Physiological Analysis of some Selected Sports Activities through Telemetered Heart Rate

Sports activities of freely moving 6 male medical students (19. 9-21. 6 years) were analysed through telemetered heart rate. First, heart rate versus oxygen consumption were plotted on a semi-logarithmic scale and resulted in a straight line. Next, heart rate only was determined during the free sports activity and corresponding oxygen consumption was determined from the heart rate-oxygen consumption diagram. The following results were obtained. 1. The coefficient of correlation between heart rate and oxygen consumption was r=0.94 on a semilogarithmic plot. The regression equation was: log Voz(liter)=0.0079xHeart rate(beat/min)-I-l.97. 2. Heart rate versus lung ventilation diagram on a semi-logarithmic plot showed a straight line and the coefficient of correlation was r=O. 96. The following regression equation was obtained. log VE(liter)=O. 0085x Heart rate (beat/min) +3.33. 3. The relation between oxygen intake and ventilation showed an inflection at the point corresponding 2.0 l/min of oxygen intake and 48 l/min of lung ventilation. 4. Oxygen pulse was: 3.89 ml/beat in resting, 5. 59 in standing, 7. 56 in family gymnastics, 16. 3 in the Harvard step test, and 13. 9 ml/beat in the treadmill test(maximal oxygen intake). 5. Telemetered heart rate in the freely moving muscular activities were as follows: 122 beat/min in table tennis, 1-13 beats in catch ball, 139 beats in tossing of volley ball, 119 beats in 50 meter dash, 155 beats in 100 meter dash, 116 beats in 35 staircase up movement, 130 beats in 72 staircase up movement, 99 beats in 35 staircase down movement, and 100 beats/min in 72 staircase down movement. The maximal heart rate was 195 beat/min. 6. Oxygen consumptions in sports activities were read from the logV0 2-heart rate diagram substituting the telemetered heart rate value. 7. Sports activities were assessed in relation to the maximal oxygen uptake. Ratios of oxygen uptake of sports activities to the maximal oxygen uptake were: standing: O. 19, staircase down movement: 0.21, staircase up movement: 0.28 (35 staircases) and 0.36 (72 staircases), table tennis: 0.33, family gymnastics: O. 44, tossing of volley ball: O. 43, catch ball: 0.47, 50 meter dash: O. 51, and 100 meter dash: O. 57. Assessed on the resting oxygen intake basis. the order of severity of muscular activities was the same as on the maximal oxygen intake basis with only one exception. On this basis 72 staircase up movement was more severe than the table tennis

RISA Clearance and Water Shift in Skin Inflammatory Region Induced by Histamine Injection

Movements of RISA across capillary membrane after intradermal injection of histamine were studied in anesthetized rabbits. Intravenous injection of 2 ml saline solution containing 30-100 μC of RISA and 1 % Evans blue dye was given to the animal. The dye served as a guide in delineating the area of inflammatory tissues. In order to ensure uniform distribution of the injected materials, 10 minutes were allowed to elapse before saline and logarithmic doses of histamine dihydrochloride in a volume of 0.05 ml were injected intradermally. A total of 7 sites were injected on the abdominal skin of each animal. Ten minutes after the intradermal injections, animal was killed , the skin sites were excised and blood samples were taken by cardiac punctures. From the tissue and blood samples , radioactivities of RISA, concentration of sodium and tissue water content were analyzed. Calculations were made on contents of tissue water, Na space as a size of extracellular fluid space, size of intracellular fluid and local clearances of RISA. The following results were obtained. 1. Tissue water content of skin increased as the injected dose of histamine increased. The dose-response -curve showed a S-shaped curve. Tissue water content at the control skin site was 67.8±2. 3%. At 10- 3μg histamine injected skin site the tissue water content was only slightly greater than that of the control. As the injected dose of histamine increased up to a dose of 101μg， skin tissue water content increased steeply_ Thereafter skin tissue water content maintained a maximum plateau value of 76.0±2. 9% at a dose of 102 μg histamine. 2. Histamine dose-response curves of extracellular and intracellular fluid were similar to the tissue water change showing a typical sigmoid curve. The size of extracellular fluid volume determined as Na-space shoo wed 41.5±1.0% in the control site and increased to the maximum plateau value of 44.8±1. 9 % at the dose of 102μ g histamine. The size of intracellular fluid volume determined by difference between total tissue water and Na-space was averaged of 26.3 %in the control site and increased to the maximum plateau value of 31. 2 % in the site injected 102μ g of hista· mme. 3. The RISA clearance was averaged O. 036±0. 005 cc/gm at the control site which value represents the plasma volume of normal skin. Clearances in the inflammatory sites induced by graded dose of histamine increased with the same fashion as in the change in tissue water. Thus, a modest increase at a dose of 10-3 μg histamine, steep increase at the doses of 10-2-101 μ g， thereafter a maximum plateau value of O. 206± 0.032 cc/gm were observed. The actual extravasated or transudated plasma volumes can be calculated by {}btaining the differences of clearance values of control .site and inflammatory sites. The maximum plasma "Volume extravasated was calculated as O. 17cc/gm which is about 5. 7 times of the normal plasma volume. 4. From the point of view that dose-response curves of total tissue water, extracellular fluid , intracellular fluid and RISA clearance showed typical sigmoid cur· ves, the inflammatory reactions induced by graded doses of histamine were divided into 3 steps according to their intensity and mechanism of changes. Each step of changes was discussed

