Does employee pay raise indicate more persistent earnings?

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 경영대학 경영학과, 2021.8. 다리아.This study investigates the informativeness of an increase in employee wages with respect to earnings persistence. Building on wage rigidity theory, this study finds that the reported earnings of firms that increase employee pay are more persistent than those of firms that do not, consistent with the hypothesis that a commitment to rank-and-file employees conveys information about firms’ earnings quality. Also, cross-sectional tests show that this relation is more pronounced for firms with strong labor unions and firms that require higher labor skill, as employees of those firms have greater negotiation power in setting wages and therefore an increase in wages in those firms represents more of a commitment that is harder to decrease in the future. In sum, these results suggest that wage increases to rank-and-file employees are indicative of better earnings quality, in terms of earnings persistence.I. Introduction 1 II. Related Literature and Hypothesis Development 6 III. Sample, Variable Definitions, and Research Design 10 IV. Empirical Results 13 V. Additional Tests and Robustness Tests 17 VI. Conclusion 21 Bibliography 23 Tables 27석

Pro-cyclical or Counter-cyclical? Heterogeneity Effects of Business Cycle on the Individual Health Status across Income Groups

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 경제학부 경제학 전공, 2016. 2. 류근관.Though the impact of long-term growth on individual health has been actively studied, research on the health effects of short-term economic fluctuations has only recently begun with Ruhm(2000). The literature mostly uses mortality as the proxy for individual health but does not yet provide a consistent answer as to how business cycle affects health. With an aggregate variable such as mortality, we can only identify the average effect on the entire group. Such analysis may not be accurate when business cycle has different implications for different individuals with different levels of income. We suggest a theoretical model to show that business cycle has different health effects across income groups, and estimate these differential effects with actual data. Empirical analysis shows that the effect of business cycle on the entire sample is insignificant. However, if we divide the sample according to household income, health is pro-cyclical for low income groups and counter-cyclical for high income groups. We contribute to the literature by suggesting a theoretical framework to explain the relationship between economic fluctuation and health, and also by providing novel empirical results that differ from existing studies.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Literature Review 3 Chapter 3. Theoretical Model 6 Chapter 4. Empirical Analysis 9 Section 1. Data 9 Section 2. Estimation method and results 11 1. Effect of business cycle on death 11 2. Health effect of business cycle on the entire group 13 3. Health effects of business cycle on different income groups 16 4. Sensitivity analysis 18 Chapter 5. Conclusion 24 References 25 Appendix 27 요약(국문초록) 28Docto

나트륨으로 포화된 다공성 매질에서 칼슘 이온의 확산 이동

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 농업생명과학대학 농생명공학부, 2017. 8. 노희명.Excess sodium ion (Na+) adversely affects soil physicochemical properties, such as dispersion of clay particles, low hydraulic conductivity, and soil crusting. Therefore, calcium ion (Ca2+) has been frequently chosen to displace excess Na+ from the soil profile, since the affinity for exchange sites is greater for Ca2+ than for Na+. In natural systems where CO2 is ubiquitous, however, Ca2+ undergoes precipitation with CO2 during the diffusion process and the removal of Ca2+ from the solution may cause retardation of Ca2+ transport and reduce displacement efficiency. One-dimensional diffusive Ca2+ transport in a Na+-saturated porous cation-exchange resin model system was investigated to examine the effect of Ca2+ on the removal patterns of Na+ from the model soil. This study presumes that Ca2+ interacts with CO2 in the presence of H2O producing CaCO3 and H+. The production of H+ and CaCO3 was evidenced by a lowering of pH and by the XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis, respectively. Each acryl column was packed with a mixture of sand and Na+-saturated cation-exchange resin was used to dilute the high cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of the resin with sand to a level (10 cmolc kg-1) of a typical kaolinitic soil. Four rates of Ca treatment including a control were chosen for comparison (×0, ×0.5, ×1 and ×2 CEC). An equivalent amount of CaCl2 for each treatment was applied on the surface of the mixture in each column simulating one-dimensional diffusion from an instantaneous planar source into a semi-finite system. Retardation of Ca2+ transport due to CaCO3 precipitation was characterized by a lowering of pH of the system, and the advancing front of Ca2+ movement in both aqueous and exchanger phases progressed deeper with time. With increasing rates of calcium treatment, diffusion coefficients calculated for Ca2+ increased. Therefore, the efficiency of Na+ removal from the exchange sites was enhanced as the rate of Ca2+ treatment increased. In the soils treated with Ca2+ equivalent to ×1 and ×2 CEC, the removal of Na+ from the exchanger was effective in respect of the effectiveness of excess Na+ removal and the penetration depth of Ca2+ dominance. Considering the subsequent resalinization, the application of Ca2+ at a rate of ×2 CEC was most effective in the presence of CO2. As a result, part of our results suggests that at least the application rate of Ca2+ should exceed the CEC of a target soil to guarantee efficient removal of Na+ from the salt-affected soilsIntroduction 1 Materials and Methods 4 Preparation of sodium-saturated resin and inert quartz sand 4 Preparation of cylindrical acryl columns 4 Column segmentation and physicochemical analysis 5 Identification of calcium compound 6 Cations mass balance 6 Results and Discussion 7 The pH profile of model system 7 Water- and acid- extractable calcium 16 Water- and acid-extractable sodium 24 The quantitative evaluation of sodium removal 31 Conclusion 40 References 42 Abstract in Korean 47Maste

