A Predictive Model for Self-Management Behavior in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

This study aimed to develop a hypothetical model explaining self-management behaviors in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and to provide basic data for the development of nursing interventions using predictive models of self-management behaviors. Study participants included 204 women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus at university hospitals and women’s hospitals located in Seoul and Kyeonggi-do, who had completed their 20thgestational week. These women engaged in self-management behaviors formore than four weeks. Data were collected from January20 to May2, 2017 using a structured questionnaire. The hypothetical model had 8 factors and 19 pathways and was a modified version of Pender’s health promotion model (1996). The results of the analyses are as follows: 1. The goodness of fit index for the hypothetical model in self-management behaviors of women with gestational diabetes had values of 97.828 for χ2(df = 41, p = .000), .835 for AGFI, 0.085 for RMSEA, .877 for NFI, and .921 for CFI. 2. The predictive factors of depression in women with gestational diabetes Higher prior related health behaviors of women with gestational diabetes(γ = -.356, p < .001) was lower depression. Higher perceived health status was lower depression(γ = -.315, p < .001). These predictors explained 35.3% of variance in the prior related health behaviors and perceived health status of the women with gestational diabetes. 3. The predictive factor of self-efficacy in women with gestational diabetes Higher depression in women with gestational diabetes was less influenced by self-efficacy (β = -.432, p .001). However, previous behaviors related with health and perceived health didnot have an influence on self-efficacy. These predictors explained 31.1% of variance in the self-efficacy among women with gestational diabetes. 4. The predictive factors of family supports in women with gestational diabetes Higher prior related health behaviors in women with gestational diabetes were influenced by perceived family supports positively (γ = 343, p < .001). However, perceived health status did not influence perceived family supports. These predictors explained 19.7% of variance in family supports. 5. The predictive factor of perceived barriers in the women with gestational diabetes The higher the prior related health behaviors (γ = -.254, p < .05) in women with gestational diabetes, the less influenced they were by the perceived barriers. However, perceived health status did not influence perceived barriers. These predictors explained 18.3% of the variance in the perceived barriers of women with gestational diabetes. 6. The predictive factor of perceived benefits in women with gestational diabetes Previous behaviors related with health did not influence perceived benefits of women with gestational diabetes. These predictors explained 7.8 of variance in prior related behaviors and perceived health. 7. The predictive factors of self-management in women with gestational diabetes Higher level of self-efficacy indicated a higher level of self-management behaviors (β = -.334, p < .001). Higher level of previous behavior experiences was related to health (γ = 339, p < .05)., and higher level of perceived barrier (β = -.188, p < .05) resulted in effective engagement in self-managements. Additionally, depression influenced self-management behaviors through a parameter of self-efficacy (β = -.149, p < .05). Perceived health status, perceived benefits, and familysupport were not influenced by self-management behaviors. These predictors explained 36.2% of variance in the self-management behaviors. The present study identified prior related health behaviors, perceived health status, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and depression as crucial factors with regard to increasing the self-management behaviors of women with gestational diabetes. Specifically, the prior related health behaviors and perceived barriers influenced self-management behavior directly. Therefore, based on the pathways of perceived health status, depression, self-efficacy, and self-management behaviors, effective intervention methods should be developed to improve self-management behaviors in women with gestational diabetes. ;본 연구의 목적은 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 자가관리 행위를 설명하는 가설적 연구모형을 구축하고, 이를 규명함으로써 임신성 당뇨병 합병증 예방을 위한 간호중재 개발의 기초적 자료를 제공하고자 함이다. 