The Effects of Ally Behaviors in War Coalitions on Bilateral Trade Relationships

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :사회과학대학 정치외교학부(외교학전공),2019. 8. 조동준.국제 무역을 설명함에 있어서 기존 연구들은 상대국이 동맹국인지 아닌지의 여부에 주목해왔다. 적대국은 무역으로 인해 발생하게 되는 경제적 혜택을 군사력을 증강시키는데 이용할 수 있는 반면, 동일한 조건에서 동맹국의 국력 및 군사력 증강은 동맹 전체의 이익이 될 수 있기 때문이다. 그러나 적-친구의 이분법적 구분에서 벗어날 경우 정치와 안보 요인은 국제 무역 관계에 어떤 영향을 미칠까? 본 연구는 부정적인 무역안보외부효과가 적용되지 않는 동맹 내부의 무역 관계에서는 동맹이라는 상대적인 지위보다 동맹국이 무역 상대국에게 얼마나 협조적이었는가의 여부가 더 중요한 영향을 미친다는 점을 지적한다. 본 연구는 전쟁 연합에 주목해 동맹 내부의 무역 관계를 심층적으로 다룬다. 전쟁 연합에서의 책임 분담은 국력 수준에 따라 다르게 배분된다. 전쟁 연합에서 강대국에 비용 분담이 편향되어 나타나는 까닭은 강대국이 해당 전쟁에 대해 많은 이권을 개입하고 있으며, 동시에 전쟁에 참여할 수 있는 많은 역량을 보유하고 있기 때문이다. 반면, 전쟁의 당사국이 아닌 국가들은 집단 공동의 이익을 달성하기 위해 자국의 희생을 감수하려고 하지 않는다. 강대국을 제외한 다른 국가들은 집단행동에서 발생하는 책임과 분담을 회피함으로써 강대국에 무임승차할 수 있다. 그러나 일부 국가들은 전쟁 연합에 참여함으로써 연합군의 일원으로 참여하지 않은 국가들과 서로 다른 행동 양상을 보인다. 또한 동일하게 전쟁 연합의 참여를 결정하였더라도 국가들은 서로 다른 수준으로 연합에 기여한다. 이처럼 동일 전쟁 내에서도 국가들의 참여 여부가 달라지며, 참여를 결정한 국가들도 전쟁 연합에 제공하는 기여의 수준과 규모가 상이하다는 점을 나타낸다. 전쟁 연합에 대한 국가들의 서로 다른 수준의 기여도는 전쟁 연합을 주도하는 국가로부터 차별적인 무역 혜택을 야기한다. 보다 구체적으로 본 연구는 베트남전의 사례를 통해 동맹국들의 차별적인 행동 양상과 미국과의 무역 관계 간에 어떠한 연관성이 있는지를 분석한다. 당시 미국이 제공한 차별적인 무역 혜택으로는 1960년대에서 1970년대 사이 미국 동맹국들의 대표적인 대미 수출품목 중 하나인 섬유산업을 살펴보았다. 가설을 검증하기 위해 본 연구는 통계분석방법론과 사례 연구를 접목시켰다. 우선, 동태적 패널 데이터 분석방법인 시스템 일반화적률법을 이용해 베트남 전쟁 연합에 대한 동맹국들의 기여도에 따라 그들이 미국으로부터 제공받는 섬유 수출량이 어떻게 변화해나가는지를 살펴보았다. 심화적으로 본 연구는 당시 경제 성장 정도와 국력 수준, 미국과의 군사적 관계, 그리고 섬유 산업이 당시 국가의 경제 성장에 미치는 영향 등을 고려하여 가장 유사한 특성을 지니고 있는 한국과 대만을 비교하였다. 파병과 동맹국들의 기여도에 대한 논의가 활발하게 진행되었던 기간 동안 한국과 미국, 그리고 대만과 미국 사이에 파병에 대한 대가로서 섬유 산업 수출에 대한 무역의 혜택이 있었는지를 살펴보았다. 두 실증분석은 모두 전쟁 연합에 더 높은 수준으로 기여한 국가일수록 전쟁 연합 주도국인 미국으로부터 더 많은 섬유 수출량과 섬유 쿼터를 배정받았음을 나타낸다. 이러한 연구 결과는 국가가 단순히 동맹-비동맹의 구분에 따라 무역 관계를 형성해나가는데 그치지 않고, 동맹국의 행동 변화를 유도하고 이를 평가함에 있어 무역을 적극적인 외교정책 수단으로 사용한다는 점을 밝힌다.This dissertation aims to explore how the different commitments of allies in war coalitions affect bilateral trade relationships. According to the framework of security externality, allies are assumed to be reliable partners committed to the common interest, as opposed to non-allies. However, allies may not be reliable partners. Alliances differ in their contributions; some are more cooperative with certain trading partners than others. Therefore, literature thus far on the relationship between alliance and trade has been limited because they uniformly categorize allies with little regard to their behavioral differences. In order to analyze the effects of alliances on commerce, behavioral patterns within the alliance group and their impacts on trade need to be considered as well. In a bilateral trade relationship among allies, states no longer decide upon trade relations on the basis of the fear that trading partners may increase their