than 50% seizure reduction. Of those 42 patients, 20 (18%) achieved complete seizure control. Patients with a genetic etiology showed a better response to the KD in seizure reduction than the other patients (p = 0.03). Age at initiation of the KD was not related to eventual seizure outcome (p = 0.6). The KD continues to be an effective, safe, and well tolerated treatment option for infants with intractable epilepsy.ope

Hybrid Machine Learning Scheme for Classification of BECTS and TLE Patients Using EEG Brain Signals

Approximately 50 million people have epilepsyworldwide. Prognosis may vary among patients depending on their seizure semiology, age of onset, seizure onset location, and features of electroencephalogram (EEG). Several researchers have focused on EEG patterns and demonstrated that EEG patterns of individuals with epilepsy can be used to predict prognosis and treatment responses. However, accurate EEG analysis requires an experienced epileptologist with several years of training, who are often unavailable in small or medium sized hospitals. In this paper, a novel machine learning (ML) model that accurately distinguishes Benign Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes (BECTS) from Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) is proposed. BECTS and TLE show different seizure types and age of onset, but differential diagnosis can be challenging due to the similar location and patterns of the EEG spikes. The proposed hybrid machine learning (HML) model processes the diagnosis in the order of (1) creating feature matrices using statistical indexes after signal decomposition, (2) processing feature selection using Support Vector Machine (SVM) technology, and (3) classifying the results through ensemble learning based on decision trees. Simulation was performed using real patient data of 112 BECTS and 112 TLE EEG signals, where training was performed using 80% of the data and 20% of the data was used in the performance analysis comparison with the actual labeled data based on the diagnosis of medical doctors. The performance of the hybrid classi cation model is compared with other representative ML algorithms, which include logistic regression, KNN, SVM, and ensemble learning based decision tree. The model proposed in this paper shows an accuracy performance exceeding 99%, which is higher than the performance obtainable from the other ML classi cation models. The purpose of this study is to introduce a novel EEG diagnostic system that shows maximum ef ciency to support clinical real-time diagnosis that can accurately distinguish epilepsy types. Future research will focus on expanding this ML model to categorize other types of epilepsies beyond BECTS and TLE and implement the HML diagnostic blockchain database into the hospital system.ope

피질이형성증의 약물반응도와 관련된 자기공명영상 소견

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 의학과 뇌신경과학 전공, 2013. 2. Ki Joong Kim.Background: Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a common cause of intractable epilepsy in children and adolescents. Clinical features vary broadly, including treatment response. The aim of this study was to identify specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features that could be used to predict pharmacoresponsiveness in FCD patients. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed brain MRI scans of 76 children and adolescents who had a lesion consistent with FCD, which correlated with focal onset epilepsy. Pharmacoresponsiveness was defined as a 2-year seizure-free period while receiving antiepileptic drugs. MRI features were compared between a pharmacoresponsive and pharmacoresistant group. Patients were categorized into 4 groups according to their MRI features, such as the severity of gray-white matter boarder blurring, lesion location, and signal changes on T2-weighted images. Clinical outcomes, including responses to the antiepileptic drugs were compared between these groups. Results: Twenty-four patients (31.6%) responded well to the antiepileptic drugs, while 52 patients showed resistance. Localized signal changes were more frequently found in the pharmacoresponsive group in comparison to the pharmacoresistant group (70.8% vs. 38.5%, respectively, p = 0.013). In contrast, diffuse signal changes were more common among the patients with pharmacoresistance (25% vs. 8.3%, respectively, p = 0.028). When FCD were categorized into 4 subtypes according to their MRI features, diffuse type with low/iso cortical signal intensities had an earlier age-of-onset and a lower full-scale IQ compared to other subtypes. Conclusions: This study suggests that FCD patients may respond variously to antiepileptic medication. The extent of the lesion, distinguishable by signal changes, may be related to the pharmacoresponsiveness.Abstract i Contents iii List of tables iv List of figures v List of abbreviations and symbols vi Introduction 1 Materials and Methods 5 Results 13 Discussion 25 Conclusion 32 References 33 국문 초록 38Maste

Severe peri-ictal respiratory dysfunction is common in Dravet syndrome.

