(A) STUDY ON THE NECESSITY OF EARLY BALLET EDUCATION : With Regard to 7 to 12 aged Juveniles

Dance has occupied an important part in human life from the first coming into being of mankind showing continuous transformations of recreation. Thatis, it passed the ages of primeval dance, Medival Darkness, and Romantic Renaissance, and came under the dance world of today. The art form, so-called "Classical Ballet" has its root in the European Imperial Household dance, but it has brought slory to its upright prestige repeating processes of gradual development. The reason why ballet has survived as a worldwide form of dance both nominally and virtually may include some educidations: 1) in the process of stream of the prosperity of ballet had penetrated into various Western countries, people who engaged in it accordingly moved themselves up to the flow of the veins, 2) there followed abundant assistance and concern in the national level as well as encouragements from enthusiantic supporters, and 3) ballet education for producing prominant dancers could be established in special ballet schools. In this study, the developmental history of the developed Western ballet schools and the curricula of their special ballet schools were observed having a new understanding of our ballet education to introduce more improved outcomes. So it may be hoped that the ballet of our country which has rather short history than theirs might be improved into more developed general cinema art proudly compared with theirs.;무용은 인류의 생성과 더불어 인간생활에 중요한 부분을 차지하여 계속적으로 변화를 창조하여 왔다. 즉 원시무용, 중세의 암흑기, 낭만 시대의 부흥기를 거쳐 오늘날의 무용세계를 이끌어 온 것이다. 소위 "고전발레"로 불리우는 발레예술은 유럽의 황실무용이 그 시조이며 점차적으로 발전을 거듭하면서 꿋꿋이 그 자태를 빛내오고 있는 것이다. 이렇듯 명실공히 세계적인 무용으로 발레가 남아 존재할 수 있게 된 것을 몇가지 이유를 들어 설명할 수 있다. 첫째, 발레의 번성이 서구의 여러국가로 넘어가는 과정속에서 발레에 종사하는 많은 사람들이 그 맥과함께 옮겨갔으며, 둘째, 이를 위해 국가적 차원에서는 재정적으로 풍부한 지원과 배려와 함께 열광적인 후원자들이 있었다. 셋째, 훌륭한 무용수들을 배출하기 위한 발레교육이 발레전문학교에서 이루어졌다는 점들을 들 수 있다. 이상과 같은 발레발전에 관건이 되는 상황들 중 서구발레학교의 발달사 및 발레전문학교의 교과과정을 살펴봄으로써 우리나라 발레교육의 시급함에 대한 재인식과 함께 올바른 한국발레의 발전을 촉진하는데 도움이 되고자 한다.목차 = Ⅲ 논문개요 = Ⅴ Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 1. 연구의 목적 = 1 2. 연구의 방법 및 범위 = 2 Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 = 4 1. 발레교육의 역사적 고찰 = 4 2 . 아동기 무용교육의 의의 = 6 가. 신체적 의의 = 7 나. 정서적 의의 = 9 다. 사회적 의의 = 10 Ⅲ. 본론 = 11 1. 서구발레교육의 실태 = 11 가. 러시아의 발레교육 = 11 (1) 발레의 발달 = 11 (2) 학교현황 = 14 나. 미국의 발레교육 = 16 가. 발레 발달 = 16 나. 교과과정 = 19 2. 발레조기교육의 올바른 지도방법 = 21 가. 연령과 성별 = 21 (1) 예비수업과 연령 = 21 (2) 자세 = 23 (3) 성별에 의한 구분 = 26 나. 교사의 자질 = 28 다. 지도방법 = 31 (1) Bar Work = 32 (2) Center Work = 37 Ⅳ. 결론 참고문헌 = 41 ABSTRACT = 4

