기초연금 제도가 노인가구의 소비지출에 미치는 영향

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 행정대학원 글로벌행정전공, 2018. 2. 엄석진.It is obvious that Korean elderly are currently facing poor welfare conditions. The poverty rate of the elderly is on the rise at the figures around fifty percent. With regard to consumption, another indicator for welfare, the propensity to consume in elderly households is also on the downward path with large gap from the average. Unfortunately, the suicide rate of elderly people in Korea is the highest among OECD members with the figure of 56 per 100,000. The survey result of subjective satisfaction is in consistency with the objective indicators. Under the recognition about the seriousness of the elderly-related problems, the Korean government has been putting a great deal of policy efforts to stabilize the livelihood and enhance the welfare for old generation in Korea. As part of those efforts, the basic senior pension was introduced in 2008. In 2014, the basic pension replaced and expanded the preexisting basic senior pension by doubling the amount of monthly pension. Provided the basic pension requires huge amount of budget expenditure, it is imperative to verify that the pension system is working appropriately for achieving its policy goals. Among various determinant factors of welfare status, this study put focus on consumption and seeks to find the impact of basic senior pension and basic pension on consumption expenditure in elderly households. The purpose of this study is firstly, to check whether thebasic senior pension and the basic pension achieve to satisfy the desire for consumption of the elderly by increasing the consumption expenditure, secondly, to find out if the newly introduced basic pension has additional influence on consumption compared with the previous basic senior pension, and last but not least to search whether households characteristics, especially, the income level generates difference in the degree of impact of basic pension on consumption. The objective of this study is only limited to elderly households, in other words, the households that include at least one elder person aged above 65 in Korea. The scope of time in this study is from 2009 to 2015 excluding 2014. Regarding the research data, this study uses the empirical data from Korea Welfare Panel Study, which contains a lot of information about Korean households ranging from general conditions such as a number of a family and living areas to economic activities including income or consumption expenditure. With respect to research method, this study uses multiple linear regression analysis to find the effect of pension on consumption. This study tests three hypotheses. The first hypothesis is that provision of basic senior pension from 2009 to 2013 and provision of basic pension in 2015 to elderly households will affect positively to the consumption expenditure of the elderly families. The second hypothesis is that expansion of the new basic pension will additionally increase elderly households consumption expenditure. The third hypothesis is the impact of basic pension on consumption is greater in lower-income households than in higher-income households. As for the first hypothesis, the dependent variable is the annual amount of expenditure for consumption in elderly households. The independent variable is the annual amount of basic senior pension or basic pension in elderly households. Regarding the second hypothesis, the dependent variable is the annual amount of expenditure for consumption in elderly households. The independent is an institution variable which gives 1 point to households that receives basic pension in 2015 and gives 0 point to the rest. With respect to the third hypothesis, the dependent variable is the annual amount of expenditure for consumption in pension recipient households. The independent variable is the annual amount of basic pension. Income level is used as a moderator. Throughout all the hypotheses, varied control variables such as income excluding pension, the size of asset, the size of debt, housing occupational type, living area, a number of unhealthy elderly, a number of minors, a working status of a householder, and year are used. The test result of the multiple linear regression analysis for the first hypothesis is that both the basic senior pension and the basic pension affect consumption of elderly households positively. The test result for the second hypothesis indicates the introduction of the basic pension does not generate additional consumption increase effect. Lastly, the test result for the third hypothesis represents that the degree of impact of the basic pension on consumption differs by the income level of households. That is, the lowerincome household category shows higher impact of pension on consumption than the higher-income category. Several policy implications can be inferred from the test results. Firstly, both basic senior pension and basic pension make contributions to enhancing the economic benefit of recipient families by increasing the consumption. Moreover, considering the elderly pension is given to old generation who are living with relatively low-income, this public assistance program might be evaluated to fulfill its policy goals successfully. However, the test result for the second hypothesis indicates, the recently introduced basic pension does not show additional effect of increasing consumption. This study suggests that rather than depending only on large amount of fiscal investments to provide grants directly to old people, the government should focus on boosting the industries for the elderly such as medical care, food, finance, and housing. In addition, supplying more decent jobs with time flexibility can be another policy options for boosting consumption of the elderly. From the test result for the third hypothesis, this study recommends the government to redesign the pension system by making greater differentiation of the amount of pension depending on income level. It might help increase consumption of households while alleviating the income disparities among the elderly.1 Introduction 1 1.1. Backgrounds 1 1.2. Purpose of the Research 3 1.3. Scope and Method of the Research . 4 2 Theoretical Backgrounds and Literature Review 6 2.1. Theoretical Backgrounds 6 2.1.1. Overview of Public Pension System 6 2.1.2. Recent Debates on Public Pension System in Welfare State . 9 2.1.3. The Socio-Economic Effects of Pension System 10 2.1.4. Public Pension System in Korea 13 2.1.5. Senior Pension System in Korea 15 2.1.6. Consumption Theory . 18 2.1.7. Determinants of Consumption . 19 2.2. Literature Review . 21 2.2.1. Foreign Studies on Senior Pension .. 21 2.2.2. Domestic Studies about Consumption of the Elderly 22 2.2.3. Studies on Effectiveness of Senior Pension . 24 2.2.4. Domestic Studies about the Impact of Senior Pension on Consumption 25 2.3. Critical Review . 26 3. Research Design and Methods 28 3.1. Research Hypothesis . 28 3.2. Research Model 31 3.3. Research Data and Research Objectives 37 3.4. Variables . 39 3.4.1. Dependent Variable 39 3.4.2. Independent Variable . 39 3.4.3. Control Variables . 40 3.4.4. Moderator . 42 4. Analysis 45 4.1.Descriptive Statistics 45 4.1.1. Consumption Expenditure (Dependent Variable) 45 4.1.2. Basic (Senior) pension and New Institution (Independent Variable) 46 4.1.3. Control Variables . 47 4.2. Correlation Analysis . 50 4.3. Results of VIF (Variation Inflation Factor) Test . 51 4.4. Regression Analysis 52 4.4.1. Analysis Result of Model 1 . 52 4.4.2. Analysis Result of Model 2 . 57 4.4.3. Analysis Result of Model 3 . 61 4.4.4. Summary of Analysis Results and Discussion 65 5. Conclusion 68 5.1. Summary . 68 5.2. Policy Implication . 69 5.3. Contributions, Limitations and Tasks Ahead 71 Bibliography . 72 Abstract in Korean 78Maste

