(The) Effect Analysis of Teaching·Learning Method for Unification Education Based on the 7th National Curriculum

국토가 분단되고 민족 사회가 두 개의 이질적인 체제로 분열되어 왔으나, 우리 민족은 분단의 시작부터 현재까지 민족 통일을 최대의 민족적 과제의 하나로 삼고 여러 가지 방면에서 통일 노력을 전개해 왔다. 그럼에도 불구하고 분단 50여 년이 지난 오늘날에도 남북한이 추구해 온 통일 노력은 아직 결실을 맺지 못하고 있다. 2000년 남북정상회담 및 남북한간의 활발한 스포츠·문화의 교류를 계기로 상호간에 화해·협력의 분위기가 조성됨에 따라 그 어느때보다도 국민들의 통일에 대한 기대와 희망이 높아지고 있는 이 시점에서, 이데올로기의 대립과 체제 경쟁 지향의 통일교육에서 벗어나 민족 공동체 의식을 함양하고 민족의 동질성을 회복하기 위한 통일교육이 절실하게 요구되고 있다. 그러기 위해서는 통일 문제에 대한 무관심에서 벗어나 학생들이 북한에 대해 관심과 애정을 보이며 보다 적극적이고 책임감 있는 자세로 통일의 필요성을 인식하면서 통일의지를 가다듬어 갈 수 있는 다양한 통일교육 교수·방법의 개발 및 현장 검증 연구가 절실히 필요하다. 이에 본 연구는 통일교육의 목적과 연관되는 고등학교 1학년 사회 교과서 내용 중 'X. 사회변동과 미래사회' 단원을 학교 현장에서 ICT 활용 수업·직소 수업을 운영하는 데 적용할 수 있도록 재구성하고 수업 자료를 개발하여 적용해 봄으로써 ICT 활용 수업·직소 수업이 제7차 교육과정에서 제시한 통일교육의 목적을 달성하는 데 효과적이며, 더 나아가 남·여학생에 따라 ICT 활용 수업·직소 수업의 효과가 다르게 나타난다는 가설을 검증하고자 하였다. 먼저 문헌 연구를 통해 통일교육의 목표 및 방향, 통일교육의 일반적인 지도 원칙, 학습자 중심의 통일교육 교수·학습의 종류와 본 연구자가 실제 수업에 적용한 ICT 활용 학습과 협동학습의 유형인 직소 학습에 대하여 알아보았고, 교육 과정 시기별 학교 통일교육 내용의 특징 및 제7차 중등 교육과정 통일교육의 특징과, 「사회과」 의 통일교육 관련 내용, 학교 통일교육의 문제점에 대해 살펴보았다. 위의 이론적 배경을 기반으로 학생들이 북한 주민의 사회 생활을 정확히 이해하고, 민족의 동질성을 함양하여 통일에 대한 당위성을 인식할 수 있도록 통일 교육 수업 자료를 개발하였다. 실험 연구는 사전 검사를 실시하여 통일교육의 목표 달성 정도에 있어 집단의 동질성을 검증한 후, A처치 집단과 B처치 집단에 서로 다른 수업 방법을 적용하는 방식으로 이루어졌다. 그리고 나서, 통일교육의 목표 달성 정도를 측정할 수 있는 설문지를 작성하였고, 이를 ICT 활용 수업과 직소 수업을 진행한 두 집단 모두에게 적용하여 그 결과를 SPSS 10.0 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 교과 수업 시간에 적용 가능한 학습자 중심의 다양한 교수·학습 방법 중에서 ICT 활용 수업과 직소 수업이 제7차 교육과정에서 제시한 통일교육의 목표 달성에 효과적이고 남·여학생에 따라 ICT 활용 수업, 직소 수업의 효과가 다르게 나타난다는 가설을 검증하기 위하여 연구 변인을 다음과 같이 설정하였다. 독립 변인은 ICT 활용 수업·직소 수업의 적용이고, 종속 변인은 통일교육의 목표인 민족 공동체 의식을 바탕으로 한 바람직하고 객관적인 통일관 및 북한관 정립이며, 이를 측정하기 위한 하위 변인으로 지식, 기능, 가치 측면으로 세분화하여 각각 측정 지표를 설정하였다. 또한 각 수업의 효과에 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단되는 학습자들의 특성 변인은 컴퓨터 학습 및 활용 경험, 컴퓨터 활용 능력 및 태도에 대한 인식, 학습과제 수행시 상호의존성의 정도·책임감·혼자서 과제를 해결하는 것에 대한 선호성, 급우들간의 의사소통 개방성 및 급우를 돕는 이타성 정도이다. 연구 대상은 본 연구자가 소속된 경기도 성남시 분당구에 위치한 B고등학교의 1학년 8개 학급 264의 학생들이며, 실험 기간은 2002년 9월 23일부터 2002년 10월 25일까지로 각 학급당 4차시에 걸쳐 수업을 실시하였으며, 5차시에 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구 결과의 분석에 사용된 실증 분석 방법은 t-test이며, 95%의 신뢰 구간에서 유의수준 p<.05 로 검증하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. ICT 활용 수업에 의한 통일교육의 목표 달성 정도는 지식, 기능, 가치의 모든 영역에서 성별 구분 없이 실험 수업이 이루어지기 전과 비교하여 평균 점수가 향상되었고, 남학생이 여학생보다 평균 0.25점 더 향상되어 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 직소 수업에 의한 통일교육의 목표 달성 정도 또한 지식, 기능, 가치의 모든 영역에서 성별 구분 없이 실험 수업이 이루어지기 전과 비교하여 평균 점수가 향상되었고, 여학생이 남학생보다 평균 0.17점 더 향상되어 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보였다(p<.05) 본 연구에 의하면 교과 수업 시간에 적용 가능한 통일교육 교수·학습 방법 중 ICT 활용 수업·직소 수업의 적용이 제7차 교육과정에서 제시한 통일교육의 목표 달성에 효과적인 측면이 많으므로, 앞으로 학교 현장에서 다양한 통일 교육 교수·학습 방법이 활성화될 수 있도록 교사들에 대한 전문기관의 연수 프로그램에 의하여 종합적이고 체계적인 연수가 실시되어야 하며, 남북한의 평화공존과 화해·협력의 시대에 걸맞게 북한 사회에 대한 객관적인 시각을 가지고 특수성을 이해하는데 도움이 될 수 있도록 풍부하고 다양한 자료가 지속적으로 개발·보급되어야 할 것이다.;This country has been divided and people have been rent by two heterogeneous social structures, however, our people have regarded nation-unification as the most important task of our people from the moment when our country, 50 years ago, was divided to the present moment. And much effort has been paid to nation-unification