Dravet syndrome (DS) is a severe childhood-onset epilepsy commonly due to mutations of the sodium channel gene SCN1A. Patients with DS have a high risk of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP), widely believed to be due to cardiac mechanisms. Here we show that patients with DS commonly have peri-ictal respiratory dysfunction. One patient had severe and prolonged postictal hypoventilation during video EEG monitoring and died later of SUDEP. Mice with an Scn1aR1407X/+ loss-of-function mutation were monitored and died after spontaneous and heat-induced seizures due to central apnea followed by progressive bradycardia. Death could be prevented with mechanical ventilation after seizures were induced by hyperthermia or maximal electroshock. Muscarinic receptor antagonists did not prevent bradycardia or death when given at doses selective for peripheral parasympathetic blockade, whereas apnea, bradycardia, and death were prevented by the same drugs given at doses high enough to cross the blood-brain barrier. When given via intracerebroventricular infusion at a very low dose, a muscarinic receptor antagonist prevented apnea, bradycardia, and death. We conclude that SUDEP in patients with DS can result from primary central apnea, which can cause bradycardia, presumably via a direct effect of hypoxemia on cardiac muscle.ope

Short-term efficacy and tolerability of rufinamide adjunctive therapy in children with refractory generalised epilepsy

We evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of rufinamide adjunctive therapy in children with refractory generalised epilepsy. The study cohort consisted of 20 patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 5 with Dravet syndrome, and 28 with unclassified refractory generalised epilepsy. Patients with more than 50% seizure reduction at three and six months were defined as responders. The overall response rate was 37.7% at three months and 34.0% at six months. At three months, patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (40.0%) and epilepsy with spasms/tonic seizures (38.5%) showed higher response rates than those with Dravet syndrome (20.0%) and epilepsy with myoclonic seizures (20.0%). High response rates in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (30.0%) and epilepsy with spasms/tonic seizures (38.5%) were sustained throughout the six-month study. The accuracy of, and differences between, responder rates should, however, be interpreted with caution due to the small number of patients. Overall, rufinamide appeared to be effective and reasonably well tolerated in this group of children with refractory generalised epilepsies, although a subgroup of patients with Dravet syndrome and epilepsy with myoclonic seizures were less responsive to rufinamide treatment.ope

Prognostic Indicators of Gross Motor Developmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants with Cerebral Insults as Detected by Neuroimaging

Purpose : To examine the developmental outcome of preterm infants with cerebral insults and to evaluate the prognostic indicators for gross motor development. Methods : Forty-eight preterm infants less than 37 weeks of gestation, who had been born at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital between March, 2004 and September, 2008 where the subjects of this. The infants' charts were reviewed to obtain data, including gestational age, birth weight, gender, 1/5 minute Apgar scores, neuroimaging findings, and others. Results : Of the 48 patients, 29 infants (60.4%) were put into a normal developmental group and 19 (39.6%) were put into developmental delay group. Univariate analysis of the two groups showed that P values less than 0.05 were observed with respect to gestational age, premature rupture of membrane (PROM), respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and patent ductus arteriosus. PROM and antenatal steroid showed statistically significant differences on a multivariate analysis. The same analysis method was applied to preterm infants less than a corrected age of 32 weeks. Multivariate analysis suggested that PROM showed statistically significant differences. Also, 48 patients were analyzed with respect to neuroimage finding. Twenty-five infants (52.1%) were assigned to a germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) group and 23 infants (47.9%) were allocated to a non-GMH group. Cesarean section delivery showed statistically significant difference according to univariate analysis. Conclusion : In preterm infants with cerebral insults, PROM and antenatal steroids were independent risk factors for impaired gross motor developmentope

Clinical Features and Treatment Outcomes of Seronegative Pediatric Autoimmune Encephalitis

Background and purpose: New diagnostic criteria for pediatric autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) have been introduced recently. A substantial proportion of cases of pediatric AIE are diagnosed as seronegative based on these criteria, and so the clinical characteristics of this group remain to be investigated. Methods: This study included 46 pediatric patients younger than 18 years with suspected AIE. Clinical features, laboratory or radiological findings, and treatment outcomes were compared between seronegative and seropositive patients. Results: Nine (19.6%) of the 46 patients were diagnosed as seropositive AIE. All of the patients with seropositive AIE had anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies. Commonly identified neuropsychiatric symptoms were altered mental status, cognitive dysfunction, seizure, speech dysfunction, and psychotic disorder in both the seronegative and seropositive groups. Immunotherapy produced favorable treatment outcomes in both the seropositive (n=7, 77.8%) and seronegative (n=35, 94.6%) AIE patients. Treatment outcomes for first-line immunotherapy were better in seronegative AIE than seropositive AIE patients (p=0.003), and hence a smaller proportion of seronegative patients required second-line treatment (p=0.015). Conclusions: Pediatric seronegative AIE patients showed clinical presentations similar to those of seropositive AIE patients, with favorable treatment outcomes after immunotherapy.ope