연구 대상자는 서울, 경기 지역에 소재한 상급종합병원 2곳, 여성전문병원 8곳, 총 10곳에서 20주 이후 임신성 당뇨병으로 진단 받은 후 자가관리 행위를 최소 4주 이상 시행한 임신성 당뇨병 임부 179명을 대상으로 자료수집을 하였다. 자료 수집은 구조화된 설문지를 이용하여 2017년 1월 20일부터 2017년 5월 2일까지 진행되었다. 본 연구의 가설적 연구모형은 Pender(1996)의 건강증진 모형(Health Promotion Model)의 변수와 경로를 일부 수정하여 총 8개의 요인과 19개의 경로로 구성하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 본 연구의 최종 모형의 적합도 지수 중 χ2 통계량은 97.828(df=41, p<.001), Normed χ2 통계량은 2.386, GFI는 .926, AGFI는 .835, RMSEA는 .085, NFI 는 .877, CFI는 .921로 대부분의 권장수준을 만족하여 모형의 적합도는 양호하다고 할 수 있다. 2. 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 우울 예측요인 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 과거 건강관련 행위의 경험이 많을수록 임부의 우울정도가 낮게 나타났으며(γ=-.356, p<.001), 지각된 건강상태가 좋을수록 임부의 우울은 낮게 나타났다(γ=-.315, p<.001). 우울에 대한 설명력은 35.3%였다. 3. 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 자기효능감 예측요인 임신성 당뇨병 임부가 우울을 많이 느낄수록 자기효능감은 낮게 나타났다(=-.432, p<.001). 그러나 과거 건강관련 행위와 지각된 건강상태는 자기효능감에 영향을 주지 못하였다. 자기효능감에 대한 설명력은 31.1%였다. 4. 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 가족지지 예측요인 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 과거 건강관련 행위 경험이 많을수록 가족지지 의 인식정도는 더욱 높게 나타났다(γ=.343, p<.01). 그러나 지각된 건강상태는 가족지지의 인식정도에 영향을 주지 못하였다. 가족지지에 대한 설명력은 19.7%였다. 5. 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 지각된 장애성의 예측요인 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 과거 건강관련 행위 경험이 많을수록 지각된 장애성은 낮게 나타났다(γ=-.188, p<.05). 그러나 지각된 건강상태와 자기효능감은 지각된 장애성에 영향을 주지 못하였다. 지각된 장애성에 대한 설명력은 18.3%였다. 6. 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 지각된 유익성의 예측요인 과거 건강관련 행위와 지각된 건강상태는 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 지각된 유익성에 영향을 주지 못하였다. 지각된 유익성에 대한 설명력은 7.8%였다. 7. 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 자가관리 행위 예측요인 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 자기효능감이 높을수록 자가관리 행위 실천정도는 높았으며(β=-.334, p<.001), 과거 건강관련 행위 경험이 많을수록(γ=.339, p<.05), 그리고 지각된 장애성이 높을수록(β=-.188, p<.05), 자가관리 행위는 높게 나타났다. 또한 우울은 자기효능감을 매개변수로 하여 자가관리 행위에 간접적인 영향을 미쳤다(β=-.149, p<.05). 그 외 지각된 건강상태, 지각된 유익성, 가족지지는 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 자가관리 행위에 직접적인 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 자가관리 행위 설명력은 36.2%였다. 본 연구를 통하여 자기효능감, 과거 건강관련 행위와 지각된 장애성은 임부의 자가관리 행위에 직접적인 영향을 주었다. 그리고 과거 건강관련 행위와 지각된 건강상태, 우울과 자기효능감, 그리고 자가관리 행위로 이어지는 인과적 경로는 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 자가관리 행위를 향상시킬 수 있는 효과적인 중재요소로 확인되었다. 향후, 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 개발된 통합적인 중재방안은 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 임신관련 합병증을 예방하고, 안전한 임신·출산 과정에 효과적으로 기여할 수 있을 것이다.I. 서론 1 A. 연구의 필요성 1 B. 연구의 목적 4 C. 용어의 정의 5 II. 문헌고찰 10 A. 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 자가관리 행위 10 B. 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 자가관리 행위 영향요인 13 1. 과거 건강관련 행위 14 2 지각된 건강상태 15 3. 지각된 유익성 16 4. 지각된 장애성 18 5. 자기효능감 19 6. 우울 20 7. 가족지지 21 C. 건강증진 모형 23 III. 연구모형 27 A. 개념적 기틀 27 B. 가설적 연구모형 30 C. 연구 가설 32 IV. 연구방법 35 A. 연구설계 35 B. 연구대상 35 C. 연구도구 38 D. 자료수집 방법 및 절차 48 E. 연구대상자에 대한 윤리적 고려 50 F. 자료처리 및 분석방법 51 G. 연구의 제한점 53 V. 연구결과 54 A. 연구 대상자의 일반적 특성 54 B. 연구 대상자의 임신관련 특성 56 C. 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 자가관리 행위와 영향요인 58 1. 연구 대상자의 자가관리 행위 연구변수의 서술적 통계 58 2. 연구 대상자의 자가관리 행위 연구변수 간 상관관계 61 D. 가설적 연구모형의 검증 65 1. 연구변수의 신뢰도 및 타당도 분석 65 2. 가설적 연구모형의 적합도 검정 69 3. 가설적 연구모형의 모수 73 4. 가설적 연구모형의 효과분석 77 5. 연구의 가설검증 80 VI. 논의 84 A. 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 자가관리 행위 84 B. 임신성 당뇨병 임부의 자가관리 행위 예측모형 94 C. 간호학적 의의 97 VII. 결론 및 제언 99 A. 결론 99 B. 제언 103 참고문헌 105 부록 128 Abstract 15

