The Character and Meaning of the Reorganization of the Medical Institutions in the Early Chosun Dynasty

In this article, I first explored the process and its characteristics of the reorganization of the medical institution in the early Chosun Dynasty. In the early Chosun Dynasty, medical institutions of Naeuiwon(內醫院), Jeonuigam(典醫監), Hyeminseo(惠民署), Hwalinseo(活人署), Jesaengwon(濟生院) were operated. From the examining the history, members, and roles of these institutions, it can be said that Chosun was aimed at Minbon Thought(For the people) of Neo-Confucianism and a one-sided centralized system. To understand the meaning of the change process of these medical institutions, we should pay attention to the social structure and ruling ideology of the late Koryo period. In other words, the autonomy and publicness of the people expanded in the land system of Koryo, while on the other hand, it became important to overcome the inefficiency of Buddhism, which was a dominant ideology. The movement to reflect the strengthened status of the people into the public national system by taking the Neo-Confucianism as the dominant ideology has been strengthened, and the medical rights of all the people have been guaranteed. But it did not mean that the Minbon Thought(For the people) of Neo- Confucianism put the people first. The reason why the medical institution was organized in the order of Naeuiwon(內醫院) → Jeonuigam(典醫監) → Hyeminseo(惠民署) → Hwalinseo(活人署) was because the theory of essence and end(本末論) of Neo-Confucianism was projected. At the same time, this hierarchical structure was also coincided with the statusclass structure of Chosun, which peaked at the royal family as the highest ruling class. For this reason, the status of the medical institutions for the people, Hyeminseo(惠民署) and Hwalinseo(活人署) was low.ope

고려시대의 중국 의학지식 도입과 그 추이 : 신효결명산(神效決明散)을 중심으로

This article is intended to explore the formation of Medical knowledge in the pre-modern era. I tracked the progress of Sinhyogyeolmyeongsan(神效決明散) of Taepyeongseonghyebang(太平聖惠方), Chinese medical book, after it had introduced into the Korean Peninsula. Sinhyogyeolmyeongsan is a prescription to treat the symptoms of atrophy of the optic nerve close to the blind. In Goryeo s Hyangyakgugupbang(鄕藥救急方), the symptom of severely weakened vision was defined as ‘Optic nerve atrophy(靑盲)’ according to the theory of East Asian medicine. And it was prescribed to be treated with turnip seeds(蔓菁子) produced in Goryeo. However, monks, shamans, and fortune-tellers of Goryeo were already presenting their own cause for blindness and how to respond. Thus, there was a competition between religious responses that relied on Buddhism, Taoism, and shamanism, and East Asian medicine armed with pathology and herbal theory, over the acceptance of Sinhyogyeolmyeongsan. Of course, Sinhyogyeolmyeongsan was not the only medical response to Optic nerve atrophy. In Hyangyakgugupbang, a prescription for pig gallbladder(猪膽) had already been included with Sinhyogyeolmyeongsan. And the prescription for sleeping silkworm and prescription for dog s milk appeared when investigating the prescriptions for Optic nerve atrophy up to the reign of King Sejong in Joseon. So there was also competition among prescriptions inside East Asian medicine. However, Sinhyogyeolmyeongsan was not seen from the end of the 16th century. Instead, a variety of other prescriptions appeared. In other words, Sinhyogyeolmyeongsan based on trust, became familiar after hundreds of years of use, but was wiped out by the trust of new prescriptions. In this way, the choice factors of prescription or medical system are familiarity, trust, and cost. The combination of these three factors determines the fate of prescription and medical system.ope