A Study on the Equation Formulae for Estimation of the Total Lower Extremity Length from the Measurements of the Upper Extremity in Korean Fetuses

In order to induce the equation formulae for the estimation of total lower extremity length from the measurements of the upper extremity, authors meas· ured the 2,100 Korean fetuses ranging from 16 to 36 weeks in age, and the following conclusions have been drawn 1. The correlation coe뻐cients of over 0.9 between the totallower extremity length and the measurements of the upper extremity were indicative of highly correlated condition 2. Accordingly, the equation formulae for the estimation of total lower extremity length from the measurements of the upper extremity could be figured out as Tables 8 and 9 (single measurement) and Tables 12 and 13 (double measurements). 3. Di fferences of approximately 1mm. in both sexes were manifested between actual and estimated total lower extremity lengths, where the estimations were based on single measuremen t. 4. Di fferences of approximately 1mm. in both sexes were manifested between actual and estimated total lower extremity lengths. where the estimations were based on double measurements. 5. The estimated total lower extremity lengths from single and double measurements were closer to actual one in same degree

Weight, Density and Cholesterol Content of Organs in Renal Hypertensive Rats

Organ weight (% ratio to body weight). density and total cholesterol content were determined in experimental renal hypertensive rats. Encapsulation of bilateral kidneys with gause soaked with 20% cellulose acetate was 7 performed. The ensuing hypertension appeared after 40 days or mere and arterial bleed pressure reached to 180 mmHg at highest in about one-half of animals of which kidneys were encapsulated. The remaining rats which showed no elevation of arterial blocd pressure served as the control animals. The following results were obtained. 1. The ratio of organ weight to total body weight showed a general increase in the hypertensive rats. In heart and liver there were good correlations between arterial blood pressure and ratio of organ weight to bedy weight. The coefficient of correlation was r=0.64 and 1'=0.69 in heart and liver. respectively. 2 Density was highest in adrenals showing 1. 157 and lowest in cerebrum showing 1.044. The values of other organs were; spleen: 1.072. liver: 1.071. kidney: 1.062, and heart: 1.059. The organs which showed a variation in density in hypertension were kidney and liver. In kidney. density decreased as arterial blood pressure was elevated and the coefficient of correlation between the two was r= 0.46. In liver. density increased in the hypertensive rats showing a coefficient of correlation being r=0.15. 3. Total cholesterol content in plasma was 93 mg% .and in adrenals this amounted to 2640 mg% In renal hypertensive rats total cholesterol content of kidney decreased. The coefficient of correlation between arterial bleod pressure and kidney cholesterol content was r=-0.66. In adrenals, the hypertensive rats showed an increase in total cholesterol content (r=0.48.) and reached to the value of 3782 mg% 4. The interrelationships between organ weight, organ volume, density of varying composition of organs in renal hypertension were discussed