The Core Tasks and Promotional Strategies of the National Competency Standards

본 연구의 목적은 능력 중심 사회 구현을 위한 국가직무능력표준 핵심 과제를 도출하고 추진 전략을 모색하는 데 있다. 이에 따른 세부 목적은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 능력 중심 사회 구현을 선도할 수 있는 실행 가능한 NCS 핵심 과제를 제시한다. 둘째, NCS의 활용 목적과 범위를 명확히 하고, 단계별 성취를 위한 전체적이고 체계적인 로드맵을 제시한다.The Government is promoting the unification of education, vocational training, and qualifications, through constructing the National Competency Standards (NCS) as a core mechanism for saying no to society dominated by academic cliques and going for competency-centered society. The NCS will play a role as core infrastructure for realizing the future great power of talented people. Thus, this study analyzed domestic and foreign trends related to NCS, and then drew core tasks needed to lead relevant policies. Then, this study derived promotional strategies and a road map that would innovate education and training system to meet industrial demand. The core tasks of NCS suggested in this study were 1) the development of NCS, 2) the development of NCS learning modules, 3) the utilization of NCS-based education & training courses, 4) the plans for the operation of NCS-based qualification system, 5) the introduction and test operation of competency evaluation system, 6) the introduction of national qualification framework (NQF), and 7) the construction of governance for the operation of NCS and NQF. First, as for the development of NCS, the consultative system of NCS-related industrial organizations and occupational organizations should be constructed; areas should be classified in consideration of occupational system; similar sub-classifications should be integrated in the development of NCS; levels of competency units should be established in consideration of application fields; the core contents and methods of evaluation should be presented; criteria for the selection of NCS development institution should be presented; NCS development experts should be supported; and collaborative system between NCS development institutions should be constructed. Second, as for the development of NCS learning modules, it should be developed considering collaboration in the processes of NCS development; the promotion of application, utilization, dissemination, and policy research for NCS and learning modules; and the building of a network for the industry-led development and specialized utilization of NCS. Third, as for the utilization of NCS-based vocational education & training courses, vocational education and training systems should be improved by the active participation of industrial enterprises; and systematic education & training courses should be developed and the certification support system should be substantialized using the NCS information system. Fourth, as for plans for the operation of NCS-based qualification system, the NCS-based qualification system should minimize confusion among qualification acquisitors through the direct linkage to NCS-based NQF, and changes in qualification system. Then, operation plans should be prepared in consideration of the NCS-based vocational education & training, on-the-job training, the types of qualification. Fifth, as for the introduction of competency evaluation system, the introduction of competency evaluation system linked to NCS should be promoted on a trial basis. In addition, NCS and competency evaluation system should be actively provided to persons in charge of personnel management in private enterprises. Sixth, as for the introduction of NQF, the roles of NQF should be the quality control and the presentation of diverse learning routes to secure the practical actuality of diverse NCS-based qualifications. Seventh, as for governance for the operation of NCS and NQF, the core organization of NCS governance should control the certification system as a deliberative organization and general management organization to guarantee the development and quality of the NCS and learning modules; support development organizations; and promote the construction of the NQF. The promotional strategies for putting into the practice were 1) to build collaborative system and create cooperative governance among related governmental departments and agencies, 2) to construct infrastructure for the expansion and dissemination of NCS education & training courses, 3) to introduce competency evaluation systems both in the public and private sectors, 4) to designate and operate an agency supervising the promotion of NCS and prepare plans for administrative, financial and institutional operation, and 5) to build the foundation for establishment through the trial application of NQF. The 5-year road map for the implementation of NCS promotional strategies were 1) conducting research projects on NCS, 2) revising NCS, 3) developing and modifying NCS learning modules, 4) assuring the quality of NCS-based education & training courses, and 5) disseminating of NCS-based education & training courses.요약 vii 제1장 서 론_1 제1절 연구의 필요성 및 목적 3 제2절 연구의 내용 및 방법 6 제2장 NCS 정책 동향_13 제1절 NCS 관련 국정 과제 동향 15 제2절 NCS 관련 법 동향 21 제3절 NCS 정책 동향에 따른 핵심 과제 도출 27 제4절 NCS 운영 해외 사례 29 제3장 NCS 핵심 과제_49 제1절 NCS 개발 51 제2절 NCS 학습모듈의 개발 63 제3절 NCS 교육훈련과정 활용 80 제4절 NCS 기반 자격제도 운영 방안 102 제5절 직무능력평가제 도입 및 시범 운영 114 제6절 국가역량체계(NQF)의 도입 144 제7절 NCS 및 NQF 운영을 위한 거버넌스 160 제4장 NCS 추진 전략 및 로드맵_175 제1절 NCS 추진 전략 177 제2절 NCS 추진 로드맵 182 SUMMARY_191 참고문헌_195 부 록_205 1. NCS 학습모듈 개발계획서 양식 207 2. NCS 학습모듈(안) 21