조선초기 의료진흥정책의 전개: 통유론(通儒論)과 직분론(職分論)의 대립과 절충

In this article, I examined the medical policy of the early Joseon period. The most important issue in the medical field shortly after the founding of Joseon was who would be responsible for medical practice, such as the establishment and implementation of medical policy, medical learning, and patient treatment.The founding forces of Joseon, who witnessed the problems of medical care at the end of Goryeo, educated the young people of the Yangin (良人) class and instated the current literary officials into medical affairs. Subsequently, under the reign of King Sejong (世宗), the medical learning officer program (醫書習讀官) was conducted. The program was a system for training medical professionals by intensively educating the young people of the ruling class. This position to train medical professionals at the national level can be called a well-informed Confucianist theory (通儒論). The position of this theory that Confucian scholars should be fluent in all fields is also seen in the Chilhak (七 學, seven schools) under the reign of King Sejo (世祖).The well-informed Confucianist theory was strongly opposed by the Yangban(兩班) class, including current officials who promoted the discrimination theory (職分論). They argued that everyone has a fixed position, and that the medical bureau was the position that professional medical personnel were in charge of.These two positions were challenged throughout the 15th century until a compromise was reached. The compromise was that the ruling class would be in charge of the supervision of the medical bureau and a part of the medical education, while professional medical personnel would be in charge of the practice of medical care such as patient treatment, medical book compilation, and medical profession.ope

고려시대 일본과의 의료 교류와 그 성격 - ‘동아시아의료’의 한 사례-

In this article, I reviewed the exchange of medicine between the Koryo Dynasty and Japan during the Koryo Dynasty. Compared to the exchange of medicine during the Three Kingdoms or the early Joseon Dynasty, medicine between Korea and Japan was loosely affected each other during the Koryo Dynasty. This characteristic of medical history with Japan during the Koryo Dynasty corresponded to the overall low density of exchanges between the two countries. In this paper, the exchange of medicine during the entire Koryo period was divided into 4 periods, and medical records in Korea and Japan were discussed in terms of medical personnel, medical knowledge, and pharmaceutical materials. During the Koryo Dynasty, Korea was interested in Japan's medical personnel and pharmaceutical materials, and Japan was interested in Korea's medical knowledge and pharmaceutical materials. When limited to the Koryo Dynasty, it is difficult to determine the superiority or inferiority of pharmaceutical materials, medical personnel, and medical knowledge between Korea and Japan. Without frequent contact to compare the level of medical care, each country only accepted the other country's medical care within the necessary range. This means that the exchange of medicine between Koryo and Japan did not flow only in one direction. In addition, I proposed to understand the pre-modern East Asian world, including Korea-Japan relations, by using the concept of political bodies instead of the concept of state. In other words, it is necessary to call the subject of action that independently judges and executes foreign relations while maintaining a high degree of autonomy in decision-making as 'political bodies', and utilizes this concept to interpret the pre-modern East Asian world complexly. The concept of political bodies is also useful for understanding the exchange of medicine among the three East Asian countries.ope

Numerical Study on the Observational Error of Sea-Surface Winds at Ieodo Ocean Research Station

수치해석을 통하여 이어도 종합해양과학기지 구조물이 대기 유동에 미치는 영향을 분석하였고, 이 결과를 바탕으로 과학기지에 설치된 풍속센서에서의 측정값 오차를 평가하는 연구를 수행하였다. 과학기지 형상을 3차원으로 모델링하였고 수치해석을 위한 격자를 생성하여, Navier-Stokes 방정식 및 난류모델을 적용하여 수치해석을 수행하였다. 선정된 자유류의 풍속과 풍향 조건에 대하여 과학기지 구조물에 의해 변화된 유동장을 계산하고, 실제 풍속센서가 설치된 위치에서의 풍속/풍향 정보와 자유류를 비교하였다. 이를 통하여 자유류 방향 및 측정 위치에 따른 데이터의 정확도와 신뢰할 수 있는 데이터 범위를 알아보았다. 본 연구 결과로 관측된 해상풍 데이터의 구조물 간섭에 의한 오차 범위를 정량적으로 파악할 수 있었으며, 과학기지가 위치한 지점의 정확한 해상풍 데이터 제공을 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다. = The influence of Ieodo Ocean Research Station structure to surrounding atmospheric flow is carefully investigated using CFD techniques. Moreover, the validation works of computational results are performed by the comparison with the observed data of Ieodo Ocean Research station. In this paper, we performed 3-dimensional CAD modelling of the station, generated the grid system for numerical analysis and carried out flow analyses using Navier-Stokes equations coupled with two-equation turbulence model. For suitable free stream conditions of wind speed and direction, the interference of the research station structure on the flow field is predicted. Beside, the computational results are benchmarked by observed data to confirm the accuracy of measured date and reliable data range of each measuring position according to the wind direction. Through the results of this research, now the quantitative evaluation of the error range of interfered gauge data is possible, which is expected to be applied to provide base data of accurate sea surface wind around research stations.본 연구는 한국해양연구원의 '이어도 종합해양과학기지활용연구' 사업의 지원으로 수행되었음

