Community Water Fluoridation: Caveats to Implement Justice in Public Oral Health

Community water fluoridation (CWF), a long-established public health intervention, has been studied for scientific evidence from both of yea and nay standpoints. To justify CWF with scientific evidence inevitably leads to ethical justification, which raises the question of whether oral health is of individual concern or social responsibility. As dental caries is a public health problem, public health ethics should be applied to the topic instead of generic clinical ethics. From both pro- and anti-fluoridationists' perspectives, CWF is a public health policy requiring a significant level of intervention. Thus, there needs to take further considerations for justifying CWF beyond the simple aspect of utility. For further ethical considerations on CWF, three caveats were suggested: procedural justice, social contexts, and maintenance of trust. The process to justify CWF should also be justified, not simply by majority rule but participatory decision-making with transparency and pluralistic democracy. Social contexts are to be part of the process of resolving conflicting values in public health interventions. Public trust in the dental profession and the oral healthcare system should be maintained over the considerations. This article suggests accountability for reasonableness as a framework to consider infringement by CWF for public justification of its implementation.ope

건강데이터 소유권에 관한 윤리적 접근

개인의 건강과 관련된 모든 정보를 의미하는 건강데이터(health data)는 데이터 경제의 빠른 확산과 함께 현재 보건의료 영역에서 빼놓을 수 없는 중요한 논의 주제가 되었다. 특히, 건강데이터의 보호와 활용을 위해 건강데이터 소유권 개념이 대두되었고, 이는 관련 법적 문제를 해결하기 위한 대책으로 주목받았다. 그러나, 데이터 소유권이 다루는 문제의 폭이 넓어 서로 충돌하며, 현행법이 데이터 소유권을 포괄하는 법제를 제시하는 데 한계를 지니고 있다는 문제가 확인되었다. 본 논문은 국내법, 유럽연합, 미국, 일본에서 데이터 소유권 및 건강데이터 소유권 관련 법적 상황을 검토하여, 데이터 소유권, 특히 건강데이터 소유권 개념은 현재 법적·실무적으로 유용하지 않을 수 있다는 주장을 확인하였다. 그러나, 본 논문은 건강데이터 소유권 개념을 폐기하는 대신, 지금까지 이루어진 건강데이터 소유권에 관한 논의를 종합, 건강데이터 소유권의 윤리라는 틀을 새로 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 최근까지의 건강데이터 소유권 논의가 데이터 경제와 문화의 참여와 배제라는 차원을 다루고 있음을 확인하였다. 경제 차원과 문화 차원에서 분배와 인정 문제가 관점적으로 구분되어야 한다는 주장을 첨예하게 제기한 프레이저의 비판적 정의론에 기대어, 본 논문은 건강데이터 소유권의 윤리가 데이터 당사자와 데이터가 맺는 정의로운 관계를 규명하고자 하는 논의임을 주장하고자 한다.ope