선형 시변 시스템의 출력 제어와 관측기의 재귀적 설계 방법

Thesis(master`s) --서울대학교 대학원 :전기. 컴퓨터공학부,2006.Maste

A Direct Numerical Simulation Study on the very Large-Scale Motion in Turbulent Boundary Layer

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a turbulent boundary layer with moderate Reynolds number was performed to scrutinize streamwise-coherence of hairpin packet motions. The Reynolds number based on the momentum thickness (θin) and free-stream velocity (U∞) was varied in the range Reθ=1410~2540 which was higher than the previous numerical simulations in the turbulent boundary layer. In order to include the groups of hairpin packets existing in the outer layer, large computational domain was used (more than 50δo, where δo is the boundary layer thickness at the inlet in the streamwise domain). Characteristics of packet motions were investigated by using instantaneous flow fields, two-point correlation and conditional average flow fields in xy-plane. The present results showed that a train of hairpin packet motions was propagating coherently along the downstream and these structures induced the very large-scale motions in the turbulent boundary layer

생쥐소장에서 분리한 카할세포에서 콜레시스토키닌 A 리셉터를 통한 콜레시스토키닌의 조절작용에 관한 기전 연구

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 의학과 생리학전공, 2011.2. 서인석.Maste

Direct Numerical Simulations of the Turbulent Boundary Layers over the Rough Walls