(A) study of indoor environmental and health subjective symptoms in nail shop

환경보건학과/석사[한글] 이 연구는 네일 숍 내 근무환경에 대한 실내 환경조사와 이에 따른 자각증상에 대한 조사이다. 연구 대상 및 방법으로 2008년 3월 서울지역 네일숍 2곳을 대상으로 예비조사를 진행하였고, 4월 12일부터 4월 25일까지 본 조사를 진행하였다. 서울지역의 네일숍 10곳, 경기 3곳 및 인천 2곳을 대상으로 근무자 54명에 대한 환경 조사 및 근무자 설문을 실시하였다. 사전 조사에서 VOCs 물질 toluene 등 9가지 물질과, aldehyde 물질 formaldehyde 등 4가지 물질 선정하여, 본 조사를 진행하였다. 설문조사 내용으로 일반적, 근무적, 조사자 특성, 건강자각증상, 건강상태에 대해 조사 하였다. 연구결과로서 네일 숍에 따른 평균 온도 24.9oC, 평균 습도 41.2%, 평균 면적 38.9 m3, 일평균 이용자 19.7명, 평균 근무자는 4명, 여성 평균 27.6세였으며, 72.2%가 시력이 영향이 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 실내 환경조사에서 일반적 항목인 일산화탄소가 평균 1.4ppm, 이산화탄소 948.9 ppm, 먼지 76 ug/m3으로 이산화탄소가 높은 편으로 나타났다. 유해화학물질 중 발암 물질로 알려진 benzene의 평균농도는 12.39 ug/m3 이며, trichloroethylene의 평균농도는 4.33 ug/m3, formaldehyde 평균농도는 77.49 ug/m3, acetaldehyde 21.17 ug/m3으로 조사되었다. 화학물질 중 비발암 물질로 toluene의 평균농도는 302.12 ug/m3이며, 2-propanal 7278.42 ug/m3, ethyl acetate 354.05 ug/m3, n-butyl acetate 2533.19 ug/m3, ethyl benzene 18.11 ug/m3, hexamethyl disiloxane가 35.09 ug/m3 로 조사되었다. 오전과 오후 손님이 많은 시간대에서 환경농도를 측정한 결과 toluene, n-butyl acetate, hexamethyl disiloxane, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde에서 오전에 비해 오후 손님이 많은 시간대에서 더 높게 나타났다. 환경 중 농도와 건강자각증상과의 상관관계에서는 목자극에 대해서는 2-propanal, benzene, toluene, n-buthylacetate, ethylbenzene, xylene에서 유의하게 상관성을 보였다(p<0.01). Benzene은 코, 목, 기침, 손 자극에서만 상관성을 보이고 있었으며(p<0.05), toluene는 목, 기침, 피로 증상에서 상관성을 보였다(p<0.05). 결론 및 제언으로서 본 연구에서 네일아트 활동으로 인하여 여러 가지 휘발성 유기화합물이 유발할 수 있는 실내환경 조건을 가지고 있는 것으로 조사되었으며, 네일 숍의 환경노출과 근무자들의 자각증상으로 위해요인을 판단해 본 연구로서 근무환경에 대한 개선이 필요하다. [영문] The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential exposure of chemicals from the working environment of nail shops and determine related self-reported symptoms from the nail shop workers. A total of 54 nail shop workers from 10 different locations in Seoul, 3 in Kyungki , and 2 in Incheon were asked to conduct a survey concerning their working environment. VOCs detected during the pre-test including toluene and nine other substances as well as a type of aldehyde such as formaldehyde and four other substances were chosen in this study. The results demonstrated that the average temperature, humidity, and area of the nail shop were 24.9?C, 41.2%, and 38.9m3 respectively. Moreover, the average number of visitors, workers, and the age of female were 19.7, 4, and 27.6 respectively, The eye sight of the nail shop workers also decreased by 72.2%. The analysis of indoor environment showed that the most frequently observed substances such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and dust had concentration of 1.4ppm, 948.9ppm, and 76ug/m3 respectively, in which the carbon dioxide revealed the highest concentration. The concentration of carcinogenic substances including benzene, trichloroethylene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were 12.39ug/m3, 4.33ug/m3, 77.49ug/m3 was 21.17ug/m3 respectively. In contrast, non-carcinogenic substances including toluene had average concentration of 302.12ug/m3, 2-propanol was 7278.42ug/m3, ethyl acetate was 354.05ug/m3, n-butyl acetate was 2533.19ug/m3, ethyl benzene was 18.11ug/m3, and hexamethyl disiloxane was 35.09ug/m3. The study on the relationship between the environmental concentration of chemical substances and the self-reported symptoms of nail shop workers demonstrated that there was a significant relationship between the neck pain and substances such as 2-propanal, benzene, toluene, n-buthylacetate, ethylbenzene, and xylene (p<0.01). Furthermore, symptoms in the nose, neck, hands and recurrent coughs had significant relationship with benzene (p<0.05), whereas, toluene showed significant relationship with neck pain and symptoms such as coughs and fatigue (p<0.05). In conclusion, it is predicted that the substances utilized in the nail shops have potential to release various VOCs within the working environment. Concerning the environmental exposure of these substances and self-reported symptoms, it would be crucial to improve the working environment for the health and safety of the nail shop workers.ope