주어-동사-목적어 튜플의 임베딩 모형

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 자연과학대학 통계학과, 2019. 2. 박병욱.In NLP, a mapping from text data to Euclidean space is crucial in modeling process. We implement tuple embedding model by using subject, verb, object tuple data extracted from Reuters news headlines. Our experiments show clear syntactic relationships among various headline vectors by using triplet loss function. Headline vectors tend to gather around similar verbs and make different clusters according to similarities of subjects and objects. Interestingly, if we increase the size of the model, existing clusters are divided again to more various actors or actions. Major weakness is that headline vectors are sensitive to order, shape and the number of words in their subject-verb-object because of model architecture and the use of average vectors. Especially, using average vector produces good results only when the number of words in subject-verb-object are short. However, when headline vectors have many words, it produces arbitrary results. Hence, tackling the problem of average vector can be the key to generate more sophisticated performance.자연어 처리(NLP) 분야에서, 텍스트 데이터를 유클리디안 공간으로 맵핑하는 작업은 모델링 과정에서 핵심적인 역할을 한다. 이 논문에서는 로이터 기사 헤드라인에서 추출된 주어-동사-목적어의 튜플 데이터를 임베딩하는 모형을 적용해보았다. 특히 삼중항 손실 함수를 활용한 결과, 기존 손실함수에 비해 구문론적으로 더욱 분명한 관계를 보였다. 헤드라인 벡터들이 먼저 유사한 동사(행동)를 기준으로 큰 클러스터를 형성하였고, 또한 주어와 목적어의 유사성에 따라 세부적으로 다른 클러스터들로 구분되는 결과를 보였다. 흥미로운 점은 모형의 복잡성을 높이게 되면 기존의 클러스터들이 주체에 따라 세분화된다는 점이다. 모형의 큰 단점은 주어-동사-목적어의 순서와 이를 구성하는 단어의 개수에 민감하다는 점에 있다. 이는 모형의 구조와 평균 단어벡터의 활용 때문이다. 특히, 평균 벡터의 활용은 주어-동사-목적어를 구성하는 단어의 개수가 적은 경우에 좋은 성능을 보인다. 반면, 단어의 개수가 많아지면 비슷한 의미의 단어일지라도 그 관계가 임의적으로 변하는 단점이 있다. 따라서, 평균 벡터를 활용하는 문제점을 극복하는 것이 모형의 성능을 높이는 핵심이라고 할 수 있다.1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Related Studies 2. Subject-Verb-Object Tuple Embedding Models 2.1 Baseline model 2.2 Incorporating word vectors as learning parameters 2.3 Some modified loss functions 2.3.1 Dynamic margin loss function 2.3.2 Triplet loss function 3. Data 3.1 Gathering news data 3.2 Data preprocessing 3.3 Extract S-V-O tuples 3.4 Word embedding 4. Experiments and Evaluation 4.1 Data descriptions 4.2 Generating corrupted data 4.3 Tuple embedding models 4.4 Qualitative analysis 4.5 Selected topics: triplet loss 4.6 Selected topics: baseline model 4.7 Random sampling 4.8 Main verb and its derivative verb phrases 5. Discussion and Conclusion 5.1 Weakness: averaging word vectors 5.2 Loss functions 5.3 The direction of data preprocessing 5.4 Conclusion ReferencesMaste

Keyword Network Analysis of Biomedical Ethics Research in South Korea

Background: Biomedical ethics research in South Korea began in 1998 and has continued to the present. However, no analysis has been conducted on its entire quantity and research trend. Therefore, this study examines the overall orientation of Korean biomedical ethics research. Methods: Keyword network analysis was performed on English keywords of 1,064 research articles published in five major journals in the field of biomedical ethics in South Korea. The analysis was conducted through cluster analysis, degree centrality, and betweenness centrality. The method was applied again by dividing the entire research history into three periods (1998-2008, 2009-2015, and 2016-2021). Results: Biomedical ethics research in South Korea was mainly focused on the area of research ethics. Medical ethics education, autonomy, and privacy were also received attention. Virtue ethics was centers in the theoretical domain. On the other hand, public health ethics, religious bioethics, environmental ethics, neuroethics, and professional ethics had been received relatively low attention. Discussion: This paper suggested diversification at the theoretical domain in biomedical ethics research, academic efforts to support the exploration of less examined topics, and the use of Medical Subject Headings for quantitative evaluation of research results.restrictio

(The) comparison of marginal integrity and demineralization resistance of light-cured glass-ionomer cement containing

