기후완화원조와 기후적응원조의 효과성

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 행정대학원 행정학과, 2023. 2. Lee, Sukwon.In the international community, there has been consistent suggestion that foreign aid should contribute to developing countries efforts against climate change. In 1998, the Development Assistance Committee of OECD introduced the Rio Markers to measure how much foreign aid is provided for addressing climate change. The Rio Markers divides climate related aid into two types: climate mitigation aid and climate adaptation aid. This study aims to investigate whether two types of climate aid achieve their intended results. In this study, CO2 emissions is selected as a dependent variable for the effectiveness of climate mitigation aid and the annual change of agricultural output for climate adaptation aid. This study is different from other studies in adopting a new control variable of fossil fuel aid to test its impact on climate change. Panel datasets are compiled for 115 countries from 2011 to 2019. The key findings of the empirical regression are as follows. First, climate mitigation aid has a negative relation with CO2 emissions, which is the desired result. Fossil fuel aid has no statistically significant relation with CO2 emissions, however, has a role to limit the effectiveness of climate mitigation aid. Second, climate adaptation aid does not show significant relation with the annual change of agricultural output which is a proxy of adaptation capacity. The amount of total aid and FDI have an effect to decreasing the annual change of agricultural output. However, this effect is not found in the countries with large exposure to fossil fuel aid. Foreign aid recently draws attention in terms of responding to climate change. Thus, it is necessary to set up a proper system for evaluating climate aid. Especially, a systematic framework for evaluating the effectiveness of climate adaptation aid should be designed.국제사회에서는 대외원조가 개발도상국의 기후변화 대응노력에 기여해야 한다는 주장이 꾸준히 제기되어 왔다. 1998년 OECD 개발원조위원회는 기후변화 대응과 관련된 대외원조 규모를 측정하기 위해 리우 마커를 도입했다. 리우 마커는 기후 관련 원조를 기후 완화 원조와 기후 적응 원조의 두 가지 유형으로 나누었다. 본 연구의 목적은 두 가지 유형의 기후원조가 의도한 성과를 달성하였는지를 알아보는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 기후완화원조의 효과에 대한 종속변수로 CO2 배출량을 선정하고, 기후적응원조의 효과에 대해서는 농업생산량의 변동성을 선정하였다. 본 연구는 화석연료 관련 원조를 통제변수로 추가했다는 점에서 다른 연구들과 차별화된다. 패널 데이터는 2011년부터 2019년까지 115개국을 대상으로 구축되었다. 패널회귀분석의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기후완화원조는 이산화탄소 배출을 감소시키는데 영향을 미친다. 화석연료원조는 CO2 배출과 통계적으로 유의미한 관계는 없으나, 기후완화원조의 효과를 제한한다. 둘째, 기후적응원조는 개도국의 적응역량을 대표하는 농업생산량의 변동성과 유의미한 관계를 보이지 않는다. 총 원조액과 FDI는 농업생산량의 변동성을 완화하는데 영향을 미치나, 화석연료원조를 많이 받는 수원국에서는 그 효과가 발견되지 않는다. 최근 기후변화 대응 측면에서 대외원조가 주목받고 있다. 이에 기후 원조를 평가하기 위한 적절한 시스템이 마련될 필요가 있다. 특히, 기후적응원조의 효과를 평가하기 위한 체계적인 프레임워크가 설계되어야 할 것이다.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Purpose of Research 3 Chapter 2. Literature Review 4 2.1 Emergence of Climate Aid 4 2.2 Development and Measurement of Climate Aid 6 2.3 Fossil Fuel Aid 11 2.4 Effectiveness of Climate Aid 13 Chapter 3. Research Design 18 3.1 Research Model 18 3.2 Data and Variables 19 3.3 Methodology 30 Chapter 4. Results of Analysis and Interpretation 34 4.1 Descriptive Statistics 34 4.2 Result of Panel Regression Analysis 37 4.3 Interpretation 44 Chapter 5. Conclusions 46 5.1 Summary of Findings 46 5.2 Limitations 48 5.3 Policy Implications and Recommendations 49 Bibliography 51 Appendix 56 Abstract in Korean 61석

