Species identification of raw fish fillet asserted as Pagrus major in the market using the DNA barcode

Pagrus major is a commercially important fish species in Korea. It enjoys high consumer preference and a high price compared to other fishes. Since the morphological characters of some distinguished species are undetectable in the processed fish products, consumers might sometimes get deceived of the species and pay more than the reasonable price. In the present study, we identified the species of raw fish fillet asserted as a red seabream (Pagrus major) in the market to examine whether the fillet products were labelled correctly or not in terms of the species. 22 samples of raw fish fillet asserted as Pagrus major were obtained from fish markets and restaurants in October, 2009 and ten samples were collected in March 2012 for further examination. Three specimens from each sample were analyzed for the DNA barcode using the mtDNA COI sequences. About 700bp region of the COI gene was amplified with a pair of oligonucleotide primers, RajaCOIF and RajaCOIRI. The PCR product was purified and sequenced in both directions. 10 out of 22 samples analyzed turned out to be wrongly labelled in term of the species among the samples collected during 2009. The raw fish fillet of asserted as red seabream were identified from not only from P. major but also from Scienops ocellatus, Seriola lalandi, Trachinotus ovatus, Mugil cephalus and Oreochromis sp.. As for 2012 samples, only one sample was labeled as Hssed fish products, consumers might sometimes get deceived of the species and pay more than the reasonable price. In the present study, we identified the species of raw fish fillet asserted as a red seabream (Pagrus major) in the market to examine whether the fillet products were labelled correctly or not in terms of the species. 22 samples of raw fish fillet asserted as Pagrus major were obtained from fish markets and restaurants in October, 2009 and ten samples were collected in March 2012 for further examination. Three specimens from each1

Species identification of whale meat in the market using the DNA barcode

Catching Balaenoptera acutorostrata (mink whale) was outlawed by the International Whaling Commission in 1986 and trade in its products is forbidden by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The species, however, is sometimes caught as bycatch by the fishermen and sold in the market at high price. On the other hand, circulation of the whale meat in the market seems to be in excess of the amount of bycatch and the consumers might have been deceived of the species and paid more than the reasonable price since the whale meat itself is no longer distinguishable in terms of the species based on morphological characters. In order to examine whether the whale meat products were labelled correctly for its species name, we analyzed DNA barcode, the mtDNA COI sequence of the meat product in the market asserted as mink whale. A total of 24 whale meat samples were obtained from the restaurant in November, 2009 and three specimens from each sample were used for analysis. Six out of 24 samples turned out to be wrongly labelled in term of the species, which included short-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, Phocoena sp.(Porpoise), Grampus stenella(Rissos Dolphine).2

Species identification of raw fish fillet of asserted as Pagrus major in the market using the DNA barcode

Pagrus major is commercially important fish species in Korea. It enjoys high consumer preference and a high price compared to other fishes. Since the morphological characters distinguishing species apart are no longer detectable in the processed fish products, consumers might sometimes get deceived of the species and pay more than the reasonable price. In the present study, we identified the species of raw fish fillet of asserted a read sea bream (Pagrus major) in the market to examine whether the fillet products were labelled correctly or not in terms of the species. 22 samples of raw fish fillet asserted a Pagrus major were obtained from fish markets and restaurants in October, 2009. Three specimens from each sample were analyzed for the DNA barcode, the mtDNA COI sequences. About 700bp region of the COI gene was amplified with the a pair of oligonucleotide primers. RajaCOIF and RajaCOIR1. The PCR product was purified and sequenced in both directions.10 out of 22 samples analyzed turned out to be wrongly labelled in term of the species. The raw fish fillet of asserted a red sea bream were from not only P. major but also from Scienops ocellatus, Seriola lalandi, Trachinotus ovatus, Mugil cephalus and Oreochromis sp.. The results suggest that it is necessary for the market players to establish DNA barcode-based-labelling of the species for fair trade of raw fish fillet products.2

Complete mitochondrial genome of the Bottom skates:Bathyraja bergi (Rajiformes, Rajidae)

The complete sequence of mitochondrial DNA of a bottom skate, Bathyraja bergi wassequenced as being circular molecules of 16,780 bp including 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, 13protein coding genes (PCGs) and an AT-rich control region. The organization of thePCGs is the same as that found in other Rajidae species. The nucleotide of L-strand iscomposed of 32.1% A 20.5% C 34.0% T and 13.4% G with a bias toward A+T slightly.Twelve of 13 PCGs are initiated by the ATG codon while COX1 starts with GTG. OnlyND4 harbors the incomplete termination codon, TA. All tRNA genes have a typicalclover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA with the exception of tRNASerAGY which hasa reduced DHU arm.This mitogenome is the first report for a species of the genus Bathyraja and providinga valuable resource of genetic information for understanding the phylogenetic relationshipsand the evolution of the genus Bathyraja as well as the family, Rajidaeon of thePCGs is the same as that found in other Rajidae species. The nucleotide of L-strand iscomposed of 32.1% A 20.5% C 34.0% T and 13.4% G with a bias toward A+T slightly.Twelve of 13 PCGs are initiated by the ATG codon while COX1 starts with GTG. OnlyND4 harbors the incomplete termination codon, TA. All tRNA genes have a typicalclover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA with the exception of tRNASerAGY which hasa reduced DHU arm.This mitogenome is the first report for a species of the genus Bathyraja and providinga valuable resource of genetic information for understanding the phylogenetic relationshipsand the evolution of the genus Bathyraja as well as the family, Rajidae2