치의학과/석사글라스아이오노머 시멘트는 시멘트의 구성 성분을 혼합하면 경화 후 상당량의 불소이온이 유리되는 장점을 지니고 있다. 이상인산칼슘은 수산화인회석과 베타-인산삼칼슘을 혼합하여 구성된 바이오세라믹을 의미하며 글라스아이오노머 시멘트에 인산칼슘 제재를 첨가하는 경우 압축강도, 전단결합강도의 개선이 관찰되어, 이상인산칼슘의 첨가로 물성의 개선이 기대되었다. 이 연구의 목적은 글라스아이오노머에 무게비로 15%, 30%의 나노 이상인 산칼슘을 첨가하여 결합강도 및 저작시험시의 변연적합성의 변화를 측정하고 탈회시험 시 저항성을 나타낼 수 있는지 확인하고자 함이었다.대조군으로 순수한 글라스아이오노머와 실험군으로 15%와 30% 나노 이상 인산칼슘을 포함한 글라스아이오노머를 사용하였다. 우치 순면에 재료를 접착후 탈락시켜 접착강도를 평가하였으며, 와동을 형성하여 재료로 충전, 가중 시험 전후의 변연적합성을 비교하였다. 또한, 탈회 용액을 적용 후 CLSM 으로 촬영하여 탈회 저항성의 정도를 평가하였다.1. 결합강도 실험에서는 대조군과 실험군 1, 대조군과 실험군 2 의 그룹간에 통계학적으로 유의성 있는 차이가 관찰되었다 (p < 0.05).2. Chewing simulator 적용 전후의 변연을 실체현미경으로 촬영하여 변연적합성을 전후비교한 결과 대조군과 실험군 1 에서 통계학적으로 유의성 있는 차이가 관찰되었다 (p < 0.05).3. 3 일간 탈회 후 CLSM 을 이용하여 시편의 탈회면을 관찰, 면적을 비교한 결과 대조군에 비해 실험군 1 에서 통계학적으로 유의성 있는 탈회면적의 감소를 보였다 (p < 0.05).이 연구의 결과 15% 이상인산칼슘을 첨가한 글라스아이오노머에서 탈회면적의 감소가 나타났으며 결합강도의 증가와 변연적합성의 개선을 나타냈다. 30% 이상인산칼슘을 첨가한 글라스아이오노머의 경우 탈회 면적의 감소가 관찰되지 않았다.ope

공공 R&amp;D의 기술이전이 기업의 성장에 미치는 효과 연구

본&nbsp;연구에서는&nbsp;개방형&nbsp;혁신&nbsp;개념을&nbsp;활용하여&nbsp;공공기술이전을&nbsp;기업의&nbsp;외부&nbsp;R&amp;D의&nbsp;일환으로&nbsp;간주한&nbsp;뒤&nbsp;기술수요기업의&nbsp;관점에서&nbsp;공공기술이전의&nbsp;산업별&nbsp;특성과&nbsp;내부&nbsp;R&amp;D와의&nbsp;상호작용에&nbsp;대해&nbsp;탐구하였다.&nbsp;NTIS&nbsp;기술료&nbsp;데이터와&nbsp;한국기업정보&nbsp;데이터를&nbsp;매칭한&nbsp;뒤&nbsp;2008년부터&nbsp;2011년까지&nbsp;일어난&nbsp;1,980개&nbsp;기업의&nbsp;7,645개&nbsp;기술이전&nbsp;자료를&nbsp;추출,&nbsp;회귀분석과&nbsp;분위회귀분석을&nbsp;실시하였다.&nbsp;그&nbsp;동안&nbsp;기업이&nbsp;공공기술&nbsp;이전으로부터&nbsp;얻는&nbsp;효과가&nbsp;정성적으로&nbsp;다루어져&nbsp;왔으나,&nbsp;본&nbsp;연구에서는&nbsp;산업과&nbsp;기업의&nbsp;특성에&nbsp;따른&nbsp;효과의&nbsp;편차를&nbsp;연구하기&nbsp;위하여&nbsp;정량적인&nbsp;DB를&nbsp;구축하고&nbsp;통계적&nbsp;분석을&nbsp;시행하였다.분석&nbsp;결과&nbsp;기술이전이&nbsp;매출성장에&nbsp;가하는&nbsp;효과는&nbsp;중고위기술과&nbsp;고위기술&nbsp;분야의&nbsp;일부&nbsp;기업들에게&nbsp;편중되는&nbsp;경향이&nbsp;있었다.&nbsp;또한&nbsp;기간별(1&middot;2&middot;3년&nbsp;후)&nbsp;매출의&nbsp;경우&nbsp;기술이전은&nbsp;기술이전&nbsp;다음해의&nbsp;매출에&nbsp;주로&nbsp;영향을&nbsp;주지만,&nbsp;내부&nbsp;R&amp;D의&nbsp;효과는&nbsp;주로&nbsp;2년&nbsp;후의&nbsp;매출에&nbsp;집중되어&nbsp;있는&nbsp;것으로&nbsp;분석되었다.&nbsp;또한&nbsp;OECD&nbsp;기술집약도&nbsp;기준&nbsp;산업분류와&nbsp;4개&nbsp;지정&nbsp;산업군(자동차,&nbsp;전자,&nbsp;반도체,&nbsp;화학)별로&nbsp;공공기술이전의&nbsp;효과에&nbsp;편차가&nbsp;있는&nbsp;것으로&nbsp;나타났으나,&nbsp;기업&nbsp;크기별로는&nbsp;효과에&nbsp;유의한&nbsp;차이가&nbsp;없었다.&nbsp