조현병 재발예방 프로그램이 퇴원 전 환자의 병식, 임파워먼트, 치료준수에 미치는 효과

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 간호학과, 2013. 8. 김성재.국문 초록 조현병은 재발을 반복하는 특징을 가진 질환이다. 재발은 환자 자신은 물론 가족, 사회에까지 큰 부담을 주며, 만성화 단계로 진행되게 하기 때문에 조현병 치료에서 재발예방은 매우 중요하다. 많은 문헌들이 재발의 예측요인으로 병식과 임파워먼트의 부족으로 인하여 치료준수를 이행하지 않는 점을 보고하고 있다. 따라서 조현병 재발예방을 위해서는 이 요인들에 초점을 둔 간호중재가 필요하다. 본 연구는 정신건강의학과 병동에서 퇴원 전 환자에게 조현병 재발예방 프로그램을 적용하여 병식, 임파워먼트, 치료준수에 미치는 효과를 검증하려는 목적으로 시도되었고, 비동등성 대조군 전후 유사실험 설계를 사용하였다. 본 연구에서 사용한 프로그램은 Birchwood, Spencer, McGovern(2000)과 Agius, Oakham(2001)이 시행한 Card Sort Exercise를 바탕으로 초기경고증상의 인식과 대처전략 연습을 주요 내용으로 재구성되었다. 단기 입원하는 현재의 치료 추세에 따라 입원병동에서 퇴원 전 5일 간격으로 3회기를 시행하였고, 각 회기는 평균 60분이 소요되는 환자-간호사간의 일대일 개별 프로그램으로 운영하였다. 2012년 2월에서 2013년 2월까지 서울소재 한 대학병원 정신건강의학과에 입원한 조현병 환자 63명을 대상으로 하였다. 실험군에게는 조현병 재발예방 프로그램을 제공하였고, 대조군은 병동에서 이루어지는 일반적인 프로그램이 제공되었다. 최종 분석대상자는 실험군 26명, 대조군 28명으로 54명 이었다. 대상자의 인구학적 특성과 질병 특성 및 결과변수를 실험 전과 후에 측정하였다. 병식은 SUMD를 이용해 측정하였고, 임파워먼트는 임파워먼트 척도로, 치료준수는 ITAQ를 이용해 측정하였다. 수집된 자료는 PASW statistics 18.0을 이용해 분석하였다. 연구 대상자의 인구학적 변수는 서술적 통계를 사용하였고, Chi-square test, t-test로 사전 동질성 검정을 하였다. 측정도구들의 신뢰도 검정을 위해 Cronbach's α 계수를 각각 산출하였다. 실험군의 사전·사후 종속변수 차이 검정을 위해 Mann-Whitney U test를 이용하였고, 사전 동질성 검사에서 동질하지 않은 것으로 나타난 변수는 ANCOVA로 분석하였다. 모든 통계의 유의수준은 p<.05로 하였다. 본 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 조현병 재발예방 프로그램에 참여한 실험군은 대조군에 비해 병식이 향상되었다. (Z=-4.167, p<.001) 2) 조현병 재발예방 프로그램은 임파워먼트 향상에 효과가 없었다. 3) 조현병 재발예방 프로그램에 참여한 실험군은 대조군에 비해 치료준수가 향상되었다. (F=11.765, p=.001) 이와 같이, 조현병 재발예방 프로그램이 퇴원 전 환자의 병식, 치료준수 향상에 효과적인 중재임을 확인하였다. 그러므로 본 프로그램은 조현병 환자의 재발예방에 도움이 될 것이다. 그러나 임파워먼트는 효과가 나타나지 않았는데, 이는 중재기간이 짧았기 때문으로 생각한다. 따라서 본 프로그램을 지역사회와 연계하여 중재기간을 연장한 반복연구가 필요하다. 본 연구는 단기입원 후 지역사회로 나가기 전 환자 스스로 자신의 상태를 알고, 자발적, 적극적인 태도로 치료에 참여하여 재발을 예방하게 한다는 점에서 그 의의가 크다. 특히 정신간호사에 의한 일대일 개별적인 접근으로 환자의 개인적 요구를 충족 할 수 있다는 것이 이 프로그램의 가장 큰 장점이다. 주요어: 조현병 환자, 재발예방, 초기경고증상, 병식, 임파워먼트, 치료준수 학번: 2009-20478목차 국문초록 ·······································································ⅰ Ⅰ. 서론 ·········································································1 1. 연구의 필요성 ························································1 2. 연구 목적 ·····························································5 3. 용어 정의 ·····························································5 4. 연구의 제한점·························································7 Ⅱ. 문헌고찰 ···································································8 1. 조현병의 재발 ························································8 2. 조현병 재발의 위험요인: 병식, 임파워먼트, 치료준수 ·········12 3. 조현병 재발예방 프로그램 ········································18 Ⅲ. 연구의 개념적 기틀 및 연구 가설 ·····························23 1. 연구의 개념적 기틀 ················································23 2. 연구 가설 ····························································24 Ⅳ. 연구방법 ·································································25 1. 연구 설계 ····························································25 2. 연구 대상 ····························································26 3. 측정도구 ·····························································27 4. 재발예방 프로그램 ·················································29 5. 자료수집 절차 ······················································36 6. 자료 분석 ····························································38 Ⅳ. 연구 결과 ································································39 1. 실험군과 대조군의 동질성 검정 ··································39 2. 가설 검정 ····························································43 Ⅴ. 논의 ········································································46 1. 조현병 재발예방 프로그램 ········································46 2. 조현병 재발예방 프로그램의 효과 ·······························51 3. 연구의 의의 ·························································56 Ⅵ. 결론 및 제언 ···························································58 1. 결론 ··································································58 2. 제언 ··································································59 참고문헌 ·······································································60 부록 ·············································································73Maste