국립현대미술관 사례를 중심으로

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 미술대학 협동과정미술경영, 2019. 2. 금현섭.Executive agency system is an organizational management technique that provides more autonomy to national institutions for greater efficiency and enhanced performance. In South Korea, regulatory rules for this system gives considerable degree of autonomy to national institutions in managing their own organization, personnel, and budget. Through this, the director of the agency becomes responsible for the organizations performance result, which is evaluated on an annual basis. The National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea (MMCA) was founded in 1969, and then transformed into an executive agency in 2006 in order to strengthen the efficiency and professionalism of the museum. This study examines rather MMCAs transformation into an executive agency, enhanced its operational autonomy and professional competence (researching, exhibiting, and collecting) under the directors leadership. The concept of autonomy, professionalism in art museum, the logic behind executive agency system, and the background for this systems adoption in Korea are theoretically examined in Chapter 2. After the overview of previous research related to MMCAs institutional change, research questions and methodology for this particular study are suggested. Chapters 3 and 4 analyze two aspects (operational autonomy and professionalism) of expected change in managing MMCA under the executive agency systemthese two aspects of change are analyzed through the lens of directorship, major issues, and types of professional competence. In Chapter 5, the changes in operating method and professional tasks of MMCA are comprehensively examined in order to draw out the effects of turning a state-run institution into an executive agency. The analysis shows that the professional competence of the MMCA generally strengthened (or activity increased) when the operational autonomy increased. However, this phenomenon was intermittent rather than persistent. The effect of increasing autonomy was positive only when the directors leadership did not exert too much control over organizations management. Another finding is that the relationship between the members and director of the MMCA was directly affected by the role played by government. For instance, appropriately delegating authority from government to the museum director was a key factor that allowed the directorship to strengthen, and led to the improvement of organizations professional performance both in quantity and quality. In other words, the degree of control and leadership in organizational management was a significant factor in the performance level of the national art museum. The result of the study shows that MMCAs professional competence is influenced by an interaction of various factors -- government, museum director, and professional personnel in the organization. In this dynamic relationship of three parts, institutional factor is the museums operational autonomy given by the government and personal factor is the leadership of museums director, which was exercised mainly in the organizations reform and implementation of a new task system. These two factors in combination affected museums dynamics and as a result, professional performance of MMCA under four different directorships showed drastic differences. It was evident that the level of control and autonomy in the relations between the government and museum director, and between the director and members of the organization had to remain stable for the national art museum to provide improved and high-quality professional services.