Sanitizing Korea : Anti-Cholera Activities of the Police in Early Colonial Korea

The Gabo Reform cabinet in 1894 instituted the sanitary police system. With no cure or vaccine for epidemics available and few Western-trained doctors, the task of implementing disinfection and quarantine had to be taken up by the police. However, the sanitary police active in late Joseon Korea worked under civilian supervision. After the Protectorate Treaty of 1905, Japan changed the sanitary police system in Korea, reinforcing the role and the responsibility of the police. Unlike the Korean government, the colonial authority saw police enforcement as the mainstay of administrative implementation. The police-centered sanitizing system was fully established in 1911 when the full responsibility for sanitation work was transferred to the police. Whenever cholera raged through Korea, one of the first measures the Japanese colonial government took was to inspect sea vessels and trains. It was the police who were sent to examine the vessels and crews and also to see to the implementation of quarantine. Vaccination was regarded as the most effective preventive measure and the police controlled all aspects of vaccination campaigns. The most critical mission the police were assigned to carry out was house inspection. The police-centered anti-cholera activities seemed to work. With the exception of the years 1919, 1920 and 1926, colonial Korea did not see as many casualties from cholera as Japan did during the same period. However, the anti-cholera activities carried out by the police often encountered a hostile response from the people. Some expressed doubts about the police-centered anti-epidemic activities, arguing that the colonial government should provide sanitation education, not forced sanitation. But the key aspects of the police-centered sanitary system did not change. The successive budget cuts, together with the colonial government’s desire to control its subjects, prevented the rise of an adequate sanitary infrastructure, and led to the colonizers’ continued reliance on the sanitary police system.ope

한국 근대 의학사 연구의 성과와 전망

The Korean Journal of Medical History published in 1992 provides spaces for publication to medical historians who have been growing increasingly since the 1990s, thereby stimulating studies in the modern history of medicine in Korea. Through research published in the Korean Journal of Medical History and other journals, the course through which medicine in Korea in the modern times has been formed and the content of medicine that composed that course are elucidated. This article concludes that the various research tend to posit the view that the modern history of medicine in Korea evolves through a process of accommodation with Western medicine rather than being a complete transplantation of Western medicine, and describes medicine as it is viewed by consumers rather than the operators of medicine. How government power or colonial power utilized medicine in order to stabilize their rule is also a common theme. Now, it is come time to interrogate the viewpoints and analytical methods of medical history studies. Given that medicine is one area that drives changes in Korea in contemporary times, the outcomes obtained through this field can be sufficiently utilized when studying other areas. For instance, agony over the modernity of missionary medicine being studied recently provides meaningful implications in understanding the modernity of Korea. However, the importance of substantiation should not be overlooked as theories not supported by thorough documentary evidence are weak.ope