Effects of Static Magnetic Fields of Earphones and Headphones on Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators

In this study, we evaluated the effects of static magnetic fields of earphones and headphones on pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators(ICDs). Five pacemakers and three ICDs were subjected to in-vitro test with three headphones which were an in-ear earphone, clip-on headphone, and closed-back headphone. Each implantable device was placed in close proximity(within 3 mm) to the ear-pad of each of the earphone and headphones for 3 min. As a result, no effects were observed on the pacemakers for the earphone and headphones during the test, but an effect was observed on one ICD for the clip-on and closed-back headphone during the test. When the ICD was placed in close proximity to the headphones, the ICD temporarily suspended functions of tachyarrhythmia detection and therapy. The effect was not observed in this study when the headphones were at least 2 cm from the ICD. Based on these findings, patients with ICDs should be advised to keep earphones and headphones at least 2 cm apart from their ICDs.ope

스테로이드 치료 중 방선균증이 합병된 간의 IgG4 연관 염증성 거짓종양

For a 67-year-old man with diabetes mellitus, a 9-cm liver mass was found on CT during the diagnostic work-up for weight loss and fever. Dynamic CT and MRI showed a layered pattern of contrast enhancement suggesting the imaging features of the solid inflammatory mass. After tissue diagnosis of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease by gun needle biopsy, steroid therapy induced partial shrinkage of the mass on the follow-up CT at 4 weeks. On the 5-month follow-up CT with the maintenance of low-dose oral steroid medication, disease progression with invasion to diaphragm brought surgical intervention of right hemihepatectomy considering the possibility of combined malignancy. In the area of diaphragmatic destruction, focal actinomycosis was complicated in the main mass of IgG4-related disease. We are the first to describe a rare case of IgG4-related inflammatory pseudotumor, complicated by actinomycosis, showing an invasive nature that mimicked malignancy during steroid therapy in a diabetic patient.ope

Exposure of surgeons to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields during laparoscopic and robotic surgeries

The development of new medical electronic devices and equipment has increased the use of electrical apparatuses in surgery. Many studies have reported the association of long-term exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) with diseases or cancer. Robotic surgery has emerged as an alternative tool to overcome the disadvantages of conventional laparoscopic surgery. However, there has been no report regarding how much ELF-MF surgeons are exposed to during laparoscopic and robotic surgeries. In this observational study, we aimed to measure and compare the ELF-MFs that surgeons are exposed to during laparoscopic and robotic surgery.The intensities of the ELF-MFs surgeons are exposed to were measured every 4 seconds for 20 cases of laparoscopic surgery and 20 cases of robotic surgery using portable ELF-MF measuring devices with logging capability.The mean ELF-MF exposures were 0.6 ± 0.1 mG for laparoscopic surgeries and 0.3 ± 0.0 mG for robotic surgeries (significantly lower with P < 0.001 by Mann-Whitney U test).Our results show that the ELF-MF exposure levels of surgeons in both robotic and conventional laparoscopic surgery were lower than 2 mG, which is the most stringent level considered safe in many studies. However, we should not overlook the effects of long-term ELF-MF exposure during many surgeries in the course of a surgeon's career.ope