Direct numerical simulations (DNSs) of spatially developing turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) over two-dimensional (2-D) and rod and three-dimensional (3-D) cube rough walls were performed to investigate the effects of streamwise spacing on the properties of the TBL The 2-D and 3-D roughness were periodically arranged in the downstream direction with pitches of px/k=2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 and for the cube, the spanwise spacing is fixed to pz/k=2 with staggered array, where px and pz are the streamwise and spanwise spacings of the roughness and k is the roughness height. Inspection of the Reynolds stresses showed that except for px/k=2 and 3 over the 2-D rough walls, the effects of the surface roughness extend to the outer layer over the 2-D and 3-D rough walls and the magnitude of the Reynolds shear stress in the outer layer is increased with proportion to px/k. However, such results are contrary to the trends of form drag, roughness junction and roughness length against px/k, which showed the maximum values at px/k=8 and 4 over the 2-D and 3-D rough walls respectively

Direct Numerical Simulation of the Turbulent Boundary Layer over a Cube-Roughened Wall

3 차원 표변조도의 영향을 조사하기 위하여 규칙적으로 배열된 3 차원의 입방형 표면조도를 갖는 난류경계층을 직접수치모사하였다. 표면조도는 주 유동방향과 횡 방향으로 각각 8k과 2k의 주기를 갖도록 배열되었으며 표면조도의 크기 (k)는 입구 모멘텀 두께(θ<SUB>in</SUB>)의 1.5 배이다. 주 유동 방향을 따라 공간 발달하는 3 차원 표면조도 위의 난류특성을 2 차원의 막대형표면조도에서의 결과와 비교하였다. 2 차원 표면조도와 마찬가지로 3 차원 표면조도의 경우에도 조도저층 뿐만 아니라 바깥영역에서 표면조도의 영향이 존재하였으며 이러한 결과는 주 유동 방향의 표면조도의 주기와 사각형의 면에 의한 막음현상이 2 차원의 표면조도와 마찬가지로 크게 나타나기 때문인 것으로 판단된다

The Influence of an Aesthetically Appealing Product on the Using Time, Flow, and Recall Memory

Three experiments were carried out in order to determine whether users have longer using time, better recall of product information, and flow in an aesthetically appealing product (media player) in products offering good usability. For the experiment, fourteen emotional words were employed which were made up of 8 aesthetic and 6 usability words. In a preliminary experiment, the subjects freely used three media players and selected emotional words by a 7-point likert scale to distinguish a group of similar usability value and another group contrary to the other in aesthetic and usability value. (N=18) In the main experiment, it was hypothesized that users use more and have more flow and recalled information in the case of the aesthetically appealing product. Therefore, in the main experiment, we measured how much time subjects spent using the product and asked them to make an assumption regarding the time spent by the group that has the same usability value. We then examined the time they spent and the gap between the actual and estimated time. We also calculated the amount of menu information recalled via a questionnaire. In the last experiment, we selected the group of products contrary to each other in aesthetic and usability value and assessed the differences in using time, recall of product information, and flow. (N=18) The empirical results provide evidence that aesthetically appealing products are associated with greater flow and recall of product information than other products, thus supporting the hypothesis. In addition, it was found that there is a positive correlation between the aesthetically appealing product and flow index as well as with recalled information

Numerical study of turbulent boundary layers over cubic roughness arrays

Direct numerical simulations of turbulent boundary layers over the cube-roughened walls were performed with varying spanwise extent. Recent work by Lee et al. (2011) showed that the inner layer statistics are influenced by the streamwise pitch over the 3-D square-edged roughness and these have the maximum at px/k=4 with pz/k=2. However, the present simulations showed that the surface drag, including form drag and roughness function, etc., is also affected by spanwise spacing and the maximum contribution occurs at pz/k=3 with px/k=3 which has the roughness density, 0.111. This result might indicate that the main parameter for the wall friction is roughness density rather than roughness configurations. In addition, it was shown that outer peaks of the Reynolds stresses are increased with increasing spanwise length, implying stronger inner and outer layer interactions at larger pz/k, which is consistent with those of streamwise spacing. This signifies streamwise and spanwise spacing as the principal variable in the outer layer