Epidemiology of food allergy in Korean children

Food allergy has emerged as an important public health problem affecting people of all ages in many countries. The prevalence varies according to age, geographic regions, and ethnicity. For several years, many studies have suggested that the prevalence of food allergy is increasing at an alarming rate, for unclear reasons. Conversely, some studies have also provided findings that sensitization to common food allergens did not increase. Increased recognition rather than an actual increase in patients with IgE-mediated food allergy might lead to the increases in the prevalence of self-reported or physician-diagnosed food allergy. It is also noted that the prevalence of food allergy differs even in the same region according to the study design, i.e., hospital-based or community-based studies. Despite these limitations, epidemiologic data are important because they provide useful information on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of food allergy. This review focuses on advances in the epidemiology of food allergy in Korean children.ope

Organizing pneumonia as the initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus in a Korean adolescent

Organizing pneumonia is characterized histologically by the formation of granulation-tissue plugs within the lumens of small airways. It was reported in association with various disorders including infection, drug reactions and collagen vascular diseases. However, there have been only a few reports on organizing pneumonia accompanied by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), especially in the pediatric population. Herein, we report a case of an adolescent with SLE who initially developed respiratory illnesses due to organizing pneumonia. A 14-year-old girl was referred to our clinic for protracted cough with fever, dyspnea, and hemoptysis. Her chest x-ray revealed predominant multifocal consolidations in bilateral lung fields with pleural effusion. Computed tomography scan showed patchy consolidations with surrounding ground-glass opacities and a crazy paving appearance with multiple centrilobular nodules. Laboratory tests exhibited pancytopenia, elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, proteinuria, low serum levels of complements, and positivity for antinuclear antibody and anti-double-stranded DNA antibody, which were suggestive of SLE. Lung biopsy was performed to exclude the possibility of vasculitis and other mixed connective tissue diseases, which confirmed focal organizing pneumonia. Systemic steroid therapy, including high-dose methylprednisolone, was started. After the treatment, her respiratory symptoms and radiologic findings showed significant improvements. The patient has been followed up so far, and she has remined disease-free. This pediatric case of organizing pneumonia as the initial presentation of SLE alerts clinicians to consider thorough assessment of pulmonary manifestations of SLE in children.ope

Mitochondrial and Nuclear Mitochondrial Variants in Allergic Diseases

The mitochondrial genome encodes core catalytic peptides that affect major metabolic processes within a cell. Here, we investigated the association between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants and allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD) and asthma, alongside heteroplasmy within the mtDNA in subjects with allergic sensitization. We collected genotype data from 973 subjects with allergic sensitization, consisting of 632 children with AD, 498 children with asthma, and 481 healthy controls by extracting DNA from their blood samples. Fisher's exact test was used to investigate mtDNA and nuclear DNA variants related to mitochondrial function (MT-nDNA) to identify their association with allergic diseases. Among the 69 mtDNA variants, rs28357671 located on the MT-ND6 gene displayed statistically significant associations with allergic diseases (Bonferroni-corrected P < 7.25E-4), while 6, 4, and 2 genes were associated with allergic sensitization, AD, and asthma, respectively (P < 0.0002), including NLRX1, OCA2, and CHCHD3 among the MT-nDNA genes. Heteroplasmy of mitochondrial DNA associated with allergic sensitization was evaluated in a separate cohort of patients consisting of 59 subjects with allergic sensitization and 52 controls. Heteroplasmy was verified when a patient carried both alleles of a mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) when clustered. One of the 134 mitochondrial SNPs showed heteroplasmy at a level of 0.4313 when clustering was applied. The probe sequence located at mitochondrial position 16217 and within the D-loop, which acts as a major control site for mtDNA expression. This is the first study to evaluate the association between mitochondrial DNA variants and allergic diseases. A harmonized effect of genes related to mitochondrial function may contribute to the risk of allergic diseases.ope

Classification of atopic dermatitis phenotypes according to allergic sensitization by cluster analysis

A cluster study to classify atopic dermatitis (AD) phenotypes into subgroups is required to better understand and manage the disease owing to the heterogeneity of its clinical features. This study aimed to identify the phenotypic subgroups of childhood AD according to allergic sensitization. In 258 children with AD, hierarchical cluster analysis based on specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E sensitization revealed four distinct clusters. Cluster A (n = 71) revealed no IgE sensitization, whereas cluster B (n = 28) showed sensitization to egg white only. Cluster B was highly associated with early-onset AD (12 months) and had more atopic comorbidities. In addition, cluster D showed the most severely impaired health-related quality of life and more frequent use of immunosuppressants. Therefore, childhood AD can be classified into 4 clusters based on the allergic sensitization status, and clinical phenotypes and treatment strategy may be different according to clusters.ope