빅데이터의 효율적인 스카이라인 질의 처리를 위한 병렬처리 알고리즘

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2017. 2. 심규석.스카이라인 질의와 스카이라인에서 파생된 동적 스카이라인, 역 스카이라인 그리고 확률적 스카이라인 질의들은 다양한 응용이 가능하기 때문에 최근에 많은 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 스카이라인 질의들은 큰 데이터를 처리해야하는 경우가 많기 때문에 효율적인 스카이라인 질의 처리는 중요한 문제이다. 큰 데이터를 처리해야하는 경우를 위해 맵리듀스 프레임워크가 제안되었고, 따라서 본 논문에서는 스카이라인, 동적 스카이라인, 역 스카이라인, 확률적 스카이라인 질의 처리를 위한 효율적인 맵리듀스 알고리즘을 개발한다. 스카이라인, 동적 스카이라인, 역 스카이라인에 대해서는 질의 결과에 포함될 수 없는 데이터를 빠르게 제거하기 위해서 쿼드트리에 기반한 히스토그램을 생성한다. 그리고 히스토그램에 따라 데이터를 여러 파티션으로 나누고 각 파티션에 있는 데이터만을 이용하여 스카이라인이 될 수 있는 후보 데이터를 맵리듀스를 이용하여 병렬적으로 뽑아낸다. 그 후에 다시 맵리듀스를 사용하여 병렬적으로 후보 데이터중 실제 스카이라인을 찾아낸다. 확률적 스카이라인의 효율적인 처리를 위해 먼저 세가지 필터링 기법을 제안하였다. 이 필터링 기법을 활용할 수 있도록 쿼드트리에 기반한 히스토그램을 생성한다. 쿼드트리의 영역에 따라 데이터를 파티션하고 각 파티션마다 확률적 스카이라인 점들을 찾아낸다. 각 컴퓨터의 수행시간을 비슷하게 맞추기 위해서 부하균형 기법도 제안하였다. 다양한 실험을 통해 제안한 알고리즘의 성능들이 최신 관련 연구 보다 좋음을 확인하였고, 사용하는 컴퓨터의 수를 늘림에 따라 성능이 확장성을 갖고 있음을 확인하였다.The skyline operator and its variants such as dynamic skyline, reverse skyline and probabilistic skyline operators have attracted considerable attention recently due to its broad applications. However, computing a skyline is challenging today since we have to deal with big data. For data-intensive applications, the MapReduce framework has been widely used recently. In this dissertation, we propose the efficient parallel algorithms for processing skyline, dynamic skyline, reverse skyline and probabilistic skyline queries using MapReduce. For the skyline, dynamic skyline and reverse skyline queries, we first build quadtree-based histograms to prune out non-skyline points. We next partition data based on the regions divided by the histograms and compute candidate skyline points for each partition using MapReduce. Finally, in every partition, we check whether each skyline candidate point is actually a skyline point or not using MapReduce. For the probabilistic skyline query, we first introduce three filtering techniques to prune out points that are not probabilistic skyline points. Then, we build a quadtree-based histogram and split data into partitions according to the regions divided by the quadtree. We finally compute the probabilistic skyline points for each partition using MapReduce. We also develop the workload balancing methods to make the estimated execution times of all available machines to be similar. We did experiments to compare our algorithms with the state-of-the-art algorithms using MapReduce and confirmed the effectiveness as well as the scalability of our proposed skyline algorithms.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Contributions of This Dissertation 6 1.3 Dissertation Overview 8 2 Related Work 10 2.1 Skyline Queries 10 2.2 Reverse Skyline Queries 13 2.3 Probabilistic Skyline Queries 14 3 Background 17 3.1 Skyline and Its Variants 17 3.2 MapReduce Framework 22 4 Parallel Skyline Query Processing 24 4.1 SKY-MR: Our Skyline Computation Algorithm 24 4.1.1 SKY-QTREE: The Sky-Quadtree Building Algorithm 25 4.1.2 L-SKY-MR: The Local Skyline Computation Algorithm 29 4.1.3 G-SKY-MR: The Global Skyline Computation Algorithm 32 4.2 Experiment 34 4.2.1 Performance Results for Skylines 36 4.2.2 Performance Results in Other Environments 41 5 Parallel Reverse Skyline Query Processing 45 5.1 RSKY-MR: Our Reverse Skyline Computation Algorithm 45 5.1.1 RSKY-QTREE: The Rsky-Quadtree Building Algorithm 47 5.1.2 Computations of Reverse Skylines using Rsky-Quadtrees 50 5.1.3 L-RSKY-MR: The Local Reverse Skyline Computation Algorithm 53 5.1.4 G-RSKY-MR: The Global Reverse Skyline Computation Algorithm 57 5.2 Experiment 59 5.2.1 Performance Results for Reverse Skylines 59 6 Parallel Probabilistic Skyline Query Processing 63 6.1 Early Pruning Techniques 63 6.1.1 Upper-bound Filtering 63 6.1.2 Zero-probability Filtering 67 6.1.3 Dominance-Power Filtering 68 6.2 Utilization of a PS-QTREE for Pruning 69 6.2.1 Generating a PS-QTREE 70 6.2.2 Exploiting a PS-QTREE for Filtering 70 6.2.3 Partitioning Objects by a PS-QTREE 71 6.3 PS-QPF-MR: Our Algorithm with Quadtree Partitiong and Filtering 73 6.3.1 Optimizations of PS-QPF-MR 79 6.3.2 Sample Size and Split Threshold of a PSQtree 83 6.4 PS-BRF-MR: Our Algorithm with Random Partitioning and Filtering 84 6.5 Experiments 87 6.5.1 Performance Results for Probabilistic Skylines 89 7 Conclusion 97 Bibliography 99 Abstract (In Korean) 105Docto

FPGA-based Feedback Controller and Modular Voltage Divider to Maintain the RF Voltage in Ion Traps