from various viewpoints. Though the South and the North have paid attention to nation-unification for the past 50 years since the moment of nation-division, any fruition has been brought to even at this time. However, since S/N Summit Meeting was hold in 2000, culture · sports interchange has been realized actively between the South and the North, atmosphere of mutual reconciliation and cooperation has also been promoted. Moreover, people are increasing their anticipation toward nation-unification at this time, so that special unification education is required to get out of the unification education orienting opposing ideologies and competitive social structures, cultivate consciousness of national union, and recover homogeneity of people. For the sake of those purposes, students need concern the problem of nation-unification, show more active compassion for the North, recognize the need of nation-unification with a more positive and responsible attitude, and put things in order for will of nation-unification. Therefore, various unification education programs, teaching materials, and site-investigation are acutely necessary. This study tried to verify the hypothesis that ICT applying lectures and direct petition lectures are effective to achieve the purposes of unification education, which are suggested by the 7th National Curriculum, furthermore, the effects of ICT lectures and direct petition lectures are different by student gender, by reconstructing ICT lectures and direct petition lectures in order to apply the textbooks of social studies for first year high school students to actual school sites, particularly, 'the Chapter 10, Social Transition and the Future Society' which is related with the purposes of nation-unification, and by developing and applying lecture-materials. First of all, literature research examined purposes and directions of nation-unification education, general principle of nation-unification education, kinds of learner-centered teaching · learning method, and ICT applying lectures and direct petition lectures, one type of cooperative study, applied to real classwork by this researcher were studied. Contents and characters of our schools' nation-unification education are examined by each curriculum period, characters of nation-unification education in the 7th National Curriculum for secondary education, contents of nation-unification education reflected in each school textbook, nation-unification related contents of 「social studies」, and problems of our schools' nation-unification education were also examined. Based on the above theoretical backgrounds, classwork materials of nation-unification education were developed in order that students might exactly understand reality of the North's society and social life of its population, recover homogeneity of our people, and recognize what should be for the sake of nation-unification. A preliminary inspection was conducted for this research; homogeneity of people was examined measuring the degree of achieving aims of nation-unification education, then, different classwork methods were adopted by A group and B group. Next, a questionnaire survey was made to measure the aim achievement degree of nation-unification education, this examination was conducted