A partially hydrolyzed whey formula provides adequate nutrition in high-risk infants for allergy

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Hydrolyzed formula is often fed to infants with gastrointestinal or immune issues, such as malabsorption or cow's milk allergy, because enzymatic treatment has rendered it more digestible and less allergenic than standard cow's milk formula (SF). Partially hydrolyzed formula (PHF) should be considered for those infants who are intolerant to extensively hydrolyzed formula. However, there are concerns about the nutritional insufficiencies of PHF. We aimed to evaluate the effects of PHF on the growth and health indicators in infants who were at high-risk of allergic disease and potential candidates for consuming PHF. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 83 infants aged 0–2 mon with a family history of allergies were assigned to consume either PHF or SF until 24 weeks of age. Anthropometric measures were obtained at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks; blood samples were drawn and evaluated at the end of the study. RESULTS No significant differences were observed in weight, height, and weight-for-height at any time point in each sex between the PHF and SF groups. At 24 weeks of age, the weight-for-age and height-for-age z-scores of the SF group were higher than those of the PHF group, but there was no significant difference in the weight-for-height z-score. There were no significant differences in levels of white blood cells, hemoglobin, ferritin, protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, eosinophil cationic protein, and immunoglobulin E. CONCLUSIONS In this study, there were no differences in growth and blood panels between the infants consuming PHF or SF. Therefore, infants who are unable to tolerate SF can be fed PHF without nutritional concerns about growth.ope

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) in Children and the Specialized CRRT Team: A 14-Year Single-Center Study

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has been used as an important intervention in critically ill children. Our center has the only specialized CRRT team (SCT) for children in Korea, which consists of pediatric intensivists, a pediatric nephrologist and CRRT-specialized-nurses. This study was a retrospective single-center analysis, including all pediatric patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Severance hospital in Korea and received CRRT between 2003 and 2016, grouped as before SCT (group A, n = 51) and after SCT (group B, n = 212). We obtained the data for sex, age, weight, diagnosis, blood flow rate or type of CRRT machine used, administration of inotropic agents or anticoagulants, and ICU duration before CRRT (hours). A total of 263 patients were included. The age was significantly younger (p < 0.001) and blood flow rate was lower (p = 0.001) in group B than group A. Vasopressors (p < 0.001), continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) (p < 0.001), nafamostat mesilate (p < 0.001), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)-CRRT (p = 0.004) were more frequently used in group B. Based on our 14-year experience, we conclude that SCT operation could have played an important role in increasing the amount of CRRT utilization.ope

Current Status of Pediatric Critical Care in Korea: Results of 2015 National Survey

Background: The aim of this study was to describe the structure, organization, management, and staffing of pediatric critical care (PCC) in Korea. Methods: We directed a questionnaire survey for all Upper Grade General Hospitals (n = 43) in Korea in 2015. The first questionnaire was mainly about structure, organization, and staffing and responses were obtained from 32 hospitals. The second questionnaire was mainly about patients and management. Responses to second questionnaire were obtained from 18 hospitals. Results: Twelve from 32 Upper Grade General Hospitals had pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) and 11 of them had the PICU which was exclusive for children. Total number of PICU beds in Korea was 113. The ratio of the number of PICU beds to the number of children was 1:77,460 in Korea and this ratio is lower than that of other developed countries. The mean number of beds in the PICUs was 9.4 ± 9.3 (range, 2-30). There were 16 medical doctors who were assigned for PCC and only 5 of them were full time pediatric intensivists. In the 18 Upper Grade General Hospitals that responded to the second questionnaire survey, there were 97 patients in the PICUs with an average number of 5.7 ± 7.2 (range, 0-22) on the survey day. The mean age of the patients was 3.4 ± 5.6 years. The mean length of hospital stay was 82 ± 271 days. The mean Pediatric Risk of Mortality score III was 9.4 ± 7.8 at the time of admission to the PICUs. Conclusion: There is a considerable shortage of PICU beds compared to those in developed countries. In addition, the proportion of PICUs with PCC specialists is much lower than those in the US and European countries.ope

2015 Korean Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care 제 5부: 소아 기본소생술

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Part 5. Pediatric basic life support: 2015 Korean Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

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