Safety of Exposure From Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields During Prenatal Ultrasound Examinations in Clinicians and Pregnant Women

Investigations into the safety of ultrasonography in pregnancy have focused on the potential harm of ultrasound itself. However, no data have been published regarding the electromagnetic fields that ultrasound devices might produce. This study is the first to measure extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure of clinicians and pregnant women during prenatal ultrasound examinations in the examination room from 2 different ultrasound devices and compare them with ELF-MFs during patient consultation in the consulting room.The ELF-MF intensities that clinicians and pregnant women were exposed to were measured every 10 seconds for 40 prenatal ultrasound examinations using Philips iU22 or Accuvix V20 Prestige machines and 20 patient consultations in a consulting room using portable ELF-MF measurement devices. The mean ELF-MF exposure of both clinicians and pregnant women was 0.18 ± 0.06 mG during prenatal ultrasound examination. During patient consultation, the mean ELF-MF exposures of clinicians and pregnant women were 0.10 ± 0.01 and 0.11 ± 0.01 mG, respectively. Mean ELF-MF exposures during prenatal ultrasound examination were significantly higher than those during patient consultations (P < 0.001 by Mann-Whitney U test).Our results provide basic reference data on the ELF-MF exposure of both clinicians and pregnant women during prenatal ultrasound monitoring from 2 different ultrasound devices and patient consultation, all of which were below 2 mG, the most stringent level considered safe in many studies, thus relieving any anxiety of clinicians and pregnant women regarding potential risks of ELF-MFs.ope

연속용액공정으로 제작된 저밴드갭 고분자의 장기안정성에 대한 연구

Recently, Organic solar cells (OSC) based on poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b]dithiophene-co-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-2-carboxylate] (PTB7-Th) have been reported for higher power conversion efficiency about 8-9 %. In addition to higher efficiency, to commercialize OSC for various field, improvement of stability for a long time should be achieved. In this study, PTB7-Th and [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) was used as a photoactive material. PTB7-Th and PC71BM were prepared for 2 types of OSC fabrication. One is sequentially solution deposited (SqSD) to interdiffuse with PTB7-Th and PC71BM layer and the other is blended solution deposited (BSD) to form a large interfaces between PTB7-Th and PC71BM. Then, long term stability test was conducted for more than 700 hour in light soaking and thermal heat (80 ℃, w/o humidity), respectively. At light soaking stability test, SqSD maintained 57 % of initial efficiency whereas BSD kept only 38 % of initial efficiency. The dependence of Voc and Jsc on light intensity is explained that trap assisted recombination and bimolecular recombination was decreased in SqSD. Also, UV-vis spectrum which was nearly slightly reduced upon exposure time of light soaking showed that chemical degradation didn’t occur compared to the BSD. From the TEM images, more PCBM aggregation was observed in PTB7-Th BSD than PTB7-Th SqSD. These results supported that illuminated sequentially solution processed OSCs are proved to be clearly stable.;최근에 PTB7-Th 고분자를 기반으로 한 유기태양전지의 광전환효율이 약 9%에 가까운 높은 값을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 이러한 고효율 이외에도 다양한 분야에서 유기태양전지의 상용화를 위해서는 오랜 기간 동안 안정성 향상에 관한 연구가 진행되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 광활성층의 재료로 PTB7-Th와 PC71BM이 사용되었고 이들을 이용하여 2가지 방법의 유기태양전지가 제작되었다. 첫 번째 방법으로는 PTB7-Th와 PC71BM이 서로 혼합되도록 도와주는 복층 이종접합이고, 두 번째 방법으로는 광활성층에서 계면적을 크게 하도록 해주는 벌크 이종접합이다. 각각의 방법으로 유기태양전지 소자를 제작하여 약 700시간이 넘는 기간 동안 광침투장비와 습도가 없는 섭씨 80도의 장비에서 장기안정성 테스트가 진행되었다. 광침투장비 안정성 테스트를 통해 복층구조로 제작된 소자에서는 초기 효율의 57 %를 유지한 반면, 습도없는 섭씨 80도의 장비에서는 15 % 가 유지되었다. 빛의 세기에 따른 Voc 의존도에서는 복층구조의 소자에서 트랩 어시스티드 재결합과 이분자 재결합 정도가 낮음을 확인하였다. 또한, UV 흡수 스펙트럼에서는 복층구조로 제작된 소자가 장시간동안 광침투에 노출되어도 흡수 그래프가 거의 일정한 것으로 보아 화학적인 열화 현상이 거의 일어나지 않았음을 확인하였다. 그리고 풀러렌 응집현상이 덜 일어났음이 확인되었다. 따라서, 이러한 결과들을 통해 복층구조로 제작된 유기태양전지 소자는 빛에 의해 안정하고 상용화될 가능성이 높다는 것이 증명되었다.THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDS 1 Organic solar cells 2 Characterization of Organic solar cells 4 INTRODUCTION 6 EXPERIMENTAL 8 Device fabrication 8 Characterization 9 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 11 Device characterization 11 Long term stability test 12 Charge recombination 14 Optical properties 15 Morphological characterization 16 CONCLUSION 39 REFERENCES 40 ABSTRACT (KOREAN) 4