to both groups who applied ICT and direct petition. The questionnaire results were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 Program. In order to verify the hypothesis that ICT applying lectures and direct petition lectures, one of nation-unification education teaching · learning methods proposed by the 7th National Curriculum are very effective to achieve the aims of nation-unification education, and effects of ICT applying lectures and direct petition lectures are different by students' gender, variables are set as follows; independent variables are applications of ICT and direct petition, and dependent variables are establishment of desirable and objective viewpoint of nation-unification and the North grounded on the consciousness of people-union, aim of nation-unification education. Sub-variables to measure those things are subdivided according to the sides of knowledge, function, and value, and each measurement index was set. Also, learners' character variables that might influence effects of each class are computer study & computer-use experience, recognition toward ability and attitude to use computer, preference of interdependence degree · responsibility · independent task-resolution when doing study questions, and open communication & altruism among class mates. Study subjects were 264 first year students of B high school' 8 classes, which is located at Bundang-gu, Seongnam-city, Kyeongki-do, and this researcher is working at this school, also. The experiment period was from September, the 23rd, 2002 to October, the 25th, 2002. each class took four experimental classworks, and the questionnaire survey was conducted at the 5th classwork activity. The demonstrative analysis method was t-test, which was adopted in this report; the significance level was p<.05 within 95%'s confidence interval. Summing up the study results, they are as follows; The average aim achievement degree in nation-unification education applying ICT in classwork rose after conducting experimental classworks, in all areas of knowledge, function, and value, regardless of gender. The mark of male students increased 0.25 points more than female students in average, which means a statistically significant difference(p<.05). The average aim achievement degree in nation-unification education applying direct petition in classwork rose after conducting experimental classworks, in all areas such as knowledge, function, and value, regardless of gender. The mark of female students increased 0.17 points more than male students in average, which means a statistically significant difference(p<.05). According to this report, ICT applying lectures and direct petition applying lectures demonstrated many effects among other teaching · learning ways proposed by the 7th National Curriculum, therefore, in order to achieve the purpose of nation-unification education, teachers need have more opportunities of comprehensive and systematic study & training programs in more professional institutions, in order that many teaching · learning methods might be activated in real educational sites. Furthermore, more plentiful and various materials should be developed and distributed continually in order to have an objective view on the North's society and understand characters of their people, corresponding to this time's trend of peaceful coexistence, reconciliation, and cooperation between the South and the North.