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 전기·정보공학부, 2021. 2. 조동일.Vacuum chambers equipped with ion traps require the conditions of ultra-high vacuum (UHV) to isolate trapped ions from the surrounding environment. For realizing high-fidelity quantum gates with trapped ions, we must maintain the secular frequency of trapped ions at a constant value. In previous work, a capacitive voltage divider was installed inside a helical resonator mounted on a vacuum chamber to measure the RF voltage applied to an ion trap. However, such an installation of the voltage divider in the helical resonator causes coupling between the voltage divider and the helical resonator, making it impossible to accurately measure the amplitude of the RF signal applied to the ion trap. In addition, when a commercial universal PI controller is used to maintain the secular frequency at a constant value by reducing the amplitude fluctuation, we cannot change the structure of the controller to suit the experimental environment and feedback configuration of the controller. In this paper, we construct a vacuum chamber system that prevents laser scattering inside the chamber. The modularized voltage divider is mounted on the outside of the helical resonator to accurately monitor the amplitude of the RF signal applied to the ion trap. Finally, FPGA-based feedback controllers are developed to reduce the amplitude fluctuation more than a commercial universal PI controller. The structure and feedback configuration of the controller can be changed. When the FPGA-based PI controller and lag compensator are used, the fluctuations in the amplitude of the RF signal are 94.51% and 94.36% lower, respectively, than the fluctuation when the commercial universal PI controller is used. This research was supported by the MSIT(Ministry of Science and ICT), Korea, under the ITRC(Information Technology Research Center) support program supervised by the IITP(Institute for Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation) and the contents of the project report were cited. (This research was supported by the MSIP(Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning), Korea, under the ITRC(Information Technology Research Center) support program (IITP-2017-2015-0-00385, IITP-2019-2015-0-00385) supervised by the IITP(Institute for Information & communications Technology Promotion), SK Telecom (0418-20160001, 0418-20170062, 0418-20170002) and Samsung Research Funding & Incubation Center of Samsung Electronics under Project Number SRFC-IT1901-09)이온 트랩이 장착된 진공 챔버는 포획된 이온을 주변 환경으로부터 고립시키기 위해 초고진공(ultra-high vacuum, UHV)의 조건이 필요하다. 아울러 포획된 이온을 이용한 high-fidelity 양자 게이트의 구현을 위해서 포획된 이온의 secular frequency의 유지가 필요하다. 이온 트랩에 인가되는 RF 전압을 측정하기 위해 진공 챔버에 장착된 helical resonator의 내부에 voltage divider를 장착하는 연구가 진행된 바 있다. 그런데 이와 같이 helical resonator에 voltage divider를 설치하면 voltage divider와 helical resonator 간의 coupling이 발생하여 이온 트랩에 인가되는 RF 신호의 크기를 정확하게 측정할 수 없다. 또한 이온 트랩에 인가되는 RF 전압의 변화량을 감소시켜서 포획된 이온의 secular frequency를 유지하기 위해 상용 PI 컨트롤러를 이용할 경우 실험 환경에 맞게 컨트롤러의 구조를 변경할 수 없고 feedback configuration을 자유롭게 변경시킬 수 없다. 본 논문에서는 진공 챔버의 내부에서 레이저의 scattering이 발생하는 것을 방지하기 위한 진공 챔버를 제작하고 이온을 포획한다. 그리고 모듈화된 voltage divider를 helical resonator의 외부에 장착하여 이온 트랩에 인가되는 RF 전압을 정확하게 모니터링 한다. 마지막으로, FPGA 기반의 피드백 컨트롤러를 개발하여 상용 PI 컨트롤러보다 RF 전압의 변화량을 더 많이 감소시킨다. 이 컨트롤러는 구조 및 feedback configuration을 변화시킬 수 있다. FPGA 기반 PI 컨트롤러와 lag compensator를 사용하여 상용 PI 컨트롤러를 사용할 때보다 RF 전압의 진폭의 변동을 각각 94.51 % 및 94.36 % 만큼 낮춘다. (본 연구는 과학기술정보통신부 및 정보통신기획평가원의 대학ICT연구센터지원사업(IITP-2017-2015-0-00385, IITP-2019-2015-0-00385), SK 텔레콤 (0418-20160001, 0418-20170062, 0418-20170002) 및 삼성전자 미래기술육성센터(SRFC-IT1901-09)의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임)목 차 제 1 장 서 론 10 제 1 절 연구의 배경 10 제 2 절 연구의 내용 17 제 2 장 helical resonator의 설계 및 제작 19 제 1 절 helical resonator의 설계 19 제 2 절 helical resonator의 제작 20 제 3 장 진공 챔버의 설계 및 제작 25 제 1 절 이온트랩 칩 패키지 장착 25 제 2 절 이터븀 원자 분출 측정 31 제 3 절 UHV 진공 확보 34 제 4 절 전기 전도 테스트 및 전극의 capacitance 측정 37 제 5 절 이온 포획 38 제 6 절 Capacitive voltage divider의 제작 41 제 7 절 Capacitive voltage divider를 이용하여 측정된 RF voltage와 시뮬레이션으로 계산한 RF voltage의 비교 50 제 4 장 FPGA 기반의 피드백 컨트롤 51 제 1 절 FPGA 기반의 피드백 회로 설계 54 제 2 절 FPGA 기반의 피드백 컨트롤러의 모듈 제작 61 제 3 절 컨트롤러의 설계 65 제 4 절 RF 신호의 진폭 측정 70 제 5 장 결 론 75 부록 78 참고문헌 91 Abstract 107Docto