military power through the gains from trade. Instead, the state strategically uses trade as a foreign policy tool in order to induce behavioral changes in allies and to evaluate their performances. Therefore, I argue that when a bilateral trade relationship is formed, the state scrutinizes not only the fact that the trading partner is an ally, but also the varying levels of ally commitments as well. This paper observes the relationship between allies different behaviors and trade flows by inquiring into the Vietnam War coalition. The United States as a coalition leader promoted participation and contribution by discriminately handing out trade benefits to potential participants. As a result, the behavior of allies in terms of their participation and contribution are most clearly diversified in the case of the Vietnam War. Based on this, I derive the following hypothesis: allies that contribute more to coalitions are more likely to be rewarded with trade benefits by the coalition leader. To measure trade benefits what the United States offered to its allies that joined in the coalition, this study investigates bilateral trade flows in textile and apparels. I conduct both statistical analysis using the system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and case study comparing South Korea and Taiwan in order to test the hypothesis. The results of this study show that allies different behaviors in the Vietnam War coalition have significant and large effect on textile trade flows. The finding suggests that coalition leaders discriminate allies performances by giving more trade benefits to countries who contribute the most to the war coalition.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Rewards of Cooperation 1 Research Question and Arguments 3 Research Methods 5 Outline 7 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 10 Collective Action Problem in War Coalitions 10 Allies Contribution in War Coalitions 13 Military Alliance and International Trade 16 Trade As a Foreign Policy Tool 18 Summary and Conclusion 20 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH DESIGN 23 Different Commitments in the Vietnam War Coalition 23 Textile and Apparel Trade Benefits As Incentive 26 CHAPTER 4 COMMITMENTS VS. TRADE 29 Data and Variables 29 Time Period 34 Changes in Trade Flows 34 Method 36 Findings and Discussions 39 CHAPTER 5 COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF TEXTILE TRADE 42 Similarities Between South Korea and Taiwan 42 South Korea and Taiwans Contribution to the Vietnam War Coalition 51 Textile Trade Relationships between the United States and Korea Versus Taiwan 55 Findings and Discussions 69 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 71 Key Findings 71 Future Directions 74Maste