목차 = ⅰ 논문개요 = ⅵ Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 A. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 = 1 B. 연구내용 = 3 C. 연구방법 = 4 D. 연구의 제한점 = 4 Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 = 5 A. 통일교육의 목표 = 5 B. 통일교육의 방향 = 8 C. 통일교육의 지도 원칙 = 11 D. 제7차 중등 교육과정 통일교육의 특징 = 13 E. 통일교육 교수·학습 방법의 종류 = 14 1. ICT 활용학습 = 16 2. 협동학습 = 23 Ⅲ. 통일교육 교수·학습 자료의 개발 = 31 A. 통일교육 교수 · 학습 자료의 개발원리 = 31 B. 통일교육 교수·학습의 실제 = 31 1. 단원명 = 31 2. 단원의 전개 계획 = 32 3. 수업지도안 = 32 가. ICT 활용 수업지도안 = 32 나. 직소 수업지도안 = 42 Ⅳ. 통일교육 교수·학습 자료의 적용 = 50 A. 연구 설계 = 50 1. 연구 가설 = 50 2. 연구 변인 = 50 3. 연구 대상 = 53 4. 연구 절차 = 54 5. 측정 도구 및 분석 방법 = 54 B. ICT 활용 수업·직소 수업의 효과 분석 = 56 1. 사전 검사 결과 분석 : 학습자 변인 = 57 2. 성별에 따른 ICT활용 수업의 통일교육 목표 달성 정도 효과 분석 = 60 가. 성별에 따른 ICT 활용 수업의 통일교육 하위 변인별 차이 검증 = 60 나. 성별에 따른 ICT 활용 수업의 통일교육 목표 달성 정도 효과 검증 = 63 3. 성별에 따른 직소 수업의 통일교육 목표 달성 정도 효과 분석 = 65 가. 성별에 따른 직소 수업 통일교육 하위 변인별 차이 검증 = 65 나. 성별에 따른 직소 수업 통일교육 목표 달성 정도 효과 검증 = 69 Ⅴ. 결론 및 제언 = 72 참고문헌 = 76 부록 = 81 Abstract = 14

혈류 감염에서 적정 항생제의 신속 처방을 위한 초고속 항균제 감수성 검사

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :융합과학기술대학원 나노융합학과,2020. 2. 권성훈.Sepsis is the systemic response to microbial infection including bloodstream infection over whole body. The risk of mortality increases by 9% with every hour that administration of the accurate antimicrobial treatmnent is delayed. Approximately 250,000 cases of sepsis occur in the United States annually. The mortality rates of sepsis patients are 20~30%, which is two~three times of those of stroke and cardiovascular diseases. For the treatment of septic patients, the rapid antimicrobial resistance profiling against various antimicrobials is necessary. It took 3 days from blood extraction to the termination of antimicrobial susceptibility for sepsis diagnosis in clinical settings. There are 1~10 CFU/mL of pathogens inside the blood from septic patients, which is quite low for further tests. Thus, the bacterial enrichment such as is compulsory prior to the antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). After blood culture, the pure culture process is needed to isolate pure colonies from blood cultures. Then accurate antimicrobial can be identified after these experimental procedures. Our group has proposed bacterial immobilization and single cell morphological analysis for reduction of total turnaround time of sepsis diagnosis. Through these core technology, our group was able to reduce the turnaround time of AST from 12 hours to 3 hours. From this dissertation, I proposed the direct, rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (DRAST) without subsequent pure culture process after blood culture. This DRAST system was able to produce highly accurate AST results within 6 hours. I utilized high-throughput 96 well format micropatterned biochip. This micropattern inside biochip enabled stable agarose matrix loading. Different from previous AST research from our group, another diffusion approach is utilized. This usage of another diffusion eliminated diffusion limits from previous results using lateral diffusion approach. There was a diffusion