The 1927 “Emetine Injection Incident” in Colonial Korea and the Intervention of Korean Western-Trained Doctors

The major cause of 1927s so-called Emetine Injection Incident was the compulsory administration of emetine injections instituted by the colonial Korean sanitary police system, which aimed to create a hygienic environment for Koreans in a cost-effective manner. Though some Koreans criticized this compulsory police-administered treatment, this incident did not serve as a turning point that led either to the improvement or abolishment of the sanitary police system. After officially confirming that patients were poisoned, the Hanseong Medical Association (HMA) did not try to use the incident as a chance to raise their voice to improve the colonial medical system. Given that the aim of the HMA was to benefit medical practitioners, intervening in administrative actions may have laid outside its domain of interest. The HMA, as well as other Korean political organizations, failed to harness the anger generated by this incident to improve the sanitary environment in Korea. However, after the risks of the injection were publicized, Koreans began to be suspicious of injections performed by the police. The Emetine Incident led Korean people to see the sanitary policy of the colonial government from a different angleope

Establishment of Training School for Vaccinator and its Activities during the Great Han Empire

The Training School for Vaccinator was planned to be built in 1896, and it was established the following spring as an annex to Chanhwa Hospital. It was Furushiro Baikei that established and managed the school. He realized Korean people were hesitant about getting vaccination because of the old-fashioned method, and subsequently established the school to teach a new vaccination method to Korean students. At the same time, Furushiro"s effort backed up Japan"s aggression on Korea as Japan tried to regain its power through distribution of cultural and social facilities, following the incident of King Gojong"s flight to the Russian legation. Admission to the Training School for Vaccinator did not require special qualifications, and the classes were conducted through translation. Furushiro"s publication "Wisaengsinron(New Book on Vaccination)" provides a glimpse of the educational contents, which covered all topics related to vaccination operation including a method of cowpox vaccination and how to preserve vaccine. The class was one month long, but students usually attended the school for 4-8 months. Presumably, the length of education was fixed, and students acquired a license for a vaccinator upon graduation. Great Han Empire government dispatched graduates from the school to Seoul and provincial areas to disseminate smallpox vaccination method. The graduates were posted at the Vaccination Office at the periphery of Seoul or appointed as vaccination officials to perform smallpox operation. The graduates of the school at provincial areas could grant permit to local Vaccinators, which helped the new method to settle down. This indicates that the central government began to intervene in operation of smallpox vaccination at local regions. As the graduates of the school actively spread their learning, Furushiro’s fame also rose, which led to his appointment as the first teacher at the national medical school established in 1899. It is assumed that the Training School for Vaccinator closed down as Furushiro left for the new medical school. The establishment of the medical school indicates growth of the western medical science in Korea, which in the past consolidated its position through use of smallpox vaccination. In other words, the Training School for Vaccinator could be seen as a transitional school as the substance of western medical system expanded from smallpox vaccination to the broader range of medical scienceope

A Study of the Policy on Tuberculosis of the Government-General in Korea

In 1918, during the Japan’s colonial rule of Korea, Japan’s government-general in Korea announced the ‘Regulation to Prevent Tuberculosis,’ which was about placing spittoons in major public places and sterilizing them. It was a prevention measure based on the idea that tuberculosis is disseminated through body fluids of patients. It was, however, the 1930s when the government-general started to take active measures to prevent tuberculosis. Since the Manchurian Incident in 1931, the range of war that Japan started was growing bigger, and Japan was leading an all-out, total war basis not only in the front line but also in the home front. Under these circumstances, tuberculosis was designated as the most dangerous disease to harm health of its people A tuberculosis sanatorium was grabbing attention as an efficient policy to tackle the disease as a sanatorium isolates patients to stop worries of infection and makes it possible to naturally cure the patients by enhancing their resisting power through recuperation. A sanatorium, however, faced an obstacle, as residents of some candidate places for sanatoriums opposed the foundation of sanatoriums in their residence for fear of the disease. Even after a sanatorium was established, a private sanatorium demanded expenses that were too high for general citizens to afford. After all, in order to efficiently tackle tuberculosis, there was a need for public sanatoriums managed by the government that could accommodate patients living in poverty. Meanwhile, in the mainland Japan, a law to prevent tuberculosis was enacted in 1914, and the number of tuberculosis sanatoriums was on the increase although it does not mean that there were enough sanatoriums. Yet, in Korea, the law to prevent tuberculosis that stipulates a foundation of sanatoriums was not being issued. Furthermore, building tuberculosis sanatoriums that could hospitalize 40,000 patients demanded a budget that the government-general could not afford. After all, without the settlement of the financial issues, all government-general could do in tuberculosis policy was to emphasize prevention through individual health care and hygiene.ope

