Rations, Labour and Social Justice: The Workers and the Ration System in Petrograd in the Era of the Russian Civil War, 1918-1921

This article aims to examine the policies relating to rations introduced by the Bolshevik regime and workers` reaction to them in Petrograd during the Russian Civil War. The economic dislocation occurred in the Revolutionary Russia due to the fierce civil war and the ensuing disorder. The situation was worsened by the blockade imposed by the capitalist powers. The workers in Petrograd underwent the extreme shortage of food and other necessities. The soaring prices of goods led to a continued fall of the value in money. As a result, most workers in Petrograd began to receive ration instead of money as wages. The ration of food and other necessities given out to workers was far from being equal. The Bolsheviks government took a line to give out the better rations to those workers who worked in the industrial enterprises which were thought to be vital for the maintenance of economy and the war effort. In other words, only a small portion of workers was entitled to the privileged rations. Such a ration policy caused the serious indignation over the inequality amongst the mass of workers. They demanded that they should be entitled to the higher category of ration on the ground that their labour was also useful to the society. And they went so far as to raise their voice for the equalisation of ration. Under the circumstances where the economy was completely dislocated, in their eye, the ration was not so much wages as social security. Moreover, the labour productivity of those industrial enterprises entitled to the privileged ration was not higher than that of those plants and factories which did not enjoy such a privilege. Such a situation led the workers to consider the policy of ration taken by the authorities as a sort of the complete denial of social justice.이 논문은 상명대학교의 2012학년도 지원을 받아 연구되었음(과제 번호 2012-A000-0320)

Memories of the War and War of the Memories: The Great Patriotic War in Ballad of a Soldier and the "Thaw" of the Soviet Cinema

In the post-war era were produced a great number of war films on the Great Patriotic War. Due to the ideological restraints, however, virtually all of them represented the war exclusively as the heroic experiences. Therefore, the Soviet masses were inculcated with the false images of the war. Under such circumstances Grigorii Chukhrai, who was a veteran of the war, proceeded to shoot a film titled Ballad of a Soldier in which the focus was to be put on a nineteen-year-old soldier. The film was not heroic in the traditional sense, since it was interlaced with several unheroic episodes such as the young hero who was not heroic, the intimation of the Lend Lease, the appearance of a disabled officer, the episode of an unfaithful wife betraying her husband in front, the civilians in various hardships, and the improper conducts of the soldiers. In such episodes were represented the war-time memories which was far closer to the realities of the Great Patriotic War. Those who were antipathetic to the iconoclastic episodes in the film put impediments to Chukhrai's effort to evoke the real war-time memories. Notwithstanding the obstacles put by the bureaucrats Chukhrai, who was determined to evoke the memories of those common soldiers who had perished in the battlefield, succeeded in completing Ballad of a Soldier, and the released film won the great popularity amongst the masses. In the end Ballad of a Soldier advanced to the rank of one of the masterpieces in the Soviet cinema. The "Thaw" era saw a war of the memories of the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet cinema. With Ballad of a Soldier Chukhrai contributed to the victory of the real memories over the false ones

A Forgotten Front of the Second World War: Perceptions of the German-Soviet War in the South Korean Societal and Academic Circles

이 글의 목적은 제2차 세계대전에서 소비에트 연방이 수행한 전쟁수행 노력과 파시즘 진영의 패망에 이바지한 결정적 역할이 한국의 역사학계와 교육계, 그리고 각종 일반 매체에서 부정되고 폄하되는 실상을 살펴보고 그 까닭을 밝히는 것이다. 한국 사회의 독소전쟁 이미지에서 능동적 주체는 독일군이었고 소련군은 수동적이며 후진적인 객체였다. 전쟁이 소련의 승리와 독일의 패배로 끝났는데도 그 원인을 소련 체제의 강점과 장점이 아니라 독일의 실수와 히틀러의 무능에서 찾는 경향이 강했다. 독일군은 러시아의 추위와 막대한 자원, 그리고 소련군의 잔혹한 전쟁술 때문에 졌다는 신화가 한국 사회에서는 사실로 여겨진다. 이러한 잘못된 인식은 제2차 세계대전에 관한 국내 역사학계의 서술, 고등학교 세계사 교과서, 한국 사회의 각종 매체에서 두드러진다. 독소전쟁(대조국전쟁)에 관한 이러한 오해와 편견이 나타나서 아직까지 사라지지 않는 까닭으로는 첫째, 냉전기의 소련 공포증; 둘째, 일본에서 유입된 친독일(親獨逸) 정서; 셋째, 강고한 반공 이념; 넷째, 러시아 역사 연구가 활발하지 않았던 국내 역사학계의 현실; 다섯째, 국내 역사학계의 군사사 경시 경향을 손꼽을 수 있다.This article aims to examine how and why the decisive role played by the Soviet Union in World War II has been ignored and underestimated in the south Korean societal and academic circles. Amongst the South Korean people there are strong tendencies to think that the German army was defeated by the Soviet army in the Second World War just because the former was overwhelmed by Russias General Winter and the enormous human and material resources of the Soviet Union. And Hitlers inability to lead war is also overemphasized. In a nutshell, most South Koreans dont admit the fact that the Red Army was superior to the Wehrmacht in both terms of military tactic and strategy. In their eyes the Red Army was no more than a barbaric and incompetent organisation whose advantage over its enemy was only its size. The myth of the Soviet armys backwardness and incompetence was deconstructed in the Western World, and yet it remains intact in the Korean society. The reasons why the strong prejudices against the Red army came into existence are as follows: the Russophobia prevalent among the Koreans during the Cold War era, the Germanophile sentiment originated in the Japanese colonial experience in Korea, the stubborn ideology of anti-Communism as a national policy, and the tendency for the Korean historians to neglect military history

안토니 비버, <피의 기록, 스탈린그라드 전투: 히틀러와 스탈린이 만든 사상 최악의 전쟁>, 조윤정 옮김, 다른세상, 2012.

근원이 같은 물이 두 줄기로 갈라져 흐르기 시작하는 산마루나 산맥을 뜻하는 지리학 용어 분수령(分水嶺)을 사전에서 찾으면 어떤 일이나 사태가 한 단계에서 전혀 다른 단계로 넘어가는 결정적인 고비, 또는 전환점을 비유적으로 이르는 말이라는 뜻풀이가 나온다. 20세기 세계사의 분수령을 이루는 사건은 아무래도 제2차 세계대전일 것이다. 제2차 세계대전은 인류사상 최대의 전쟁이기도 하거니와 지난 20세기에 세계의 패권을 쥐고 흔들던 영국과 프랑스가 뒤켠으로 밀려나고 미국과 소비에트 연방이 세계 정치의 무대에 양대 초열강으로 등장하는 기점이었기 때문이다

The effect of exposure factors on the occurrence of work-related accidents

산업환경보건학과 산업보건전공/석사restrictio