Temporal and spatial distribution of surface pCO2 in the Ulleung Basin of the East Sea/Sea of Japan

To clarify the temporal and spatial distribution of partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in surface seawater and of which major factors in the Ulleung Basin of the East Sea/Sea of Japan, we measured surface pCO2, sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS) by underway measurement system and nutrients, alkalinity and chlorophyll-a of surface seawater by hydrocasting in April 2006 (spring), August 2007 (summer), February 2008 (winter) and October 2008 (autumn). SST showed a typical seasonal variation as a mid-latitude temperate ocean in the north hemisphere with high in summer and low in winter, while SSS showed an opposite seasonal trend with SST due to the concentrated rain in summer by seasonal monsoon. Temporal distribution of surface pCO2 showed a similar tendency with SST variations, but its magnitude of change was less than that the estimate by thermal effect due to the SST changes. In summer, the lower surface pCO2, which was less than expected by the SST, probably arose from the dilution effect of less saline, low pCO2 surface water by increased seasonal rainfall and river discharges. In winter, the higher surface pCO2 was likely due to the strong vertical mixing derived by the deep surface mixed layer. The Ulleung Basin of the East Sea acted as a CO2 sink, except summer when it acted as a weak CO2 source.1

UV-B Effects on Growth and Nitrate Dynamics in Antarctic Marine Diatoms Chaetoceros neogracile and Stellarima microtrias

Two isolated Antarctic marine diatoms, Chaetoceros neogracile VanLandingham and Stellarima microtrias (Ehrenberg) Hasle and Sims were examined to show changes of growth and uptake rate of nitrate due to UV-B irradiance. Chlorophyll (chl) a concentration was regarded as the growth index of diatom. The diatoms were treated with UV-B radiation and cultured for 4 days under cool-white fluorescent light without UV-B radiation. Two levels of UV-B exposures were applies: 1 and 6 W m−2. Durations of UV-B treatment were 20, 40 and 60 minutes under 6 W m−2 and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hrs under 1 W m−2. The control groups were cultured at the same time without UV-B radiation. The growth rates of two diatoms decreased under 1 and 6 W m−2 UV-B irradiances than that of control group. After 4 days, chl a concentrations of C. neogracile were increased more than 4 times from 133 μgol−1 to 632 μgol−1 in control group. However, the concentration of experimental groups under 1 W m−2 UV-B were only increased from 139 μgol−1 to 421 μgol−1 during one hour and the chl a concentrations were decreased from 144 μgol−1 to 108 μgol−1 during five hour. Growth of diatom dramatically more decreased under 6 W m−2 UV-B than 1 W m−2 UV-B. The chl a concentration of experimental groups under 6 W m−2 UV-B for one hour was only increased from 111 μgol−1 to 122 μgol−1. In the case of S. microtrias showed also similar pattern to C. neogracile by UV-B radiation. The uptake rates of nitrate by the two strains were decreased abruptly under 6 W m−2 UV-B irradiances. When two strains were treated under 1 and 6 W m−2 UV-B during one hour, the strains were only continued growth and uptake of nitrate under 1 W m−2 UV-B. This experimental evidence shows that exposure to UV-B radiation especially to high irradiance of UV-B decreases diatom survival and causes lower decrease of nutrient concentrations by microalgae in Antarctic water. Furthermore, evidence suggests that microalgal communities confined to near-surface waters in Antarctica will be harmed by increased UV-B radiation, thereby altering the dynamics of Antarctic marine ecosystems.22Nkciothe

Real-time Monitoring of Environmental Properties at Seaweed Farm and a Simple Model for CO2 Budget