아로마오일 마사지가 초산부의 분만통증과 불안 및 분만경험에 미치는 효과

분만은 인간이 경험하는 모든 현상중 개인의 생애에 가장 즐겁고 감격적인 경험이며 여성의 삶에 있어서 중요한 발달과제이다. 그러나 분만중의 여성들은 분만과정에 대한 지식부족, 낯설은 환경, 분만시 통증에 대한 불안, 난산의 우려, 태아에 대한 걱정 등으로 대부분 불안과 두려움을 경험하게 된다. 그로인한 부정적인 분만경험은 역할전환 단계에서 어머니로서의 역할수행에 큰 영향을 미치게 된다. 그러므로 간호사는 분만중의 통증과 불안을 감소시키고 긍정적인 분만경험을 갖도록 하는 간호중재가 필요하다. 이에 본 연구자는 분만중의 여성에게 아로마오일 마사지를 적용함으로서 통증경감 및 불안감소, 긍정적인 분만경험에 대한 효과를 확인하고 분만중의 여성을 위한 간호중재로 활용하고자 한다. 자료수집기간은 2003년 10월 6일부터 2003년 11월 20일까지 서울시내에 위치하고 있는 C종합병원에 분만을 위해 입원한 초산부중 실험군 29명, 대조군 31명 총 60명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구설계는 비동등성 대조군 사후설계의 유사실험 연구이며 자료분석은 SAS 8.2 프로그램을 이용하여, 빈도, 백분율, 평균, 표준편차를 산출하고 가설검증은 t-test로 유의성 검정을 하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 아로마오일 마사지를 받은 초산부와 받지 않은 초산부의 분만중 불안 점수에는 차이가 없어 아로마오일 마사지가 초산부의 분만중 불안을 감소시키지 못하였다(t=-1.08, p=.29). 2. 아로마오일 마사지를 받은 초산부는 받지 않은 초산부에 비해 분만진행 과정중 활동기의 분만통증 정도에 차이가 없어 활동기의 분만통증을 완화하는 효과가 없었다(t=.94, p=.35). 3. 아로마오일 마사지를 받은 초산부는 받지 않은 초산부에 비해 분만진행 과정중 이행기의 분만통증 정도가 낮아 아로마오일 마사지가 분만이행기의 분만통증을 완화하는데 효과가 있었다(t=-3.85, p=.00). 4. 아로마오일 마사지를 받은 초산부는 받지 않은 초산부보다 긍정적인 분만경험을 지각하여 아로마오일 마사지가 산부의 긍정적인 분만경험지각에 효과가 있었다(t=2.47, p=.02). 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 아로마오일 마사지를 받은 초산부의 이행기의 분만동통 호소정도는 낮았고, 분만경험지각이 긍정적임을 알 수 있었다. 그러므로 아로마오일 마사지는 분만중 통증감소와 긍정적인 분만경험을 갖기 위한 간호중재로 활용될 수 있음이 확인되었다. 또한, 불안감소와 활동기 분만통증 감소를 위해서는 연구방법을 변화시켜 반복연구를 수행함으로써 간호중재로 활용할 수 있는 방안을 모색할 필요가 있다. ;This study was designed to investigate the effects of Aromaoil massage on labor pain, anxiety, and childbirth experience perception of primiparas by examining whether there were any differences between primiparas taken the Aromaoil massage during labor and ones taken only general obstetric care from Oct. 6 to Nov. 20, 2003 in "C" General Hospital in Seoul. The subjects of this study consisted of sixty primiparas with uncomplicated, full term, singleton pregnancy. Among these, twenty nine were in the experimental group and thirty one in the control group. A caring package of Aromaoil massage had two components, physical support and emotional support. Physical support consisted of whole body massage and pressures on Sameumgyo and Hapgok. Emotional support was provided by the continuous nurses's presence, cceptance, and encouragement. This study used Spilberger's anxiety measuring instrument, the research instrument of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory translated by Kim Jeong Taeck, childbirth experience perception instrument developed by Marut & Merce(1979) translated by Cho Mee Young(1988), and the instrument for labor pain measurement developed by Hanson, Thampson & Varni(1987). The general characteristics of collected data were ananlyzed by percentage and χ^(2) test, and hypotheses were examined by t-test. The results were as follows. 1. There were no statistically significant differences in anxiety between primiparas with Aromaoil massage treatment and those without. So this study showed Aromaoil treatment had no alleviating effects in anxiety of primiparas(t=1.08, p=.29). 2. In the active phase, there were no statistically significant differences in labor pain between two groups. So this study showed that in the active phase of labor, Aromaoil treatment had no alleviating effects in labor pain of primiparas(t=.94, p=.35). 3. But in the transition phase, there were significant differences in labor pain between two groups. Primiparas taken Aromaoil treatment had significant alleviation of labor pain in the transition phase(t=-3.85, p=.00). 4. There were statistically significant differences in childbirth experiences between two groups. So, Aromaoil treatment had positive effects in childbirth experience in primiparas(t=2.47, p=.02). In conclusion, these findings indicate that Aromaoil massage could be effective in decreasing the transion phase labor pain, and in increasing positive childbirth experiences. So, Aromaoil massage could be applied as an effective nursing treatment for primiparas.I. 서론 = 1 A. 연구의 필요성 = 1 B. 연구의 목적 = 3 C. 연구가설 = 3 D. 용어의 정의 = 4 II. 이론적 배경 = 6 A. 아로마오일 마사지 = 6 B. 불안 = 10 C. 분만통증 = 13 D. 분만경험지각 = 16 III. 연구방법 = 19 A. 연구설계 = 19 B. 연구대상 = 19 C. 실험처치 = 20 D. 연구도구 = 22 E. 자료수집 및 절차 = 23 F. 자료분석방법 = 25 IV. 연구결과 및 논의 = 26 A. 대상자의 일반적특성 = 26 B. 대상자의 산과적 특성 = 29 C. 가설검증 = 32 V. 결론 및 제언 = 37 참고문헌 = 40 부록 = 47 ABSTRACT = 5