A Study on &amp;quot;Sesanjosi&amp;quot; among &amp;quot;Kayagum Sanjo&amp;quot;s

The name of &amp;quot;Sesanjosi&amp;quot; just appears in &amp;quot;Nongak&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Kayagum Sanjo&amp;quot;. More specifically, it appears only in &amp;quot;Kimjookpa-ryu Kayagum Sanjo&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Kangtaehong-ryu Kayagum Sanjo&amp;quot;. Both &amp;quot;Kimjookpa-ryu Kayagum Sanjo&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Kangtaehong-ryu Kayagum Sanjo&amp;quot; share the same genealogy: they are all originated and developed from Kim, Chang-jo, regarded as the first generation of &amp;quot;Kayagum&amp;quot;. Based on this fact, this paper compares and analyzes &amp;quot;Sesanjosi&amp;quot; movements appeared in two &amp;quot;Sanjo&amp;quot;s. In 1950s when &amp;quot;Sesanjosi&amp;quot; movements of &amp;quot;Kimjookpa-ryu&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Kangtaehong-ryu&amp;quot; were formed, other &amp;quot;Kayagum Ryu-pa&amp;quot;s created and conducted &amp;quot;Danmori&amp;quot; movements with the 4/4 &amp;quot;Jangdan&amp;quot;. Kim, Jook-pa and Kang, Tae-hong also composed Kayagum melodies having &amp;quot;Nongak Sesanjosi&amp;quot; rhythm similar to &amp;quot;Danmori&amp;quot;&amp;apos;s 4/4 at that time, and they named the movements &amp;quot;Sesanjosi&amp;quot; because &amp;quot;Sanjo&amp;quot; adopts its &amp;quot;Jangdan&amp;quot; name as movements&amp;apos; name in &amp;quot;Sanjo&amp;quot;. Even though &amp;quot;Sesanjosi&amp;quot; movements&amp;apos; name is originated from &amp;quot;Nongak&amp;quot;&amp;apos;s &amp;quot;Sesanjosi&amp;quot; and there is no difference between Sesanjosi Jangdan&amp;quot; and other &amp;quot;Kayagum Jangdan&amp;quot;s, the name of &amp;quot;Sesanjosi&amp;quot; just appears in two &amp;quot;Sanjo&amp;quot;s having common genealogy, and thus this paper tries to show how much similar and different both &amp;quot;Sanjo&amp;quot;&amp;apos;s &amp;quot;Sesanjosi&amp;quot; movements are by comparing and analyzing them. Movement named according to &amp;quot;Jangdan&amp;quot; name can be classified into &amp;quot;Gyemyunjo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Pyungjo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Woojo&amp;quot; and so on. Here, &amp;quot;Jo&amp;quot; includes various concepts like a key, a performance technique and a motif, not only &amp;quot;Sunbup&amp;quot; informed by word of mouth. And among performers, each melody&amp;apos;s paragraph is divided by the name of &amp;quot;Jo&amp;quot; informed by word of mouth. Therefore, this paper investigates the structures of &amp;quot;Sunbup&amp;quot; by extracting component notes with a criterion of each &amp;quot;Ryu-pa&amp;quot;&amp;apos;s &amp;quot;Jo&amp;quot; name informed by word of mouth and by analyzing each component note&amp;apos;s functions