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Purpose: The efficacy of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) with a polymeric diet has not been confirmed in Korean pediatric patients with Crohn's disease (CD). This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of EEN with a specific polymeric diet (Encover®) and corticosteroids (CSs) for the induction of remission in Korean pediatric CD patients. Methods: We retrospectively compared data from 51 pediatric CD patients who underwent induction therapy with EEN (n=19) or CSs (n=32) at Severance Children's Hospital or Incheon St. Mary's Hospital in Korea. The primary endpoint of this study was the rate of clinical remission, defined as a Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI) score <10, after 8 weeks of induction treatment. Clinical, laboratory, and growth data at post-induction as well as their changes from baseline were also compared between groups. Results: After 8 weeks of induction therapy, clinical remission rates were 78.9% (15/19) and 65.6% (21/32) in the EEN and CS groups, respectively (p=0.313). No significant differences in PCDAI scores, laboratory variables, and growth parameters were noted between the two groups at post-induction. However, significant changes in albumin levels at post-induction were observed in the EEN group compared to the CS group (p=0.038). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the effectiveness of EEN with a polymeric diet and CSs for induction therapy did not differ in Korean pediatric CD patients. EEN with a polymeric diet is a good first-line treatment option for the induction of remission in these patients.ope

Micronutrients Are Not Deficient in Children with Nonorganic Failure to Thrive

Purpose: Inadequate calorie intake is one of the most important causes of nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFTT) and is thought to lead to multiple micronutrient deficiencies. However, there have been few studies on NOFTT and micronutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the micronutrient status of children with NOFTT. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in 161 children (106 with NOFTT and 55 health controls) at a single institution. Data on weight for age, height for age, body mass index, and biochemical parameters, indicating the children's nutritional and micronutrient status were reviewed via electronic medical records, and the two groups were compared. Results: Except inorganic phosphate levels, no statistically significant differences were seen in the laboratory findings indicating the children's nutritional and micronutrient status; notably, the inorganic phosphate levels were within the normal range in both groups. We then compared the severe NOFTT (weight for age below the first percentile) and control groups; however, no statistically significant differences were seen for any of the measured parameters. Conclusion: Most children with NOFTT in this study had normal micronutrient levels and other laboratory findings. Therefore, element deficiencies should not be considered a natural consequence of NOFTT or in healthy children. Close monitoring and additional evaluations are needed.ope

Draft Genome Sequences of Two Strains of Bifidobacterium dentium Isolated from a Crude Fecal Extract Used for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in the Republic of Korea

We present the draft genome sequences of two Bifidobacterium dentium strains isolated from a fecal extract for fecal microbiota transplantation at a hospital in the Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic and functional analyses were performed to understand the physiological characteristics and functions of Bifidobacterium spp. in the human intestine.ope

Increasing incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents: significance of environmental factors

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing immune-mediated disease of the intestinal tract. Although its prevalence is reportedly lower in Asia than in Western countries, the rapid increase in the incidence of IBD has drawn attention to its etiology, including genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Specifically, recent studies concerning dietary treatments and intestinal microbiota suggest that these factors may interact with the immune system, and the imbalance of this relationship may lead to immune dysregulation in IBD. Changes in diet or alterations in the composition of the intestinal microbiota may be associated with the increasing incidence of IBD in Asia. Here, we aim to review recent studies on the role of diet and intestinal microbiota in IBD pathogenesis and the results of the investigations performed to modulate these factors.ope

Exploration of Potential Gut Microbiota-Derived Biomarkers to Predict the Success of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Cohort in Korea

Background/aims: Although fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been proven as one of the promising treatments for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), potential prognostic markers regarding the clinical outcomes of FMT remain elusive. Methods: We collected fecal samples of 10 participants undergoing FMT to treat UC and those from the corresponding donors. We categorized them into two groups: responders and nonresponders. Sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was conducted on the samples to explore bacterial composition. Results: Analyzing the gut microbiota of patients who showed different outcomes in FMT presented a distinct microbial niche. Source tracking analysis showed the nonresponder group had a higher rate of preservation of donor microbiota, underscoring that engraftment degrees are not one of the major drivers for the success of FMT. At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes bacteria were significantly depleted (p&lt;0.003), and three genera, including Enterococcus, Rothia, and Pediococcus, were enriched in the responder group before FMT (p=0.003, p=0.025, and p=0.048, respectively). Furthermore, we applied a machine learning algorithm to build a prediction model that might allow the prediction of FMT outcomes, which yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.844. Notably, the microbiota-based model was much better at predicting outcomes than the clinical features model (area under the ROC curve=0.531). Conclusions: This study is the first to suggest the significance of indigenous microbiota of recipients as a critical factor. The result highlights that bacterial composition should be evaluated before FMT to select suitable patients and achieve better efficiency.ope

Comparison between Pediatric Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis at Diagnosis in Korea: Results from a Multicenter, Registry-Based, Inception Cohort Study

Background/aims: We aimed to compare the differences in pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) at diagnosis in Korea. Methods: This was a multicenter, registry-based, inception cohort study conducted at five centers in Korea between 2013 and 2017. Baseline demographics, clinical characteristics, and results from laboratory, endoscopic, radiologic examinations were compared between pediatric CD and UC patients who were <19 years old at diagnosis. Results: A total 307 patients were included (227 CD [73.9%] and 80 UC [26.1%]). The male to female ratio was 2.49:1 for CD, and 1.49:1 for UC (p=0.019). Median age at diagnosis was 14.4 years (interquartile range, 12.4 to 16.2) for CD, and 14.4 years (interquartile range, 11.7 to 16.5) for UC (p=0.962). Hematochezia was the only dominant symptom in UC patients compared to CD patients (86.2% vs 30.8%, p<0.001). White blood cell counts, platelet counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher, and serum albumin level was significantly lower in CD patients than in UC patient. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody was positive in 44.5% and 16.2% of CD and UC patients, respectively (p<0.001), and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody was positive in 15.0% and 58.8% of CD and UC patients, respectively (p<0.001). Terminal ileal involvement was prominent in CD, while rectal involvement was more prominent in UC. Small bowel involvement and perianal perforating diseases were also more prominent in CD. Conclusions: This is the first a multicenter study in Korea to compare the differences between pediatric CD and UC at diagnosis in Korea. A large-scale, national study is expected to better clarify these findings in the future.ope