Family Metaphors and Familism in the Homeroom Institution of Korean Schools : Continuities and Changes

2012년과 2013년 사이에 나는 서울시의 중등학교 교사들을 대상으로 면담 연구를 실시하였다. 연구의 시발점은 전지구화와 관련한 교육환경의 변화가 교사들의 교육모델에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는가의 문제였다. 면담에서 교사들에게 자신의 교육철학 및 교육적 실천에 대하여 비유를 들어 서술해 줄 것을 요청하였다. 이는 비유적 표현을 통해 교육의 문화적 모델을 추론하기 위한 것이었으며 교육활동의 다양한 영역에 대하여 그러한 질문이 주어졌다. 이 과정에서 교육의 주요한 문화적 모델이 하나의 비유군을 통해 드러났다. 그 비유군은 이른바 가족 비유로서 실상 나 자신의 교사 경험을 통해 매우 익숙하게 알고 있었던, 그러나 어느 정도는 잊고 있었던 비유들이었기 때문에 놀랍게 다가왔다. 무엇보다도 나를 놀라게 했던 것은 가족비유에 있어서만큼은 교사들이 20년 전과 다르지 않았던 점이었다. 이후의 분석 단계에서 가족 비유는 교육 문화의 지속뿐만 아니라 변모를 지시하고 있다는 것을 깨닫게 되었지만 말이다.This article examines the homeroom class as a cultural institution in South Korean schools, with particular reference to the affective tie between the homeroom teacher and the students. Homeroom is a universal feature of Korean schooling at both primary and secondary levels, in which a group of students are assigned to a teacher for one academic year for general guidance in their education. Based on two ethnographic research studies among middle school teachers in the early 1990s and the early 2010s respectively, I find continuities as well as some significant changes in the psychocultural underpinnings of the homeroom institution. A strong continuity was that teachers view raising persons as the ultimate educational goal and center their educational practices on the building of affective ties modeled after the one between the parent and the child, in order to achieve the goal of raising persons. Practicing a parents heart then becomes an educational imperative, by which students are viewed as ones children to be cared for with jeong. This familial model is most strongly applied within the boundary of a homeroom class, as manifest in family metaphors employed by teachers. One remarkable change was that compared to the early 1990s, when a homeroom functioned as a collective unit for educational achievements, in the early 2010s, a homeroom has come to be positioned more as an affective community for sociability

North Korean Refugees' Emotionality and Its Social Implications: A Perspective from Cultural Psychology

이 글의 가장 일차적인 초고는 남북사회문회통합연구팀의 학술세미나(2003. 5. 8~5. 9)에서 발표되었다.이 글은 탈북 청소년들의 문화심리적인 특성과 남한 사회에서의 적응 그리고 그와 관련하여 남북한의 문화심리적 차이를 검토한다. 탈북 청소년들을 지속적으로 접하는 남한 사람들이 흔히 지적하는 것 중의 하나가 감정성이다. 탈북 청소년들이 감정의 고저가 심하며, 감정 표현이 극적이라는 관찰이 그것이다. 매우 정감이 넘치다가도, 남한 사람들의 입장에서 볼 때 대인 관계의 기본적인 코드에서 벗어날 정도로 직설적"으로 자신의 감정과 의사를 표현하기도 한다는 것이다. 좀 더 부정적으로는 "공격적인 성향"이 강하여 쉽게 폭력을 행사한다고 지적된다. 이 글은 탈북 청소년들이 감정적이라면, 어떠한 기준으로 볼 때 그러한지, 그들의 감정성은 구체적으로 어떤 양상으로 나타나며, 그로 인해 남한 사회에서의 적응이 어떻게 영향을 받는지를 논의한다. 또한 감정성이 탈북 청소년들의 일반적인 심리적 경향이라면 그것이 남북한의 문화심리적 차이에 대해 시사하는 바는 무엇인지 역시 이 글에서 다루고자 하는 주요한 질문이다. This paper examines a psychological and behavioral characteristic of North Korean refugees living in South Korea and its implications for their social adjustment in the South. South Koreans working closely with refugees from the North commonly point out marked emotionality among them, while new comers complain of difficulties in social communication with existing residents. North Korean refugees themselves acknowledge their emotional style as different from the dominant one in the South Korean society. They assume strong emotional ties among themselves, and are critical of South Koreans being emotionally "superficial." On the contrary, South Korean residents often view them as violent, unpredictable, and unruly. It appears that these two groups of people subscribe to different cultural models of emotion and person. This has a serious implication for both the adjustment of refugees in the South and social integration between the two Koreas in the future. This paper, based on interview and participant observation, presents an ethnographic account of the refugees' emotionality, e.g., in what context it is observed, how it is perceived, and how it affects their social life. Further, it points to the different historical trajectories of the two Koreas-one based on a capitalist and the other a socialist economy-as a source of the development of different cultural models of emotion. In so doing, it attempts a possible theoretical formulation that links the intensity of emotional experience, the degree of public display of emotion and structural features of the society at the macro-level, particularly class system.이 논문은 2002년도 한국학술진흥재단의 지원에 의하여 연구되었음(KRF-2002-073-BM2004)