and movements. As a result of analysis, this paper shows that &amp;quot;Kimjookpa-ryu Sesanjosi&amp;quot; movement has three &amp;quot;Jo&amp;quot; names informed by word of mouth and that &amp;quot;Gyemyunjo Kangsanje&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Byunchung Kangsanje&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Woojo Kangsanje&amp;quot; consist of &amp;quot;g Bonchung Gyemyunjo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;d Bonchung Gyemyunjo&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;g Bonchung Woojo&amp;quot; respectively. &amp;quot;Kangtaehong-ryu Sesanjosi&amp;quot; movement consists of one &amp;quot;Gyemyunjo&amp;quot; which is made up of &amp;quot;g Bonchung Gyemyunjo. As stated above, the &amp;quot;Sesanjosi&amp;quot; movement of &amp;quot;Kimjookpa-ryu&amp;quot; is more diverse than &amp;quot;Kangtaehong-ryu&amp;quot; in change of &amp;quot;Jo&amp;quot; but both share the common &amp;quot;Sunbup&amp;quot; structure of &amp;quot;g Bonchung Gyemyunjo&amp;quot;. However, despite similarity to share the common &amp;quot;Sunbup structure&amp;quot;, both &amp;quot;Sanjo&amp;quot;s&amp;apos; &amp;quot;Jo&amp;quot; names informed by word of mouth are different: in a case of &amp;quot;Kimjookpa-ryu&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Kangsanje&amp;quot; attached to the end of &amp;quot;Gyemyunjo&amp;quot; expresses musical motifs and performance techniques. That&amp;apos;s why &amp;quot;Kimjookpa-ryu&amp;quot;&amp;apos;s &amp;quot;Jo&amp;quot; names informed by word of mouth has more various concepts than &amp;quot;Kangtaehong-ryu&amp;quot;&amp;apos;s. Yet, like &amp;quot;Sunbup&amp;quot;, there is no difference in left-hand performance techniques to express movement atmosphere. To find out how similar two &amp;quot;Ryu-pa&amp;quot;s are, this research examines same or similar melodies appeared commonly in both &amp;quot;Ryu-pa&amp;quot;s and finds out that there are 28.2% same or similar melodies in &amp;quot;Kimjookpa-ryu Sesanjosi&amp;quot; movement and 38.7% in &amp;quot;Kangtaehong-ryu Sesanjosi&amp;quot; movement. As a reason of this phenomenon, it is highly possible that Kim, Jook-pa and Kang, Tae-hong interacted with each other directly when they composed &amp;quot;Sesanjosi&amp;quot; movements in 1950s. It is also possible to explain the similarity that both Kim, Jook-pa and Kang, Tae-hong were affected by Kim, Chang-jo, the first generation &amp;quot;Kayagum&amp;quot; performer according to the &amp;quot;Hamdongjeoungwol&amp;quot;&amp;apos;s oral statement that Kim, Chang-jo had played 4/4 &amp;quot;Jangdan&amp;quot; even though it has not transmitted with a form of score. However, it is more reasonable to conclude that both &amp;quot;Sesanjosi&amp;quot; movements have their own characteristics more than similarities because &amp;quot;Kimjookpa-ryu