부산시 기장군 일광 해조류양식장에서 2011년 7월 5일부터 6일까지 약 30시간동안 해양 표층수의 수온, 염분 등의 환경인자와 pH와 이산화탄소분압( fCO2 )을 연속 관측하였다. 표층수의 수온과 염분은 12.5∼17.6∘C , 33.7~34.0범위를 보였으며, 조석과 광주기, 해류 등의 영향으로 일변화 및 일간변화를 크게 나타내었다. 이산화탄소분압과 pH는 381~402 μatm , 8.03~8.15범위를 보였으며, 엽록소는 0.8~5.8 μgL−1 범위를 보였다. 이산화탄소분압, pH 그리고 엽록소는 최대 간조와 성층이 강했던 5일 오후 5시 전후에 최소 및 최고치를 보였으며, 이는 엽록소에 의한 생물생산 결과 이산화탄소는 낮고 pH는 높아진 것을 의미한다. 해조양식장 이산화탄소변화에 대한 단순 수지모델을 적용한 결과, 낮에는 생물생산에 의한 감소가 수온상승, 대기와의 교환에 의한 증가와 상쇄하는 것으로 나타났으며, 밤에는 대기와의 교환 물리적 혼합에 대한 과대 평가로 관측치보다 다소 높게 나타났다. 모델결과는 해조양식장 이산화탄소분압 총변화량의 14~40%는 해조류의 일차생산에 의한 것으로 나타났다. Real-time monitoring for environmental factors(temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, etc.) and carbonate components( pH and fCO2 ) was conducted during 5-6th of July, 2012 at a seaweeds farm in Gijang, Busan. Surface temperature and salinity were ranged from 12.5∼17.6∘C and 33.7~34.0, respectively, with highly daily and inter-daily variations due to tide, light frequency(day and night) and currents. Surface fCO2 and pH showed a range of 381∼402μatm and 8.03~8.15, and chlorophyll-a concentration in surface seawater ranged 0.8~5.8 μgL−1 . Environmental and carbonate factors showed the highest/lowest values around 5 pm of 5th July when the lowest tidal height and strongest thermocline in the water column, suggesting that biological production resulted in decrease of CO2 and increase of pH in the seaweed farm. Processes affecting the surface fCO2 distribution were evaluated using a simple budget model. In day time, biological productions by phytoplankton and macro algae are the main factors for CO2 drawdown and counteracted the amount of CO2 increase by temperature and air-sea exchange. The model values were a little higher than observed values in night time due to the over-estimation of physical mixing. The model suggested that algal production accounted about 14-40% of total CO2 variation in seaweed farm.22Nkc

Changes Air-Sea CO2 exchange in the North Pacific estimated from Biogeochemical Modeling

To estimate the air-sea CO2 exchange over the North Pacific we have performed bigeochemical ocean modeling in which an general ocean circulation model combined with carbon chemistry is utilized. Over the North Pacific, the model results agree well with the observational results in 1995. As the atmospheric CO2 concentration increases, the ocean absorbs more atmospheric CO2, naturally. When the warming effect is considered, the biological activity becomes stronger and more CO2 is absorbed, but the solubility of CO2 and the circulation that removes the CO2 rich surface water to deep ocean become weaker and less amount of CO2 is removed by the ocean.2

Surface pCO2 distribution and its controlling factors on the Drake Passage and the Scotia Sea in December 2001

Surface measurements of pCO2, TCO2, alkalinity, and nutrients were made on the Drake Passage and the Scotia Sea in December 2001. Surface pCO2 concentration along the Scotia Sea Line (WS-Line) ranged from 370-420 &micro;atm and increased across the Polar and Scotia Fronts by about 10-20 &micro;atm, while the surface pCO2 along the Drake Passage Line (DP-Line) ranged from 380-400 &micro;atm and have no significant change across the front. Seasonal warming from winter to the study period forced an increase of 0.08 to 0.27 &micro;atm d-1 in surface pCO2; the higher values were observed at the stations close to the Polar Front. The air-sea exchange decreased surface pCO2 along the WS-Line but increased surface pCO2 along the DP-Line. It suggests that the area around the WS-Line supposed to be a weak CO2 source, while the area around the DP-Line acted as a CO2 sink during the study period. The surface pCO2 changes by biological production were several times higher at the WS-Line than those at the DP-Line. Physical mixing also promoted an increase of surface pCO2 along both lines. South of Scotia Front, mixing was the dominant process of surface pCO2 change. It suggests the possibilities of lateral and vertical transport of CO2-rich water masses from the Weddell Sea and the deep ocean to the surface. Our results suggest that the major factors affecting the surface pCO2 distribution were the biological production and physical mixing at the WS-Line, while seasonal warming at the DP-Line during the study period.1

The Distributions of Nutrients, Chlorophyll-a, and Primary Productivity in the South Pacific Ocean