책임운영기관제도는 정부 차원에서 공개 채용한 기관장에게 조직·인사·예산 운영의 상당한 자율성을 주고, 매해 성과를 평가하여 그 결과를 책임지도록 하는 조직관리 기법이다. 1969년 설립된 이래 정부의 운영책임 하에 머물렀던 국립현대미술관은 2004년 이 제도 도입의 대상으로 선정되었다. 이것은 국립현대미술관의 책임운영기관화가 운영 자율성 증진을 통해 미술관장 중심의 전문적이고 효율적인 직무수행에 도움이 될 것으로 정부는 보았기 때문이다. 국립현대미술관은 2006년 행정형 책임운영기관으로 전환되었고, 2011년부터는 문화형 책임운영기관으로 구분되어 지난 10여 년 동안 책임운영기관으로 운영되었다. 이 연구의 목표는 책임운영기관제도의 도입이 국립현대미술관 운영의 자율성을 어떻게 증진시켰고 그로 인해 미술관의 전문적인 서비스 제공 역량에 어떤 변화를 유발하였으며, 이 과정에서 미술관장의 역할이 어떠하였는지를 살펴보는 것이다. 즉, 미술관의 책임운영기관화에 따른 제도적 효과와 그 과정에서의 미술관장의 역할을 검토하였다. 본 연구의 제2장에서는 이론적 논의로서 미술관(뮤지엄) 운영에서 자율성과 전문성, 그리고 책임운영기관제도의 논리와 한국에서의 도입 배경에 대해 논의하였고, 실제 그 적용 사례로서 국립현대미술관의 책임운영기관화에 대한 논의와 관련 선행 연구를 검토하였다. 이를 토대로 본 연구에서 수행하고자 하는 연구 질문을 도출하고 연구모형을 설계하였다. 제3장과 제4장에서는 책임운영기관제도 도입으로 예상되었던 국립현대미술관의 변화에 대한 두 가지 측면(운영 자율성과 전문성의 변화)을 미술관장 재임 시기, 주요 사안, 그리고 전문 역량별로 분석하였다. 제5장에서는 책임운영기관제도 도입 전·후의 운영 자율성과 전문성의 변화를 종합하여 제도적, 개인적 요소의 결합이라는 역학 관계를 도출하고 그 중요성을 설명하였다. 분석 결과 국립현대미술관의 책임운영기관화 이후 운영 자율성이 증진(미술관장의 결정권한과 영향력 증가)된 시점에 전문 역량이 강화(또는 활동 증가)되는 현상을 발견할 수 있었다. 다만 이러한 현상은 지속적이기보다는 간헐적이었다. 운영 자율성 증진의 효과는 대체로 미술관장의 리더십이 조직 관리에 있어서 지나친 통제력을 행사하지 않을 때 긍정적으로 나타났으며, 그 배경에는 조직 관리 권한을 미술관장에게 적절히 위임한 정부가 있었다. 다시 말해, 미술관장의 구성원 통제·관리 정도는 정부가 미술관 운영의 결정권한을 미술관장에 위임한 정도와 복합적으로 작용하며, 이들 간의 상호 조건화의 정도가 미술관의 전문 역량 변화에 중요한 요인이었다. 미술관 운영에서 전문성은 정부, 미술관장, 전문 인력(구성원) 간 상호의존적이었다. 정부의 권한위임과 통제 정도에 따른 운영 자율성의 변화를 제도적 요인, 조직에 대한 미술관장의 리더십을 개인적 요인이라고 할 때 이들 간의 다양한 조합구성이 미술관 운영의 전문성을 결정하는 주요 역학 관계임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 시계열적 분석 결과, 정부가 미술관 운영의 주체들(미술관장, 구성원)에 지나친 통제나 압력을 가하지 않는 제도적 관계를 일관되게 유지하는 것이 책임운영기관제도가 지향하는 미술관장 중심의 조직 전문성 강화와 양질의 서비스 제공을 가능하게 하는 제도적 토양임을 알 수 있었다.제 1 장 서론 1 제 1 절 연구 배경 1 제 2 절 연구 목적 및 필요성 4 제 3 절 연구 방법과 범위 6 제 2 장 이론적 논의 및 연구 설계 8 제 1 절 미술관 운영에서 자율성과 전문성 8 1. 자율성 개념과 미술관 운영의 자율성 8 2. 미술관의 특수성과 예술조직의 전문성 9 3. 제도변화 상황의 해외 뮤지엄 사례 연구 11 4. 국립현대미술관의 전문 업무 관련 선행 연구 15 제 2 절 책임운영기관제도 관련 논의 17 1. 책임운영기관제도의 논리 17 2. 국내 책임운영기관의 운영원리 21 3. 국립현대미술관의 책임운영기관화에 대한 논의 23 4. 국내 문화형 책임운영기관에 대한 선행 연구 26 제 3 절 연구 문제 및 설계 28 1. 연구 문제 28 2. 연구 설계와 분석틀 29 3. 분석 방법 32 제 3 장 국립현대미술관 운영 방식의 변화 35 제 1 절 국립현대미술관 개요 35 1. 연혁 35 2. 조직 및 예산 37 제 2 절 미술관 운영 및 관리 규정의 변화 41 1. 전시품관람 규칙 41 2. 작품수집 및 관리 규정 43 3. 미술관 운영규정(기본운영규정) 50 제 3 절 조직 관리를 통한 운영 방식의 변화 54 1. 학예 인력 중심의 조직 운영 54 2. 3관 운영을 대비한 신규 조직 59 제 4 절 감사 및 평가 방식의 변화 63 1. 감사 63 2. 성과 평가 66 제 5 절 책임운영에 따른 운영 방식의 변화 분석 72 1. 운영 자율성 증진 검증 72 2. 운영 방식의 변화에 대한 종합분석 74 제 4 장 국립현대미술관의 전문 역량 변화 76 제 1 절 연구조사 역량의 변화 76 1. 양적 분석 76 1) 학술행사와 참석인원 76 2) 연구 발간지 80 2. 질적 분석 82 1) 연구조사의 대상 83 2) 전시 기획 및 작품 수집을 위한 연구체제 85 제 2 절 전시기획 역량의 변화 87 1. 양적 분석 87 1) 기획전시별 유형별 횟수(과천관, 덕수궁관) 88 2) 관람객 수와 입장료 수입금 90 2. 질적 분석 95 1) 대관전시 96 2) 해외전시 98 제 3 절 작품수집 역량의 변화 102 1. 양적 분석 102 1) 신소장품 점수(구입, 기증) 102 2) 신소장품 작가(신규, 기존) 106 2. 질적 분석 108 1) 소장품 예산 및 작품 구입액 108 2) 분과별 평균 객 단가 및 신규 분과작품 수집 112 제 4 절 책임운영에 따른 전문 역량의 변화 분석 118 1. 미술관장 시기별 특징적 변화 비교분석 118 2. 전문 역량 변화에 대한 종합분석 120 제 5 장 결론 123 제 1 절 연구의 결과 123 1. 책임운영기관화의 효과 검증 123 2. 국립현대미술관의 역학 관계에서 통제력 구도 125 제 2 절 제도적, 개인적 요소의 결합 129 제 3 절 연구의 시사점 132 제 4 절 연구의 한계 및 제언 134 참고문헌 138 Abstract 151Docto