An experimental study on the mechanism of increase in blood glucose on furosemide diuresis

The experiment was designed to determine whether hyperglycemia induced by diuresis is mediated thro ugh hypoinsulinemia Th2 changes in the concentration of serum sodium, potassium. and calcium, in the plasma glucose and insulin level, and in the urinary excretion. potass ium and calcium after an intravenous injection of furosemide were measured in five normal volunteers with or ',vithout previous diuretics administration. The results were as follows ]) The plasma glucose level increased slightly and the plas :na insulin level decreased slightly after furosemide administration in normal subjects \vithout any pretreatment, but little significant changes were noted 2> Furosemide injection resulted in a moderate inc~ rease in glucose level and a significant u t:: c r e a ~ e in insulin level in the subjects '''ith previous diuretics administration. The changes in insulin level preceeded the changes in glucose level 3) The amount of urinary sodium and potassum excretio~l during two hours after furosemide injection was larger than that of daily excretion and the greater part of diuresis was observed within sixty minutes after the injection 4) Furosemide injection did not induce any signifi• cant change in serum electrolyte concentration regardless of massive urinary excretion 5) From the above results it was postulated that diuress elicited hyper;3'lycemia was not due to a relative increase in the concentration following plasma water loss but due to the decrease in insulin secretion following potassium depletio

Headward Movement of Center of Gravity and Decrease in Girth of Chest during Recumbency.

Simultameous measurements of thoracic girth, headward shift of center of gravity and functional residual capacity of lung attending abrupt assumption of supine position and sustained recumbency of 30 minutes period in 8 adult male subjects were performed. The center of gravity shifted 0.41 cmeO.25% body length) headward after recumbency of 30 minutes. The thoracic girth decreased a mean value of O. 82 em. The functio nal residual capacity of lung showed a significant decrease immediately after recumbency and was followed by an insignificant decrease up to the end of 30 minutes period. The interrelation between blood volume shift to thorax, position of diaphragm. decrease in functional residual capacity and decrease in the thoracic girth was discussed

Physiological analysis of mountain climbing exercise in women

Physiological analysis of the physical exercise of mountain climbing in 8 women was made. The course between two places (256 and 516 meters altitude) was 1,300 meters in distance and the difference of vertical height was 260 meters making a mean grade of 20%. In the field , the heart rates during uphill or downhill walk were recorded on magnetic tapes by means of EKG FM radio-telemetry. In the laboratory. oxygen consumption was obtained by the recorded heart rates. using individual heart rate Vs oxygen consumption diagram obtained by treadmill tests. The following results were obtained 1. Uphill walk time was 35. 5 minutes. and during this period the mean heart rate was 168.8 beats/min and the peak heart rate was 186.0 beats/min. The total heart beats during the uphill walk was 5.992 beats. 2. The ratio of individual mean heart rate during the uphill walk to the maximal heart rate distributed between 83.7% and 101.4%. and the mean of the total group was 89.8%. The ratio of peak heart rate of uphill walk to the maximal heart rate was 99.1%. Thus a uphill walk of a 20% grade mountain course was an exhaustive exercise. 3. Oxygen consumption during uphill walk was 36.7 (ranged between 29.5 and 45.6) ml/min/kg. and the ratio of this to the resting oxygen consumption was 9.7. The peak value of oxygen consump• tion during uphill walk was 42.6 ml/min/kg and the ratio of this to the resting oxygen consumption was 11.2 4. Breathing frequency during uphill walk was - 264- 36. l/min and the peak frequency was 41. 6/min. 5. Energy expenditure during uphill walk showed a mean of 9.4 kcal/min and the peak expenditure rate was 10. 9 kca l/min. The total energy expenditure during 35. 5 minutes of uphill walk was 332. 7 kcal. 6. In downhill walk, the time was 28. 2 minutes, mean heart rate was 134.6 (ranged hetween 117.5 and 146.7 beats/min, and the peak heart rate was 143.3 beats/min. The ratio of mean heart rate to the maximal heart rate was 71.5%. Total heart beats during the downhill walk was 3,839 beats Oxygen consumption during the downhill walk was 26.2 ml/min/kg and the ratio of this to the resting oxygen consumptIOn was 6.6. The rate of energy expenditure was 6.5 kcal/min, and the total energy expenditure during the 28.2 minutes of downhill walk was 184.8 kcal Thus the grand total enerμy expenditure during the 63.7 minutes of up' and downhill walk was 517. 5 kcal