Study on Qualification in Service Industry(III): Focused on Personal Service

본 연구의 목적은 서비스산업 중 개인서비스업의 교육훈련, 고용 및 국내외 자격 실태를 분석하여 기존 자격에서 나타나는 문제점에 대한 개선 방안을 제시하고, 새롭게 요구되는 개인서비스업 자격을 발굴하며, 정책과 추후 과제를 제시하는 것이다. 구체적인 하위 연구 목표는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 개인서비스업 분야 자격 현황과 실태를 조사하고, 자격의 활용성과 자격제도의 적절성을 종합적으로 분석하여, 기존 개인서비스업 자격의 문제점과 개선 방안을 도출하고, 둘째, 국내외 개인서비스업 관련 양성, 고용, 인력 수급 및 자격 현황에 대한 조사 분석에 기반하여 개인서비스 신설 자격과 자격(안)을 발굴하고, 셋째, 개인서비스업 종사자의 전문성 강화 및 지원을 위한 정책과 세부 사업 도출 그리고 정책 추진에 필요한 종합 계획 수립, 실행 연구 주제 등 추후 연구 과제를 제언하는 데 목적이 있다.This research aims to suggest a solution for the issue raised out of an existing qualification through the comprehensive analysis on the current state in qualification of personal service amid service industry, and thus to develop the newly-demanded qualification in personal service. To attain these goals, the significance, the current state of personal service and its VET have been examined along with an analysis of qualification''s utilization and proposition of drawback, solution, etc., based on the results of research. For the foreign personal service qualification and current state of occupation, those of Japan, France, Germany, Britain and the US were researched and analyzed in comparison with the domestic. The examination for the suitability of a newly-developed qualification was proceeded following the preparation of the criteria and course for its selection to create the demand for it. The further study was offered along with the cultivation of business and the measure related to the qualification system and job creation. The methodology utilized was literature analysis, professions council, survey ,interview, etc. For its current state, there are about 239 of personal service qualifications with private qualification of more than 70% among them. In this study the portions of service provision and production with management for the personal service qualifications of 239 were compared, while a personal service was prescribed to be ''a job creating profits by satisfying the customer''s demand with individual provision of service''. Among them, the qualifications with higher portion in service-related job were chosen for the examination study. In case of private qualifications, 84 of them were chosen at last for the examination on the preferential basis of repetitions in job specifications between them. For the utilization of personal service qualification, that of hotel manager(3.70), hotel servant(3.61), tour guide-interpreter(3.66), etc. was appeared to be relatively high among the national qualifications in its governing law, while that of race official(2.86) was low. The utilization in qualification of craftsman such as cook, blowfish(4.0), industrial engineer such as cook, blowfish(3.98), industrial engineer, Chinese food(3.97), patissier(3.94), jeweller(3.94), craftsman in gas(3.87), industrial engineer in boiler(3.84), etc. was upheld among the national technical qualifications. Especially, all the qualifications in the fields of accommodation and restaurant scored the high degree of application above the level of 3.5. By and large the degree of utilization of national technical qualification in personal service was above 3.0, higher than the private qualification. Among the private qualifications, the utilization was presented to be high in the order of a barista(3.82), funeral manager(3.74), shoe fitter(3.66), pet groomer(3.56), etc. The qualification such as international naming consultant(2.97) or dowser(2.98) was in lower use. For drawbacks and corrective measures for them in personal service qualification, it was founded that a lack of demand in the industrial field and specialization begat the lower the degree of utilization as a drawback at large. Wholesalers, retailers, accommodations and restaurants lacked specialization, while arts, sports, and leisure services lacked a legal basis. Associations, groups, repairs and other miscellaneous personal services were questioned for the absence of systematic and transnational qualification. As the biggest issue raised was that it was strewn with difficulties in the job performance despite the acquisition of qualification in case of a national qualification in personal service, there were numerous voices for the improvement in examination methods and strengthened courses of training as possible solutions. For the private qualification, a lack of utilization and profession of qualification was mainly pointed out for ambiguity of job boundary and its detail as well as absence of systematic education. For corrective measures, it was suggested that the higher quality assurance and profession of qualification needed to be ensured from tightening the evaluation of the agency in charge of examination and management of a qualification. The