The Ethical Approach to Health Data Donation and Sharing: From The Process of Human Tissue Donation

Although there is a strong demand to utilize health data in the context of the data economy, there is also a strong push to protect health data for privacy reasons, which has a long history. In order to both utilize and protect health data, it is important to place it within a specific management framework. However, the current discussion about health data usage has primarily centered on the legal basis of its availability. Based on the sim- ilarity between human tissue and health data, this paper examines whether the human tissue donation procedure can be used in the health data donation and sharing procedure. First, we outline the institutional development and current procedures for human tissue donation and review the recent discussion on posthumous health data donation to exam- ine whether it can be used to share health data when the data subject is still alive. Here, it is necessary to revise or modify the human tissue donation procedure in order to make it appropriate for health data donation and sharing. To this end, the paper reviews the cell-line case to examine the points to be considered in health data donation and sharing. Based on these considerations, the paper calls for the implementation of governance for health data donation and sharing based on social recognition and the right to control health data by parties involved in data creation and management.ope

COVID-19 and structural injustice: Young’s social connection model and responsibility for resolving the pandemic

South Korea is considered one of the countries that effectively responded to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it has raised the issue that the country’s quarantine policy concentrated damage on some classes, especially minority groups. The world made efforts to distribute the COVID-19 vaccine fairly, even before its development. However, distribution inequality occurs, and a large percentage of vaccine production has been transported to high-income countries. These harms happened even though nations or institutions did not intend to injury a particular group or state, and it was difficult to hold anyone responsible, resulting in these issues being ignored by the many who did not suffer. This paper explains this state of affairs based on the concept of structural injustice by Iris Young and attempts to examine that everyone in the society is responsible for rectifying it. To this end, we review recent work on the structural injustice and the social connection model explaining the responsibilities arising in such situations, examine what caused structural injustice in each case, and perform tasks to urge collective action for transformation. In particular, the paper presents a new interpretation of the social connection model through the issues of the pandemic, which confer biological-political responsibilities on individuals.restrictio

Power in Dentistry: A Foucauldian Shift in South Korea

The established method of understanding power in dentistry is based on the early Foucauldian discourse that dentistry enforces oral health discipline to the people on behalf of state power. This exhibits the hierarchy between dentists and patients, which clearly appears in clinical dentistry and effectively explains the responsibility of oral care assigned to patients. However, there presents no way to becoming free from the framework in the discourse as a resistance. Beyond the political aspect of the medico-sociological framework, this paper seeks a different way to understand power in dentistry through 'care of the self', a late Foucauldian concept. First, based on the current discussion of the dentist-patient relationship (DPR), the paper examines two trends of clinical dental treatments in South Korea. The high prevalence of dental implant and orthognathic surgery indicates that traditional prejudices including ableism and pursuit of Western beauty still remain in South Korea albeit with the society overcoming paternalism in DPRs. These dental phenomena, however, contain excesses that cannot be explained only by traditional prejudice, and this paper attempts to interpret them as the pursuit of care of the self that appears in the dentist's professionalism and the patient's self-determination. In dentistry, care of the self can be introduced in the form of empowerment, which is implemented through the improvement of oral health literacy and shared decision-making. This paper argues that this interpretation helps surmount the traditional dyadic model of the DPR and revise the understanding of power in dentistry.restrictio

A Request for Active Patient: In Relation to “Living with COVID-19”

The power and damage of the Covid-19 pandemic seem to be gradually disappearing. However, the Covid-19 virus will continue to exist in many societies. We are entering an era when we should seriously consider “living with Covid-19” or co-existence with the Covid-19 virus. Then, what does co-existing with the virus mean? We frame the chronicity of the infectious diseases when it cannot be eradicated and spread to society and argue that individuals need to actively coordinate their lives to cope with this rampanting infectious disease. However, there are ideas that need to be clarified for this argument. In particular, it is necessary to critically examine the traditional assumption of passive patient. In order to overcome this, the paper reviews concepts of medical responsibility, active patient, and chronicity of infectious disease and synthesizes them to present the individuals enacting life within infectious disease.restrictio