Analysis on the Annihilating Property of Filters in the Denoising Auto-Encoder

In this thesis, We make some analysis on the relationship between the loss function and the annihilating filters. Based on this analysis we propose a modified Auto-Encoder for noise removal of normal and adversarial noises. The Auto-Encoder refers to a special neural network architecture which is trained with input and output image pairs, where the output image is normally the same as the input image. When the Auto-Encoder is trained with noisy images as the input and original images as the output, this becomes the so-called denoising Auto-Encoder. The filters that are trained with these input/output pairs learn how to annihilate the noise in noisy images. We show that a single filter in the denoising Auto-Encoder annihilates a rank-reduced approximation of the original noise. We also show that with a small change in the normal Auto-Encoder, we can achieve the same effect as a kind of change in the loss function with the original denoising Auto-Encoder. We explain the reason why the original Auto-Encoder with small number of filters has a tendency to result in insufficiently denoised images, while a modified Auto-Encoder with skip connection has a tendency of losing some information of the true image structure. Experimental results verify the fact that the analysis is correct. Furthermore, we apply the modified Auto-Encoder for the application of the removal of adversarial noise, a noise that tries to deceive the neural network. ;이 논문에서는 DNN의 한 종류인 Auto-Encoder를 이용하여 denoising을 하는 모델과 annihilating filter의 상관관계를 분석한다. 이러한 분석을 기반으로 random noise와 adversarial noise의 두 방식의 noise를 제거할 Auto-Encoder 모델을 제안하였다. 기존의 denoising 모델에서의 Auto-Encoder의 filter가 noise를 annihilating하는 역할을 수행하는 과정을 분석하고, 그것이 어려운 이유를 설명하였다. 새로운 모델은 기존의 모델과는 다르게 filter가 true image를 annihilating하는 역할을 하도록 수정되었다. Fourier domain상에서 image의 sparse함과 image의 Hankel matrix가 low rank structure가 되는 것의 상관 관계를 보이고, Auto-Encoder 내의 convolution을 Hankel matrix의 곱으로 나타냄으로 image를 annihilating 하는 것이 noise를 annihilating하는 것보다 간단함을 보인다. 또한 여러가지 이미지를 이용하여 그 결과를 확인해 본다.1 Introduction 1 2 Background 3 2.1 Deep Neural Network 3 2.2 Additive Image Noise 4 2.2.1 Random Noise 4 2.2.2 Adversarial Noise 5 2.3 Auto-Encoder 7 2.4 Notation 8 3 Analysis on the Auto-Encoder based Denoising 10 3.1 Analysis of Annihilating lter 10 3.2 Annihilating Property of the Auto-Encoder Filters 12 3.3 Proposed Modied Auto-Encoder 16 3.4 Application of the Modied Auto-Encoder on Adversarial Noise Removal 18 4 Experimental Results 20 4.1 Experiments on normal noise 20 4.2 Experiments on adversarial noise 24 5 Conclusion 29 References 30 국문초록 3