criteria for development of new personal service qualification was determined to be the degree of demand for service, profession, need for recognition of competency, job availability, etc. There are 15 newly developed qualifications in jobs such as temple food specialist, catering service, carver, industrial engineer in beverage management, eco-friendly golf course manager, shoe fitter, etc. Although the national qualification showed higher degree of utilization than that of the private in labor market, appropriate examination is inevitable for the relevant assignment in development of new national qualifications as it means a greater burden with social cost incurred for the government to nationalize all the necessary qualifications. It was found that most of personal service workers prefers the national and national technical qualifications with a particular favor of certified private qualification in the fields such as arts, sports and leisure services. Apparently the private qualification should be basically designed and managed by the lead of concerned association or group, while its maintenance is continued by the registration as a private qualification under the supervision of Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. If necessary, the objectivity and reliability as much as the level of national qualification can be obtained between the qualification holder and consumer by the concerned department preparing the related authorization procedures of for the certified private qualification. Among the 15 qualifications ‘craftsman motor vehicles maintenance’ and ‘craftsman motor cycles maintenance’ were found appropriate to be national qualifications as a result of collection views from researchers and professionals in qualification for the type of newly-developed personal service qualifications based on the criteria of selection for national qualification. The mid-long term measures deducted are the enhancement of profession in cultivation and qualification system, establishment of support system, organization and management of funding for cultivation and support, etc. Firstly the measure of enhancement of profession in cultivation and qualification system is comprised of NCS development, recognition of curriculum and qualification of specialized education and training, criteria development for evaluation of qualification management, amelioration and linkage to employment of existing qualification, measure recognizing sole proprietor''s personal service, etc. The measure of establishment of support system deals with review of its project and legislation, regularization of council for employment and qualification, composition and management of sector council, and establishment and management of platform agency. Also the measure of organization and management of funding for cultivation and support suggested to support education and training as well as reeducation of small business, project for organizing supportive funding, building up and utilization of the online community. The further studies were suggested in three fields- comprehensive planning, implementation of research project and quality assurance. Firstly the comprehensive planning study for the departmental integration of government, research on the current state and measure of enhancing competitiveness were suggested for the detailed research. For the research project, the study was suggested in development of job specification and NCS, composition of professional qualification and supportive research, establishment and management of qualification, evaluation of performance and drawback, job specification and qualification in amalgamating fields, establishment of sector council, etc. The detailed study in quality assurance was proposed in the research on the evaluation and recognition system of training and qualification, establishment of performance management system related to cultivation, qualification and employment, infra-structure for the enhancement of profession, etc.요약 제1장 서 론_1 제1절 연구의 배경, 필요성 및 목적3 제2절 연구의 범위, 내용 및 방법8 제3절 자격 관련 선행 연구와 이론적 배경16 제2장 개인서비스업 관련 현황_33 제1절 서비스산업의 특징35 제2절 개인서비스업의 범위 및 중요성39 제3절 개인서비스업 현황44 제4절 개인서비스업의 관련 직업 현황53 제5절 개인서비스업 교육훈련 현황77 제6절 요약 및 시사점93 제3장 개인서비스업 자격의 문제점 및 개선 방안_97 제1절 개인서비스업 자격 현황99 제2절 개인서비스업 자격의 활용성 분석108 제3절 개인서비스업 자격의 문제점 및 개선 방안139 제4절 요약 및 시사점149 제4장 국외 개인서비스업 자격 및 직업 현황_153 제1절 일본의 자격 및 직업 현황155 제2절 프랑스의 자격 및 직업 현황166 제3절 독일의 자격 및 직업 현황184 제4절 영국의 자격 및 직업 현황203 제5절 미국의 자격 및 직업 현황214 제6절 요약 및 시사점224 제5장 개인서비스업 자격의 신설 수요_229 제1절 개인서비스업 자격 신설의 방향231 제2절 자격 발굴 절차235 제3절 발굴 자격(안)의 적합성 조사 및 운영 방향242 제4절 요약 및 시사점250 제6장 정책 및 추후 연구 과제 제언_253 제1절 종합 시사점255 제2절 정책 제언258 제3절 추후 연구 과제 제언269 SUMMARY_275 참고문헌_281 부 록_289 [부록 1] 개인서비스업 자격 분류(한국표준산업분류 기준)291 [부록 2] 개인서비스업종별 설문지295 [부록 3] 개인서비스업 자격 신설(안) - 총 15개32