Effects of acute hemorrhagic on blood sugar and liver glycogen

In order to observe effects of hemorrhagic shock on carbohydrate metabolism, experimental hemorrhagic shock was induced in 18 rabbits and we analyzed blood glucose and liver glycogen contents from 3 groups. control. hemorrhagic shock. and adrenalectomy group. Results obtained were as follows 1. Mean arterial pressure was decreased prominently in hemorrhagic shock group and adrenalectomy group. 35±3.7 mmHg and 30±5.7 mmHg after 4 hours of hemorrhage. 2. Heart rate was also decreased with blood pre- SSllre. 3. Blood glucose level was increased greatly in hemorrhagic shock group. 350±17.5 mg% in 30 mi nutes and 388±21.2mg% in I hour later. 4. Liver glycogen content was decreased in hemorrhagic shock group from 50 mg/gm. wet tissue of control to 5±2. 3 mg/gm. wet tissue of 2 hour value

Half Survival Time of Red Blood Cell in Chronic Posthemorrhagic Anemic Subjects studied by means of Cr51.

Chromated cell technique was employed in measuring the half survival time of red blood cells in four chronic posthemorrhagic anemic subjects. The half survival time was 28. 5, 31.5, 29.3 , 29.2 days , respectively. These values were not different from that of control values in two normal subjects (26. 2, 28. 2 days , respe' ctively). Discontinuation of the frequent and short in· tervaled blood donation, which caused normovolemic oligocythaemia, in the subjects studied, resulted in the decrease of replacement of red blood cells per day. There were increase in hematocrit value , hemoglobin concentration and red cell volume. The fact that normal hemopoietic stimulus such as acute blood loss could not elicite increased hemopoiesis in chronic post· hemorrhagic anemic subjects was discussed

Effect of Histamine on the Lymph Flow in the Dog

The effect of histamine on the thoracic duct lymph flow and the disappearance of plasma albumin (T -1824 tagged) in nineteen dogs was observed. Mongrel dogs. between 10 and 20 kg in weight. were anesthetized and arterial blood pressure. central venous pressure, lymph pressure, lymph flow and the disappearance rate of plasma albumin were measured. Evans blue (0. 5 mg/cc) injections were made by the amount of 1. 0 cc/kg into right jugular vein, and then blood and lymph samples were col lected simultaneously at a programmed interval in order to measure potassium, protein and T -1824 concentrations. Histamine (l00 pg/cc) was infused slowly through the jugular vein and blood pressure was maintained at the lowered level of 80/40 mmHg for more than 30 minutes. and then T - 1824 was injected The average side pressure of lymph was 1. 3 em H20 and the average lymph flow from the thoracic duct was 0.49 ml per minute (2.34 ml/kg·hr). The mean total protein concentration of plm:n"'.a was 5.4 gm/IOO ml (albumin 3. 2. globulin 2. 2. A/G 1. 45). and that of lymph was 3.7 gm/l00 ml (albumin 2. 1. globulin 1. 6. A/G 1. 31) . The thoracic duct lymph flow increased 3.3 times after histamine injection. The disappearonce rate of the plasma tagged with T 1824 was O. 108/hr in the control group. and that of the histamine group was O. 133/hr. The half time of plasma albumin disappearance was 6.42 hours in the control group, and that of the histamine group was 5.21 hours. After histamine injection, time-concentratioD curves of lymph protein showed that the appearance tIme ιlas shortened, peak concentration reached earlier and was more elevated than in the control group. By the histamine injection total plasma protein and A/G ratio decreased due to the proportionately sharp decrease in plasma albumin, and those of lymph increased due to the increase of lymph albumin. Plasma potassium concentration revealed a slight increasing tendency after histamine injection