Sesanjosi&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Kangtaehong-ryu Sesanjosi&amp;quot; movements have 81.8% and 61.3% different types of melodies respectively. Lastly, through the investigation to compare the rythms of two &amp;quot;Sesanjo&amp;quot;s&amp;apos; movements, this paper reveals that there are 31 rhythm-types in &amp;quot;Kimjookpa-ryu&amp;quot;, 18 rhythm-types in &amp;quot;Kangtaehong-ryu&amp;quot; and 12 similar rhythm-types in both. The striking feature to show the difference of both &amp;quot;Sesanjo&amp;quot;s&amp;apos; rythms is that a half note appears frequently in &amp;quot;Kimjookpa-ryu&amp;quot; but does not appear in &amp;quot;Kangtaehong-ryu&amp;quot; at all. In addition, a offbeat noe appeared in &amp;quot;Kimjookpa-ryu&amp;quot; appears four times in &amp;quot;Kangtaehong-ryu Kayagum Sanjo&amp;quot;. Moreover, the most frequent rhythm, Da-15, in &amp;quot;Kimjookpa-ryu Sesanjosi&amp;quot; is the third frequent rhythm in &amp;quot;Kangtaehong-ryu Sesanjosi&amp;quot;, and the most frequent rhythm, Da-9, in &amp;quot;Kangtaehong-ryu&amp;quot; just appears once in &amp;quot;Kimjookpa-ryu&amp;quot;. The second frequent rhythm, Da-10, in &amp;quot;Kimjookpa-ryu&amp;quot; also does not appear in &amp;quot;Kangtaehong-ryu&amp;quot; at all; therefore, this paper says that regarding to rhythm-type, both &amp;quot;Sanjo&amp;quot;s have their own characteristics rather than share similarities. In sum, &amp;quot;Kimjookpa-ryu&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Kangtaehong-ryu&amp;quot; who had been affected by Kim, Chang-jo, the first generation &amp;quot;Kayagum&amp;quot; performer, composed &amp;quot;Sesanjosi&amp;quot; movements in 1950s by adding Kayagum melodies to &amp;quot;Nongak Sesanjosi&amp;quot; rhythms. Both &amp;quot;Kimjookpa-ryu&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Kangtaehong-ryu&amp;quot; have similarities in &amp;quot;Jo&amp;quot; composition, melody formation and rhythm-type. However, regarding to &amp;quot;Jo&amp;quot; composition, &amp;quot;Kimjookpa-ryu&amp;quot; is more diverse than &amp;quot;Kangtaehong-ryu&amp;quot;. This paper concludes that both &amp;quot;Sesanjosi&amp;quot;s have their own characteristics in melodies and rhythms more than similarities because the portion of different parts is much larger than the portion of similar parts in both &amp;quot;Sesanjosi&amp;quot;s.;세산조시란 명칭은 농악과 가야금 산조에서만 나타난다. 그리고 가야금 산조 중에서도 김죽파류 가야금 산조와 강태홍류 가야금 산조에서만 나타난다. 김죽파와 강태홍은 가야금 1세대인 김창조로부터 발전 · 형성된 유파로써 같은 계보를 가진 산조이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 사실을 근거로 하여 두 가야금 산조의 세산조시 악장을 비교 분석하고자 한다. 김죽파류와 강태홍류의 세산조시 악장이 형성된 시기인 1950년대에는 다른 가야금 산조 유파에서 2분박 4박자형의 단모리 악장이 활발히 창작 · 연주되어졌던 시기였다. 김죽파와 강태홍 또한 1950년대의 흐름에 맞춰 단모리와 동일한 2분박 4박자 장단을 사용하는 농악의 세산조시 장단에 맞춰 가야금 선율을 창작하였다. 그리고 산조에서는 일반적으로 진양조, 중모리 등 악장의 명칭을 장단 명칭과 동일하게 사용하기 때문에 악장의 명칭을 세산조시라 붙인 것이다. 