The Complete mitochondrial genome of the Longnose skate: Raja rhina (Rajidae, Rajiformes)

The complete nucleotide of mitochondrial DNA of a skate Raja rhina was investigated for the first time. It is 16, 910 bp in length containing 2 rRNA, 22 tRNA and 13 protein coding genes generally found in other vertebrates. The gene configuration and structure of the genome is similar to those of other Rajidae species. The genome was composed of 30.1% A, 27.2% C, 28.5% T, and 14.2% G showing high A+T content. The G is the least used base and markedly lower at the third codon position (5.4%). Twelve of the 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes use ATG as their start codon while the COX1 gene starts with GTG. As for stop codon ND4 gene has incomplete stop codon TA, while the COX2 and ND3 genes use AGA and TAG respectively. The control region spans 1,251 bp in length. This data provide the necessary background for the application of the mitogenome in studying phylogenetic relationships within Rajidae, as well as population genomics within R. rhina.figuration and structure of the genome is similar to those of other Rajidae species. The genome was composed of 30.1% A, 27.2% C, 28.5% T, and 14.2% G showing high A+T content. The G is the least used base and markedly lower at the third codon position (5.4%). Twelve of the 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes use ATG as their start codon while the COX1 gene starts with GTG. As for stop codon ND4 gene has incomplete stop codon TA, while the COX2 and ND3 genes use AGA and TAG respectively. The control region spans 1,251 bp in length. This data provide the necessary background for the application of the mitogenome in studying phylogenetic relationships within Rajidae, as well as population genomics within R. rhina.2

Complete mitochondrial genome of the Bottom skates:Bathyraja bergi (Rajiformes, Rajidae)

The complete sequence of mitochondrial DNA of a bottom skate, Bathyraja bergi wassequenced as being circular molecules of 16,780 bp including 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, 13protein coding genes (PCGs) and an AT-rich control region. The organization of thePCGs is the same as that found in other Rajidae species. The nucleotide of L-strand iscomposed of 32.1% A 20.5% C 34.0% T and 13.4% G with a bias toward A+T slightly.Twelve of 13 PCGs are initiated by the ATG codon while COX1 starts with GTG. OnlyND4 harbors the incomplete termination codon, TA. All tRNA genes have a typicalclover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA with the exception of tRNASerAGY which hasa reduced DHU arm.This mitogenome is the first report for a species of the genus Bathyraja and providinga valuable resource of genetic information for understanding the phylogenetic relationshipsand the evolution of the genus Bathyraja as well as the family, Rajidaeon of thePCGs is the same as that found in other Rajidae species. The nucleotide of L-strand iscomposed of 32.1% A 20.5% C 34.0% T and 13.4% G with a bias toward A+T slightly.Twelve of 13 PCGs are initiated by the ATG codon while COX1 starts with GTG. OnlyND4 harbors the incomplete termination codon, TA. All tRNA genes have a typicalclover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA with the exception of tRNASerAGY which hasa reduced DHU arm.This mitogenome is the first report for a species of the genus Bathyraja and providinga valuable resource of genetic information for understanding the phylogenetic relationshipsand the evolution of the genus Bathyraja as well as the family, Rajidae2

Complete mitochondrial genome of the Argentine skate: Dipturus argentinensis (Rajiformes, Rajidae)

The complete sequence of mitochondrial DNA of the Argentine skate, Dipturus argentinensis was sequenced as being a circular molecule of 16,907 bp including 2 rRNA, 22 tRNA, 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), and an AT-rich control region. The organization of the PCGs is the same as that found in other Rajidae species. The nucleotide of L-strand is composed of 29.7% A, 27.0% C, 28.7% T, and 14.7% G with a bias toward A+T slightly. Twelve of 13 PCGs are initiated by the ATG codon while COX1 starts with GTG. Only ND4 harbors the incomplete termination codon, TA. All tRNA genes have a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA with the exception of tRNASerAGY which has a reduced DHU arm. This mitogenome will improve the genetic information of the family Rajidae and enhance understanding the phylogeny and the evolution of the genus Dipturus in relation to the other genera of the family Rajidae.organization of the PCGs is the same as that found in other Rajidae species. The nucleotide of L-strand is composed of 29.7% A, 27.0% C, 28.7% T, and 14.7% G with a bias toward A+T slightly. Twelve of 13 PCGs are initiated by the ATG codon while COX1 starts with GTG. Only ND4 harbors the incomplete termination codon, TA. All tRNA genes have a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA with the exception of tRNASerAGY which has a reduced DHU arm. This mitogenome will improve the genetic information of the family Rajidae and enhance understanding the phylogeny and the evolution of the genus Dipturus in relation to the other genera of the family Rajidae.1