Joseon GovernmentGeneral’s Policy of Local Medicine and Local Consumptions of Medical Service

Since the beginning of the colonial ruling, the Joseon Government-General promoted a policy of expanding medical service provision to the local regions. The establishment of the Jahye Euiwon medical center, and the dispatching of public medical practitioners in the 1910s, were part of that policy. And in the following decades, the number of local medical centers increased. Yet in the 1920s, the colonial government decided a course correction, and modified its previous policy to actually decrease the financial burden put upon the government’s fiscal status. As a result, Oriental medicine that had been ignored for some time, started to get attention in the 1930s. Compared to Western medicine, it took lesser cost to spread and implement them in local regions. In spite of increase in the overall number of medical facilities, local population was still agonizing over the insufficiency of such medical support. Compared to the situation in the Japanese mainland, and also Taiwan, another country that was colonized by Japan, Korea’s situation was fairly poor. And the medical centers established in local regions were not that much accessible, from the local residents’ point of view. Provincial medical centers practiced medicine based upon their own pursuit of profits, and public medical practitioners were also independent doctors who had to pursue their own interest. In order to enhance the healthcare level of the local residents, the implementation of a basic medical system was argued as well. The overall idea behind that argument was to abolish the public medical practitioner system, and station sanitary technicians at every police station, and then launch a national healthcare insurance system for the residents in agricultural and fishing areas. Yet the Government-General maintained their position, and only continued to increase the number of medical centers and public medical practitioners. It was because they figured that increasing facilities and entities would actually cost less than launching an entire insurance system. To the Joseon Government-General, the issue of medical support, was only a matter of provision(rather than a matter that should be considered through the recipients’ perspective).ope

The Establishment and Modification of Midwifery System in Modern Korea(1945-2008)

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The foundation of the Institute for Rural health, and its activities in the 1940-60s

The idea of creating a medical facility, not just a place for mere examinations and treatments, but a facility composed of a research center, a hospital and also a sanitarium so that it could provide people with comprehensive medical service, in order to resolve the fundamental issue of caring for the health problems displayed by the peasants and the rural community in general, was already suggested by Yi Yeong Chun in the early 1940s. Yi's idea was focused upon prevention of disease attraction instead of treatments of such diseases, so it considered establishing a research center which could be put in charge of surveying & studying the healthcare status of the peasants and also in charge of providing guidance to the public regarding preventive medicine, as a top priority. The existing medical facilities(Euiweon), and the tubercle sanitarium which was to be newly opened, were designed as attachment facilities to the research center. The project was aided by the Shinhan public corporation's financial support, and on July 1st, 1948, the Institute for Rural Health, consisted of facilities such as an attachment hospital & treatment center, the office of general affairs, office of research, office of guidance, and office of education, was finally opened. In the 1950s, the Institute continued medical examinations and provisions of treatments which had been maintained since the 1930s, and it also conducted various research projects through the office of research. Through the Nursing school, surveys of rural healthcare status continued, and medical personnel who would take charge of the task of enlightening the rural public were trained as well. in the 1950s, the institute became a significantly large facility, equipped with a research center, a nurses' school, 2 main hospitals, and 7 treatment centers. The spirit of foundation of the Institute for Rural Health, which was no other than securing sufficient healthcare for the peasants and the rural societies, could have been transferred over to the government of the newly born Republic of Korea. Yet the government dumped the financial pressure upon the rural areas, and did not pay any attention to the healthcare issue except the prevention of epidemics. The direction set by the government itself was different from the one that had been set by the Institute. The Republic of Korea was turning its attention from rural areas to urban areas, and from agriculture to industrial production. As a result, the objective of the Institute for Rural Health, creating a healthy Korea based upon healthy peasants, was severely weakened.ope