세산조시 악장의 명칭이 농악의 세산조시에서 비롯된 것이며 세산조시 악장의 장단이 단모리 장단과 동일하여 다른 가야금 산조와 장단에 있어 차이점이 없지만 세산조시란 명칭이 같은 계보를 가진 두 산조에서만 나타나기 때문에 두 산조의 세산조시 악장을 비교 분석하여 유파 간에 어느 만큼의 유사성을 지니며 고유성이 있는가 살펴보고자 한다. 장단 명칭을 딴 악장은 다시 계면조, 평조, 우조와 같은 조(調)로 나뉘어진다. 여기서의 조(調)에 대한 개념은 구전된 조명으로 선법의 의미 뿐 만 아니라 key, 연주 기법, 악상적인 의미가 포함된 복합적 개념이다. 그리고 연주자 사이에서 선율의 단락은 구전된 조명에 의해 구분되어지고 있다. 유파별 세산조시 악장의 구전된 조명을 기준으로 구성음을 추출하고 구성음의 기능적 측면과 구성음들의 진행관계를 분석해 선법 구조를 살펴보았다. 그 결과 김죽파류의 세산조시 악장에서는 3개의 구전된 조명이 나타나고 그 구전된 조명인 계면조 강산제는 g본청 계면조, 변청 강산제는 d본청 계면조, 우조 강산제는 g본청 우조로 되어있다. 강태홍류 세산조시 악장에서는 계면조 하나의 구전된 조명으로 이루어졌으며 그 구전된 조명인 계면조는 g본청 계면조로 되어있다. 이와 같이 김죽파류의 세산조시 악장이 강태홍류의 세산조시 악장보다 조의 변화가 다양하게 나타나고 두 산조에서 공통적으로 나타나는 선법 구조는 g본청 계면조이다. g본청 계면조라는 동일한 선법 구조를 가진 두 산조의 구전된 조명에는 차이가 있는데 김죽파류의 경우 계면조 뒤에 강산제를 붙인 것은 악상 ·연주 기법을 표현한 것이다. 따라서 김죽파류의 구전된 조명이 강태홍류의 구전된 조명보다 다양한 개념을 포함하고 있다. 그러나 선법과 마찬가지로 악장의 분위기를 표현할 수 있게 하는 왼손 연주 기법에는 두 산조 간에 차이가 없다. 유파간의 유사성을 비교하려면 그 산조의 선율 형태 비교가 가장 직접적인 연구 방법이므로 김죽파류와 강태홍류의 세산조시 악장을 이루는 선율간의 동일 혹은 유사 선율을 비교 분석해 본 결과 김죽파류 세산조시 악장에서는 28.2%의 동일 · 유사 선율이 나타나며 강태홍류 세산조시 악장에서는 38.7%의 동일 · 유사 선율이 나타난다. 두 산조의 세산조시 악장에서 유사성이 나타나는 이유로 김죽파와 강태홍이 1950년대에 세산조시 악장을 창작할 당시 직접적으로 영향을 주고받아 두 산조의 세산조시 악장에서 동일 · 유사 선율이 나타날 수도 있다. 또한 악보로 남아 있지는 않지만 김창조가 2분박 4박자형 가락을 연주했다는 함동정월의 구술에 의하면 1950년대에 농악의 세산조시 장단과 명칭을 빌려 김죽파와 강태홍이 창작한 세산조시 악장이라 할지라도 가야금 1세대인 김창조의 영향을 전혀 배제할 수 없으며 동일 · 유사 선율이 두 산조의 세산조시 악장에서 나타나고 있는 이유일 것이다. 그러나 김죽파류 세산조시 악장의 81.8%의 선율과 강태홍류 세산조시 악장의 61.3%의 선율이 다른 형태의 선율로 동일 · 유사 선율이 각각의 세산조시 악장에서 차지하는 비율보다 훨씬 크기 때문에 두 산조의 세산조시 악장은 유사성은 있으나 독자적으로 창작되어진 악장으로 고유성이 더 크다고 볼 수 있다. 마지막으로 두 산조의 세산조시 악장을 이루는 리듬형을 비교 분석해 본 결과 김죽파류에서는 31개의 리듬형이 나타나며 강태홍류에서는 18개의 리듬형이 나타난다. 그리고 12개의 동일 리듬형이 나타난다. 김죽파류와 강태홍류의 세산조시 악장에서 나타나는 리듬형에 있어 확연히 드러나는 차이점은 김죽파류에서는 2분음표가 고루 출현하는 것에 비해 강태홍류에서는 전혀 2분음표가 출현하지 않는다. 그리고 김죽파류에서 나타나지 않는 엇박이 강태홍류에서는 4회 나타나고 있다. 두 산조의 세산조시 악장에서 비중이 높은 리듬형을 비교해보면 김죽파류에서 가장 많이 나타나는 다-15 리듬형이 강태홍류에서는 세 번째 순위이며 강태홍류에서 가장 많이 나타나는 다-9 리듬형이 김죽파류에서는 단 1회 나타나고 있다. 또한 김죽파류에서 두 번째로 많이 나오는 다-10 리듬형이 강태홍류에서는 전혀 출현하지 않기 때문에 리듬형에 있어 두 산조의 세산조시 악장은 유사성보다는 고유성이 크다. 김죽파류와 강태홍류 세산조시 악장의 비교 분석한 결과 가야금 산조 1세대인 김창조로부터 형성 · 발전 해온 김죽파류와 강태홍류은 1950년대에 농악의 세산조시 장단에 가야금 선율을 붙여 세산조시 악장을 창작하였다. 그리고 김죽파류와 강태홍류의 세산조시 악장은 같은 계보를 가진 산조로써 조 구성, 선율의 형태, 리듬형에서 유사성을 지녔다. 하지만 조 구성의 경우 김죽파류 세산조시 악장에서 더 다양하게 나타난다. 또한 두 산조의 세산조시 악장에서 독자적으로 창작 · 발전해온 선율과 리듬형의 비율이 동일 · 유사한 선율과 리듬형의 비중보다 훨씬 더 크기 때문에 고유성이 더 강하다고 본다.Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 1. 이론적 배경 = 1 2. 연구목적 = 3 3. 연구방법과 연구범위 = 4 Ⅱ. 세산조시 악장에 대한 분석 = 6 1. 세산조시 악장의 형성 시기와 명칭 = 6 2. 세산조시 장단에 대한 분석 = 7 1) 농악의 세산조시 = 7 2) 가야금 산조 유파별 세산조시 악장의 장단 = 10 3. 선율 비교 분석 = 13 1) 김죽파류 세산조시 악장의 선율분석 = 14 a. 계면조 강산제 (제 1 장단 ~ 제 134 장단) = 15 b. 변청 강산제 (제135장단~제160장단) = 20 c. 우조 강산제 (제161장단~제176장단) = 24 2) 강태홍류 세산조시 악장의 선율분석 = 28 a. 계면조 (제 1 장단 ~ 제 101 장단) = 28 3) 김죽파류와 강태홍류 세산조시 악장의 선율 비교 분석 = 33 a. 구전된 조명과 그에 따른 선법 구조 비교 = 33 b. 동일 · 유사 선율 비교 = 37 4. 리듬형에 대한 분석 = 42 Ⅲ. 결론 = 46 참고문헌 = 49 부록 악보 = 51 ABSTRACT = 7