Effectiveness of High-Volume Therapeutic Plasma Exchange for Acute and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure in Korean Pediatric Patients

Purpose: Liver transplantation (LT) is the only curative treatment for acute liver failure (ALF) and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). In high-volume therapeutic plasma exchange (HV-TPE), extracorporeal liver support filters accumulate toxins and improve the coagulation factor by replacing them. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of HV-TPE in pediatric patients with ALF and ACLF. Methods: We reviewed the records of children waiting for LT at Severance Hospital who underwent HV-TPE between 2017 and 2021. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total and direct bilirubin (TB and DB), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), ammonia, and coagulation parameter-international normalized ratio (INR) were all measured before and after HV-TPE to analyze the liver function. The statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 26.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: Nine patients underwent HV-TPE with standard medical therapy while waiting for LT. One had neonatal hemochromatosis, four had biliary atresia, and the other four had ALF of unknown etiology. Significant decreases in AST, ALT, TB, DB, GGT, and INR were noted after performing HV-TPE (930.38-331.75 IU/L, 282.62-63.00 IU/L, 11.75-5.59 mg/dL, 8.10-3.66 mg/dL, 205.62-51.75 IU/L, and 3.57-1.50, respectively, p<0.05). All patients underwent LT, and two expired due to acute complications. Conclusion: HV-TPE could remove accumulated toxins and improve coagulation. Therefore, we conclude that HV-TPE can be regarded as a representative bridging therapy before LT.ope

Association between Dietary Patterns and Handgrip Strength: Analysis of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data Between 2014 and 2017

Non-invasive anthropometric measurement methods such as those for measuring height and weight are crucial in pediatric patients. However, research focusing on the association between the type of dietary pattern and handgrip strength and handgrip-to-weight ratio in adolescents has not been carried out yet. This cross-sectional analysis of the 2014-2017 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey assessed 2327 adolescents (aged 10-18 years) who had their handgrip strength measured and analyzed its association with dietary pattern. The clusters were examined for nutritional values, and the ready-to-eat, balanced, and Western-style fast-food clusters were ultimately generated. Overall, 85.6% of the participants were assigned to a ready-to-eat dietary pattern, 9.3% to a Western-style fast-food dietary pattern, and 5.1% to a balanced dietary pattern. Compared with the participants following a balanced dietary pattern, those following a ready-to-eat dietary pattern were shown to have a significantly lower handgrip strength and handgrip-to-weight ratio. Decreased handgrip strength and handgrip-to-weight ratio values in participants following ready-to-eat dietary patterns indicate a diffuse problem in adolescents' health and possibly imply an association between reduced muscle quality and dietary pattern. Therefore, the overall environmental factors potentially inducing such unhealthy dietary preferences should be investigated, and appropriate lifestyle changes in Korean adolescents should be encouraged.ope

Correlation Between The Occurrence Of Acute Gastroenteritis In Children And Regional Temperature At A Tertiary Hospital Emergency Department In Korea

Purpose Several studies have investigated the association between acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and regional temperatures. We aimed to investigate the correlation between the occurrence of AGE and regional temperature in Korean children. Methods We reviewed the clinical characteristics of children aged 18 years or younger with AGE, defined according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes, who visited a Korean tertiary hospital emergency department (ED) between 2006 and 2016, and compared the children who were discharged from the ED and those who were hospitalized. Data on temperature in Seoul, Korea during the period were obtained from the Korea Meteorological Administration. Subsequently, we assessed correlations between the monthly mean numbers of the children with AGE and monthly mean temperature using Pearson’s correlation analysis. Results A total of 31,931 children with AGE visited the ED. Vomiting was the most common manifestation (62.0%). Fever, chills, cough, and sputum were more frequent in the hospitalized children (P < 0.05). Hospitalization rate was highest (2.7%) and monthly mean temperature was lowest (-2.4。C) in January. We observed negative correlations between the monthly mean numbers of the children with AGE and the monthly mean temperature (for ED visit, r = -0.845; for hospitalization, r = -0.923). Conclusion Children with AGE tend to visit the ED, and undergo hospitalization during the cold weather. This finding could help the guardians to expect the occurrence of AGE, and physicians to facilitate the allocation of resources for emergency medicine in winter.ope