2000년 2월에 남태평양에서 수심 200m까지 수온, 염분, 용존산소, 영양염, 엽록소, 일차생산성의 수직분포를 조사하였다. 연구해역(남위 24∘∼41∘ , 서경 80∘∼168∘ )은 물리적으로 크게 두 해역으로 나누어진다. 서경 110∘ 을 경계로 동쪽해역에서는 수심 200m이하의 중층수가 표층으로 활발히 용승하였고, 서쪽해역에서는 중층수의 용승이 거의 일어나지 않았다. 따라서 해수의 화학조성도 다르게 나타났다. 동쪽해역에서는 영양염 농도가 높은 중층수의 용승에 의해 표층 100m에서 질산염+아질산염과 인산염 농도가 서쪽해역에 비해 상당히 높게 관측되었지만, 중층수의 용승에도 불구하고 규산염 농도는 오히려 서쪽해역보다 낮았다. 영양염 중에서 식물플랑크톤의 일차생산성에 영향을 미치는 주요 원소도 해역에 따라 달랐다. 동쪽해역에서는 규소에 의해 일차생산성이 가장 큰 영향을 받는 반면, 서쪽해역에서는 질소가 일차생산성에 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 중층수의 용승에 의해 영양염 농도의 큰 차이에도 불구하고, 식물플랑크톤의 일차생산성은 두 해역이 서로 비슷한 값을 보였으며, 수심 200m까지 합한 엽록소 총량은 오히려 동쪽해역에 비해 서쪽해역에서 2배 가량 높게 측정되었다. The vertical distributions of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, chlorophyll, and primary production were investigated within the top 200m water depth in the south Pacific Ocean in February,2000. The study area ( 24∘−41∘S,81∘−168∘W ) can be hydrologically divided into two regions. Upwelling was actively occurring in the eastern region of the 110∘S line, meanwhile it was not active in the western region. Accordingly, chemical properties in the surface waters were different between the two regions; nitrate+nitrite and phosphate concentrations were much higher in the eastern region than in the western region due to the active upwelling, but silicate concentration was higher in the western region. Among the nutrients, the major element influencing primary production was also different between the two regions; silicon would be a major element influencing primary production in the eastern region, but nitrogen may act as a major element for primary production in the western region. Primary production showed similar values in the two regions in spite of the large differences of nutrient concentrations in the surface waters, but the total chlorophyll integrated within the 200 m water depth was almost twice as much as in the western region than that in the eastern legion.33Nkciothe

Carbonate system across the Antarctic Polar Front in Drake Passage, Antarctica

Continuous determination of oceanic carbonate parameters was made across the Antarctic Polar Front in Drake Passage during the 1998-1999, 2001-2002, 2002-2003, and 2003-2004 austral summers. A flowing pCO2 system and an automated TA titration system were installed onboard of the Russian R/V Yuzhmorgeologyia for measuring pCO2, pH, TA, and TCO2. Sea surface pCO2 was automatically measured every 2 minutes by the flowing pCO2 system, and TA values were determined every hour with the TA titration system. Water samples were collected every hour to follow the evolution of surface nutrients and chlorophyll concentrations along the cruise survey tracks. Sea surface temperatures and salinities fluctuated greatly across the polar front. Strong variation was also observed in nutrient concentrations across the front. Silicate concentration significantly increased traversing the frontal zone as well as increasing nitrate and phosphate concentrations toward the south. Higher surface pCO2 values were observed along most of the survey tracks, while lower surface pCO2 values were found at frontal zones in late November or early December during the cruises. No clear difference of TCO2 trends on nutrient evolutions between two systems was found across the front. However, clear difference of surface pCO2 trends over nutrients was found between two systems of the frontal zones, and suggested, biological removal of surface CO2 was more efficient in south of the front (Silica Ocean) than in north of the front (Carbonate Ocean) in December 1998, though the trend was not clear in 2001, 2002, 2003 austral summers.2

arbonate system across the Antarctic Polar Front in the Drake Passage

CO2 measurements were made across the Antarctic Polar Front in the Drake Passage during the 1998-1999 austral summer. These measurements include the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), pH (-log [H+]), total carbonate (TCO2), and total alkalinity (TA). Surface salinity, temperature, and pCO2 were automatically measured every two-minutes. Surface pH, TA, and TCO2 were determined every hour. Surface temperature, salinity, and nutrients showed strong variation across the polar front. SiO2 (70 mM), NO3 (15 mM), and PO4 (2 mM), for example, increased significantly going south traversing the front. The higher values of pCO2 were observed most of the cruise survey lines. Lower values of pCO2 were, however, found at the frontal zone only in early December 1998, while atmospheric pCO2 showed relatively constant values (ca 360 ppmv). The lower values of pCO2 at the frontal zone and positive correlation between pCO2 and nutrients south of the front suggest that the Antarctic Polar Front may be sink for CO2 during the cruise periods.2