The Complete mitochondrial genome of the Longnose skate: Raja rhina (Rajiformes,Rajidae)

The complete sequence of mitochondrial DNA of a longnose skate, Raja rhina wasdetermined for the first time. It is 16, 910 bp in length containing 2 rRNA, 22 tRNA and 13protein coding genes with the same gene order and structure as those of other Rajidae species.The nucleotide of L-strand is composed of 30.1% A, 27.2% C, 28.5% T, and 14.2% G,showing a slight A+T bias. The G is the least used base and markedly lower at the third codonposition (5.4%). Twelve of the 13 protein coding genes use ATG as their start codon while theCOX1 starts with GTG. As for stop codon, only ND4 shows incomplete stop codon TA. Thismitogenome is the first report for a species of the genus Raja, and providing a valuableresource of genetic information for understanding the phylogenetic relationship and theevolution of the genus Raja as well as the family, Rajidae.e of other Rajidae species.The nucleotide of L-strand is composed of 30.1% A, 27.2% C, 28.5% T, and 14.2% G,showing a slight A+T bias. The G is the least used base and markedly lower at the third codonposition (5.4%). Twelve of the 13 protein coding genes use ATG as their start codon while theCOX1 starts with GTG. As for stop codon, only ND4 shows incomplete stop codon TA. Thismitogenome is the first report for a species of the genus Raja, and providing a valuableresource of genetic information for understanding the phylogenetic relationship and theevolution of the genus Raja as well as the family, Rajidae.1

Species identification of raw fish fillet asserted as Pagrus major in the market using the DNA barcode

Pagrus major is a commercially important fish species in Korea. It enjoys high consumer preference and a high price compared to other fishes. Since the morphological characters of some distinguished species are undetectable in the processed fish products, consumers might sometimes get deceived of the species and pay more than the reasonable price. In the present study, we identified the species of raw fish fillet asserted as a red seabream (Pagrus major) in the market to examine whether the fillet products were labelled correctly or not in terms of the species. 22 samples of raw fish fillet asserted as Pagrus major were obtained from fish markets and restaurants in October, 2009 and ten samples were collected in March 2012 for further examination. Three specimens from each sample were analyzed for the DNA barcode using the mtDNA COI sequences. About 700bp region of the COI gene was amplified with a pair of oligonucleotide primers, RajaCOIF and RajaCOIRI. The PCR product was purified and sequenced in both directions. 10 out of 22 samples analyzed turned out to be wrongly labelled in term of the species among the samples collected during 2009. The raw fish fillet of asserted as red seabream were identified from not only from P. major but also from Scienops ocellatus, Seriola lalandi, Trachinotus ovatus, Mugil cephalus and Oreochromis sp.. As for 2012 samples, only one sample was labeled as Hssed fish products, consumers might sometimes get deceived of the species and pay more than the reasonable price. In the present study, we identified the species of raw fish fillet asserted as a red seabream (Pagrus major) in the market to examine whether the fillet products were labelled correctly or not in terms of the species. 22 samples of raw fish fillet asserted as Pagrus major were obtained from fish markets and restaurants in October, 2009 and ten samples were collected in March 2012 for further examination. Three specimens from each1

The Complete mitochondrial genome of the Longnose skate: Raja rhina (Rajidae, Rajiformes)

The complete nucleotide of mitochondrial DNA of a skate Raja rhina was investigated for the first time. It is 16, 910 bp in length containing 2 rRNA, 22 tRNA and 13 protein coding genes generally found in other vertebrates. The gene configuration and structure of the genome is similar to those of other Rajidae species. The genome was composed of 30.1% A, 27.2% C, 28.5% T, and 14.2% G showing high A+T content. The G is the least used base and markedly lower at the third codon position (5.4%). Twelve of the 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes use ATG as their start codon while the COX1 gene starts with GTG. As for stop codon ND4 gene has incomplete stop codon TA, while the COX2 and ND3 genes use AGA and TAG respectively. The control region spans 1,251 bp in length. This data provide the necessary background for the application of the mitogenome in studying phylogenetic relationships within Rajidae, as well as population genomics within R. rhina.figuration and structure of the genome is similar to those of other Rajidae species. The genome was composed of 30.1% A, 27.2% C, 28.5% T, and 14.2% G showing high A+T content. The G is the least used base and markedly lower at the third codon position (5.4%). Twelve of the 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes use ATG as their start codon while the COX1 gene starts with GTG. As for stop codon ND4 gene has incomplete stop codon TA, while the COX2 and ND3 genes use AGA and TAG respectively. The control region spans 1,251 bp in length. This data provide the necessary background for the application of the mitogenome in studying phylogenetic relationships within Rajidae, as well as population genomics within R. rhina.2