A Chronological Study on the Construction of Yonsei University Medical Center in Shinchon

Shinchon ; Yonsei University Medical Center ; Severance Hospital ; Severance Medical School ; medical institutionope

수중 운동체 주위 이상 유동장의 압축성 해석

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :기계항공공학부,2006.Maste

A Trial Discussion about the Medical Development in Goryeo and Joseon Period : Focused on the Medical Textbooks

This article explores how the East Asian medicine had been developed in Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty. In particular, it focused on the medical textbooks of Goryeo and Joseon. As the Chinese medicine entered in the Three Kingdoms Period, intellectuals accepted knowledges of the Chinese medicine, and a small number of the ruling class benefited from the Chinese medicine prescriptions and imported medicine. In the late period of Goryeo Dynasty, the Hyangyakgugeupbang(鄕藥救急方) was published. It paid attention to the drug properties of the Korean medicine. This book contains the long-accumulated knowledge of the Korean medicine which used local drugs “Hyangyak.” In Joseon, the government and medical scientists investigated the reality of the Korean medicine on a national scale. It carried out for increasing types and productions of the Korean medicine. As a result, the era of Dongui(東醫) was opened. The goal of treating all diseases of Joseon with the medicine of Joseon was achived. However, medical theory of the Hyangyakjipseongbang(鄕藥集成方) printed in 1433 was quite insufficient. Thus, by the successive publication of the Euibangyoochui(醫方類聚) printed in 1477 and the Donguibogam(東醫寶鑑) printed in 1613, the medical theory tailored to the ideological, socioeconomic and medical situations of Joseon was completed. It was not until the end of the Joseon Dynasty that Lee Je-ma's Donguisusebowon(東醫壽世保元) was able to overcome the Donguibogam. Lee Je-ma classified every people into four distinctive types: greater yang[tai yang] person, lesser yin[shao yin] person, greater yin[tai yin] person, and lesser yin[shao yin] person. This theory insisted proper treatment for each type in accordance with individual differences of physical features and temperament. His theory has many modern aspects. Korean Traditional Medicine could be modernized by itself.ope

The process of indigenous empirical treatment into medical knowledge in the Goryeo and Joseon era: focused on Liquidambar taiwaniana leaves prescription and Liquidambar taiwaniana ointment prescription

This article covers the history of Liquidambar taiwaniana leaves prescription. Based on the case of Liquidambar taiwaniana leaves prescription, I am trying to explore the formation process of pre-modern medical knowledge. Originally, in the Goryeo era, there was a treatment for washing the eye by boiling Liquidambar taiwaniana leaves when the eyeball was swollen and itchy due to congestion symptoms. The experience of treatment with Liquidambar taiwaniana leaves, unrelated to East Asian medicine, was combined with the pathology and herbalism concepts of East Asian medicine in the process of being recorded in Shinsangseobang(愼尙書方) and Hyangyakgugupbang(鄕藥救急方). Liquidambar taiwaniana leaves prescription had been faithfully used up to Uibangyuchwi(醫方類聚) in the Joseon, and its effectiveness had been recognized. However, Liquidambar taiwaniana leaves prescription was not the only treatment for eye congestion symptoms. Even if limited to the early Joseon Dynasty, 14 prescriptions coexisted. The way for Liquidambar taiwaniana leaves prescription to survive competition with other prescriptions was to gain trust from patients and medical professionals. As a result, Liquidambar taiwaniana leaves prescription developed into Liquidambar taiwaniana ointment prescription in Uilimchwalyo(醫林撮要) and Donguibogam(東醫寶鑑). This Liquidambar taiwaniana ointment prescription had a strong influence in the private sector until the end of the Joseon. Looking at the history of Liquidambar taiwaniana leaves prescription, the improvement of medical conditions such as increased production of medicinal materials and the development of drug processing methods also served as an opportunity for the prescription to change. Therefore, the main factors in the formation of medical knowledge can be summarized as competition and development between prescriptions through repetition of treatment, changes in medical conditions, and judgment of medical parties.restrictio