중학생과 학부모의 남, 녀교사에 대한 역할기대 분석

본 연구의 목적은 중학생과 학부모의 남·녀교사에 대한 역할기대의 지각성향을 비교하는데 있다. 본 연구는 중학교에서의 여교사는 능력이 있는 지에 대해 문헌고찰을 하고, 학생과 학부모의 남·녀교사에 대한 역할기대의 지각정도를 각 변인(성별, 학교유형별, 학교설립별, 성적별, 지역별, 연령별, 학력별)에 따라서 분석한다. 본 연구에서는 부산시내 8개 중학교에서 2학년 학생 775명과 학부모 310명을 대상으로 조사를 하였으며, 교사의 역할을 학습지도, 생활지도, 학급경영으로 보고, 질문지는 이 세 영역에 대해 42개의 문항으로 구성하였다. 자료의 처리는 변인별로 남·녀교사의 역할기대에 대한 차를 낸후, t - 검증과 일원분산분석(One way ANOVA)에 의한 F검증을 하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이론적 고찰의 결과, 교직은 교사의 성에 의한 차이를 두지 않으며, 교사의 자질이나 교사의 역할행위는 교사로서의 능력에 따라 평가 되어진다. 또, 선행연구를 살펴 본 결과 학습지도, 생활지도, 학급경영의 역할에서 여교사는 교사로서의 능력이 있음을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 학생의 경우에 남·녀학생별은 생활지도영역에서 남학생은 남교사에게, 여학생은 여교사에게 높은 역할기대를 하고 있으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타낸다. 학교유형별에서는 학습지도영역과 학급경영영역은 남학교·여학교·남녀공학의 순으로 여교사에게 역할기대를 높게 하며, 생활지도영역은 여학교·남녀공학·남학교의 순으로 여교사에게 역할기대를 높게 하여, 학교유형별로 유의한 차이를 나타내고 있다. 학교설립별에서는 공립학교는 생활지도영역과 학급경영영역에서, 사립학교는 학습지도영역에서 여교사에게 높은 역할기대를 하고 있으나, 유의한 차이는 없었다. 지역별로는 학습지도영역과 학급경영영역에서 시내지역이 편입지역 보다 여교사에게 더 높은 역할기대를 하고 있으며, 학습지도영역과 학급경영영역에서 통계적으로 유의한 차를 나타내므로 의미가 있다. 성적별은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 학부모의 경우는 성별, 연령별, 학력별, 지역별에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않으므로 전 영역에서 의미가 없다. 세째, 학생과 학부모의 역할기대 지각 성향을 비교해 보면, 학생에 비해 학부모집단이 남·녀교사에 대한 역할기대 지각을 높게 하고 있다. 학생의 경우에 학습지도영역은 여교사에 대한 기대가 매우 높으나 상대적으로 생활지도영역과 학급경영영역은 낮았으며, 학부모의 경우는 세 하위영역에서 모두 비슷한 수준으로 여교사에게 더 높게 역할기대 지각을 하고 있다. 이상의 연구결과에서 보면, 남·녀교사의 활동에 대한 역할기대를 학생과 학부모 모두 여교사가 남교사에 비해 비슷하거나 더 높게 지각함으로써 남교사를 선호하는 고정관념은 판단의 오류임이 확인되었고, 이는 교직여성화에 비추어 볼 때 바람직한 현상이라 할 수 있다. 따라서, 여교사는 사명감을 가지고 교직에 임하여 남교사와 동등한 동반자로서 교직생활을 한다는 인식을 심어주도록 노력해야 한다.; The purpose of this study is to compare male, female teachers' role expectation perceived by he middle school students and their parents. The study includes literature review on capabilities of female teacher in the middle school. The degree on male, female teachers' role expectation perceived by the students and the parents is surveyed and analyzed according to such factors as sexes, school types, school foundations, student’s academic records, regions, ages, and educational backgrounds. A survey through has been conducted to 775 second-year student and 310 parents in the 8 middle schools in the Pusan city area. This study described teachers' role as teaching activity, guidance and classroom management. The questionnaire has 42 items on those three groups of activities. To analyze the data, T-test and F-test by one-way ANOVA were employed after calculating the variance between male and female, teachers' role expectation according to each factors. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the theoretical review indicates that, in there activities on teaching, there is no difference a based on teachers's sexes. The qualifications or role activities of a teacher is evaluated from his ability. Preceding studies show that female teachers have been acknowledged as capable teachers in terms of teaching activity, guidance and classroom management. Second, incase of student, boys have positive role expectation on male teachers, girls on female teachers in guidance. Statistically, there is a significant differences according to the students' sexes. Boys' school. girls' school, and coeducational school respectively have more positive role expectation on female teachers in teaching activity and classroom management. Girls' school. coeducational school, and boys' school respectively have more positive role expectation on female teachers in guidance. The differences between school types all statistically significant. While public school has more positive role expectation on female teachers in guidance, classroom management, private school has more positive role expectation on female teachers in teaching activity. However, the difference is not significant at all. Female teachers in the city area are perceived more positively than those in the newly-included city area, in teaching activity and classroom management. Statically, there is significant in teaching activity and classroom management. In case of parents, statistically difference are not significant in sexes, ages educational backgrounds and regions. Third, when the difference of the inclination between the students and the parents is compared, the parents have more positive role expectation on male. female teachers than students do. Students have more positive role expectation on female teachers in teaching activity, but they have less positive role expectation in guidance, classroom management. Parents have more positive role expectation on female teachers in all fields. From the result of this study, students and parents have shown the similarity in perceiving male, female s activities but sometimes showed of more positive perception on female teachers. Therefore, the fixed idea of preference for male teachers has been proved to be an error of judgement. This is a preferable phenomenon viewed from the feminization of teaching profession. Consequently, female teachers should make understood to deal with the teaching profession with a sense of mission for education and to lead teaching activities as an equal partner with male teachers.목차 = ⅲ 논문개요 = ⅶ Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 A. 연구의 목적 및 필요성 = 1 B. 연구 문제 = 3 C. 용어의 정의 = 3 Ⅱ. 이론적 고찰 = 5 A. 교사의 자질 = 5 B. 교사의 역할과 역할기대 = 11 C. 성차와 성역할 행동 = 20 D. 교직사회의 변화 = 28 E. 선행연구의 고찰 = 35 Ⅲ. 연구방법 = 40 A. 연구대상 = 40 B. 측정도구 = 41 C. 연구절차 = 43 D. 연구과제 = 44 E. 자료처리 = 45 F. 연구의 제한점 = 46 Ⅳ. 연구결과 및 해석 = 47 A. 학생 = 47 B. 학부모 = 55 C. 연구결과의 비교와 논의 = 62 Ⅴ. 요약 및 결론 = 69 A. 요약 = 69 B. 결론 = 72 참고문헌 = 75 부록 = 79 ABSTRACT = 9