The Maternal Side of the North Korean Family State: The Case of the Medical Care Sector

이 글은 북한 보건의료부문의 선전선동에서 사용되는 토착심리학적 담론을 분석함으로써 북한 가족주의 체제의 중요한 차원 하나가 모성성에 있음을 보여주고자 한다. 보건의료부문의 사상적 지침이자 대중동원체제인 정성운동은 가족 관계에서 배태되는 토착심리학적 범주들을 조직적으로 담론화하고, 그럼으로써 공산주의라는 외래 이데올로기를 토착심리의 지평 속으로 끌어들이는 효과를 거둔다. 이때 핵심이 되는 토착심리학적 범주인 육친적 사랑과 정성은 가족 관계 중에서도 모-자녀 관계에 토대한 것인바, 김일성과 김정일의 저작, 로동신문의 기사문, 그리고 보건의료부문 선전영화는 모-자녀 관계의 애착과 정신역동이 정치화되는 것을 일관되게 보여준다. 보건의료부문의 선전선동에서 모성적 주제가 두드러지는 것은 당이 곧 어머니이며, 보건의료부문 종사자들은 어머니당의 보살핌을 최전선에서 수행하는 전사들이라는 것과 연결된다. 보건의료부문의 사례는 특히 당의 역할을 고려할 때 북한 국가체제의 가족주의적 성격이 부-자 중심의 유교적 가치만으로는 설명되지 않는다는 점을 예시한다. While the North Korean family state has been largely accounted for in terms of the patrilineal and patriarchal principles of Confucianism, this article argues for the maternal side of the North Korean family state, by examining familial metaphors employed in the propaganda efforts in the medical care sector. Maternal love and care is figured centrally in the familial metaphors in the three sites of propaganda efforts examined in this article: writings of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il, model cases reported on Rodong Sinmun, and a propaganda film. A case in point is the popular campaign of the medical care sector, called devotion movement. The campaign illustrates that the primordial attachment and psychodynamics nurtured in the mother-child dyad is appropriated for the loyalty to the Party, by way of care narratives that profusely utilize certain cultural categories of affect closely related to mothering. This well resonates with the fact that the Party is called the Mother in North Korea, the medical care workers being Her warriors.N

Family Metaphors and Familism in the Homeroom Institution of Korean Schools: Continuities and Changes

This article examines the homeroom class as a cultural institution in South Korean schools, with particular reference to the affective tie between the homeroom teacher and the students. Homeroom is a universal feature of Korean schooling at both primary and secondary levels, in which a group of students are assigned to a teacher for one academic year for general guidance in their education. Based on two ethnographic research studies among middle school teachers in the early 1990s and the early 2010s respectively, I find continuities as well as some significant changes in the psychocultural underpinnings of the homeroom institution. A strong continuity was that teachers view raising persons as the ultimate educational goal and center their educational practices on the building of affective ties modeled after the one between the parent and the child, in order to achieve the goal of raising persons. Practicing a parents heart then becomes an educational imperative, by which students are viewed as ones children to be cared for with jeong. This familial model is most strongly applied within the boundary of a homeroom class, as manifest in family metaphors employed by teachers. One remarkable change was that compared to the early 1990s, when a homeroom functioned as a collective unit for educational achievements, in the early 2010s, a homeroom has come to be positioned more as an affective community for sociability.N

The Maternal Side of the North Korean Family State : The Case of the Medical Care Sector

이 글은 북한 보건의료부문의 선전선동에서 사용되는 토착심리학적 담론을 분석함으로써 북한 가족주의 체제의 중요한 차원 하나가 모성성에 있음을 보여주고자 한다. 보건의료부문의 사상적 지침이자 대중동원체제인 정성운동은 가족 관계에서 배태되는 토착심리학적 범주들을 조직적으로 담론화하고, 그럼으로써 공산주의라는 외래 이데올로기를 토착심리의 지평 속으로 끌어들이는 효과를 거둔다. 이때 핵심이 되는 토착심리학적 범주인 육친적 사랑과 정성은 가족 관계 중에서도 모-자녀 관계에 토대한 것인바, 김일성과 김정일의 저작, 로동신문의 기사문, 그리고 보건의료부문 선전영화는 모-자녀 관계의 애착과 정신역동이 정치화되는 것을 일관되게 보여준다. 보건의료부문의 선전선동에서 모성적 주제가 두드러지는 것은 당이 곧 어머니이며, 보건의료부문 종사자들은 어머니당의 보살핌을 최전선에서 수행하는 전사들이라는 것과 연결된다. 보건의료부문의 사례는 특히 당의 역할을 고려할 때 북한 국가체제의 가족주의적 성격이 부-자 중심의 유교적 가치만으로는 설명되지 않는다는 점을 예시한다.While the North Korean family state has been largely accounted for in terms of the patrilineal and patriarchal principles of Confucianism, this article argues for the maternal side of the North Korean family state, by examining familial metaphors employed in the propaganda efforts in the medical care sector. Maternal love and care is figured centrally in the familial metaphors in the three sites of propaganda efforts examined in this article: writings of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il, model cases reported on Rodong Sinmun, and a propaganda film. A case in point is the popular campaign of the medical care sector, called devotion movement. The campaign illustrates that the primordial attachment and psychodynamics nurtured in the mother-child dyad is appropriated for the loyalty to the Party, by way of care narratives that profusely utilize certain cultural categories of affect closely related to mothering. This well resonates with the fact that the Party is called the Mother in North Korea, the medical care workers being Her warriors

[이슈 분석] 개인서비스 분야 신규 자격 발굴과 운영

Ⅰ. 문제 제기 Ⅱ. 개인서비스업 관련 현황 Ⅲ. 개인서비스업 자격의 문제점 및 개선 방안 Ⅳ. 국외 개인서비스업 자격 및 직업 현황 Ⅴ. 개인서비스업 자격의 신설 수요 1. 신설 수요 조사 2. 신설 대상 자격 및 운영 방향 Ⅵ. 제