영어교육에서 효과적인 문화교육 교수방안 고찰

학위논문(석사)--아주대학교 교육대학원 :영어교육,2016. 8목표문화를 이해하지 못하고서는 목표어의 완전한 습득을 달성하는 것은 매우 어려운 일이다. 영어교육의 완성을 위해서 영어권 문화교육을 수반하자는 움직임은 이미 시작되었지만 그럼에도 불구하고, 여전히 종래부터 이어지던 읽기, 쓰기, 듣기, 말하기를 위한 교육방식을 고집하여 언어교육에 있어서 풍부한 문화교육을 함께 실현시키지 못하고 있는 현 국내 영어교육에 아쉬움을 느낀다. 본 논문은 첫째로, 국내 중학교 영어 교실수업에서 영어권문화교육이 잘 이루어지고 있는지, 어떠한 방식을 통하여 실시되는지 분석하고자 현직 교사 50명에게 설문을 실시하였고, 더불어 영어수업에서 사용되고 있는 검정영어교과서 중 5종을 선택 및 분석하여 이들 교과서에서 문화교육은 어느 정도의 비중을 차지하고 있는지, 다루고 있는 문화내용의 유형은 어떤 것들이 있는지, 영어권문화 교육을 위해 효과적으로 구성되어 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 둘째로, 현행 문화교육에서 나아가 보다 효과적이고 완성도 높은 문화교육을 위한 교수법으로서 교과서 외 보조자료의 필요성을 제기하고 효과적인 활용방안을 제시하였으며, 의사소통능력 증진을 위한 문화교육의 개선 교수방안으로서 문제중심학습법을 제안하였다.Ⅰ.서론 ················································································· 1 Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 1. 언어교육과 문화교육 ·························································· 3 2. 비원어민 영어교사의 목표문화 교육 ································ 5 3. 영어교육에서의 문화교육 성취기준 ································· 7 Ⅲ. 문헌연구 ··········································································· 11 Ⅳ. 연구방법 1. 설문연구 ········································································ 14 2. 교과서분석 ······································································ 14 Ⅴ. 연구결과 및 논의 1. 설문연구- 중학교 영미문화 교육실태 분석 ················· 17 2. 교과서분석 ····································································· 21 Ⅵ. 지도방안 ········································································· 27 1. 보조자료 활용 ································································· 27 2. 문제중심학습(PBL) ··························································· 32 Ⅶ. 요약 및 결론 ······································································ 41 Ⅷ. 참고문헌 ·········································································· 44 Ⅸ. 부록 ··············································································· 48Maste

Design and Synthesis of New N-heterocyclic Carbenes: Coumaraz-2-on-4-ylidene (CONY) and Indol-2-ylidene (INDY)

DoctorCarbene is an organic compound with only a divalent bond that does not satisfy the octet rules. Their unstable structure has been widely applied as an intermediate in various organic reactions or as a ligand for transition metal and main-group complexes. From about 40 years ago, various strategies have been studied to effectively stabilize the inherent instability of carbenes by introducing various functional groups. In particular, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) is one of the effectively stabilized carbene structures, and they have been applied as ligands and organic catalysts to date. In this thesis, I summarized a general overview of various stable carbenes and their reactivities studied so far. Furthermore, I also presented how to design and synthesize new stable carbenes. The first chapter mainly deals with the overall history of the carbene’s discovery and its applications. In particular, focusing on persistent carbenes, I briefly reviewed their various applications and further summarized the several reactivities of various types of persistent carbenes with small molecules. In the second chapter, I discussed in detail the representative persistent carbenes stabilized by the introduction of various functional groups. In particular, focusing on their frontier orbital energy levels that represent their chemical properties, I performed the computational studies on their electronic properties. Various factors influencing their electrical properties were also considered, such as the ring size effect and the functional group effect. The third chapter is mainly about the reactivities of NHCs with various oxidants, such as nitric oxide (NO), tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate (FcPF6). Through the reactions between the NHC and these oxidants, various adduct structures, such as the NHCNO radical (Part 3.2~3.4), the zwitterionic NHC-TCNE adduct (Part 3.5~3.7) and the NHC-Fc adduct salt (Part 3.8~3.10), were successfully obtained and characterized respectively. Their experimental details will be discussed in Chapter 3. In the fourth chapter, the development of electronically tunable NHCs will be discussed. I focused on some advantages for newly designed NHCs, such as easy synthetic methods, easy structural modification and broad substrate scope. As a result, I could successfully design and synthesize the precursors of coumaraz-2-on-4-ylidene (CONY) and indol-2-ylidene (INDY), and obtain the CONY- and INDY-based transition metal complexes

KOSPI 200 지수 콜 옵션을 중심으로

학위논문(석사) - 한국과학기술원 : 경영공학전공, 2000.2, [ [iii], 39 p. ]한국과학기술원 : 경영공학전공