limit due to the lateral diffusion of antimicrobials, leading to the ununiformity of bacterial patterns inside agarose matrix. Since DRAST system utilizes large-area time-lapse imaging, lateral diffusion approach was not appropriate. In this dissertation, I tried to develop the DRAST system which could be applicable in real clinical settings. The lyophilization of antimicrobials was one of the efforts. With this lyophilization of antimicrobials, the preparation process of DRAST system was comparatively easier compared to previous AST reports. As the DRAST chip has an embedded focus mark at the bottom of biochip, the automated time-lapse imaging of same area was possible with subsequent automated image processing. With this image acquisition and analysis, it was able for me to confirm the antimicrobial susceptibility against various antimicrobials. With companion bacterial identification technology, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization -time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS), we were able to get antimicrobial susceptibility results from 300 clinical strains from clinical settings, satisfying the recommended AST guidelines of the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). In summary, the DRAST system, the direct, rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing proposed from this dissertation was able to reduce the total turnaround time of sepsis diagnosis from 3 days to 30 hours. This DRAST system can tell the results of accurate antimicrobial prescriptions which are highly needed for septic patients. As this DRAST system is developed at the highly applicable level composed of high-throughput, micropatterned biochip and automated time-lapse acquisition/analysis, these technical features raise the applicability of this system in real clinical settings. With these advantages, the DRAST system can contribute to current sepsis diagnostics and to solve the global-wide antimicrobial resistance problem.패혈증은 미생물 감염으로 인해 전신에 심각한 염증 반응이 나타나는 증세이다. 패혈증 환자의 생존율은 시간당 9%씩 감소하며, 매년 전 세계적으로 1,800만 명의 패혈증 환자가 발생하고 있는 실정이다. 패혈증 환자의 30일 이내의 사망률은 20~30%로 고위험 질병군으로 알려진 뇌졸중, 심근경색보다도 2~3배 이상 높은 수치이다. 이러한 패혈증 환자의 치료를 위해서는 빠른 시간 이내에 환자에게 알맞은 최적 항균제 처방에 필요한 환자의 항균제에 대한 내성 확인이 필수적이다. 기존의 패혈증 진단에는 패혈증 환자로부터 채혈에서 항균제 감수성 검사 종료까지 만 3일이 소요된다. 패혈증 환자의 혈액에는 1~10 CFU/mL 수준의 낮은 수의 병원균이 존재하므로 항균제 감수성 검사 수행을 위해서는 병원균 수의 증가 과정인 혈액 배양 과정이 필수적이다. 혈액 배양 이후에는 혈액과 혼합되어 있는 병원균을 분리하기 위한 분리 배양 과정이 추가적으로 수행된다. 이후 항균제 감수성 검사를 통해 패혈증 환자에게 필요한 최적 항균제를 확인할 수 있다. 본 연구 그룹은 오랜 시간이 소요되는 패혈증 진단을 줄이기 위하여 미생물 고정 기술 및 단일 세포 형태 분석 기술을 제안한 바 있으며, 이를 통해 12시간 소요되는 항균제 감수성 검사 수행 시간을 3시간으로 단축하는 데 성공한 바 있다. 그러나 여전히 패혈증 진단에는 많은 시간이 소요된다는 한계가 존재하였다. 본 논문에서는 현재의 패혈증 진단 과정에서 분리 배양 없이 혈액 배양 이후 바로 항균제 감수성 검사를 수행할 수 있는 기술을 제안하였으며, 이를 성공적으로 개발하였다. 본 논문에서는 미세패턴이 새겨진 96웰 형태의 대용량 고효율 바이오칩을 활용하였으며, 바이오칩 웰 내부의 미세패턴은 샘플의 안정적인 로딩을 가능하게 하였다. 또한 본 논문에서는 본 연구 그룹에서 이전 연구에서 활용한 수평 확산 기법이 아닌 수직 확산 기법을 이용하였다. 수평 확산 기법의 경우 항균제의 확산 거리에 따른 병원균의 반응이 균일하지 않기 때문에 아가로즈 내의 병원균의 대면적 이미징이 필요한 본 기술에 적합하지 않았다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 항균제의 수직 확산을 이용해 병원균과 아가로즈 수화젤 복합체 내부의 균일한 항균제 분산이 가능하였으며, 이를 통해 아가로즈 내부에서의 동일 항균제 종류 및 농도에 대해서 병원균의 균일한 반응을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 논문에서는 실제 미생물 진단 검사실에서 활용 가능한 수준으로 약물 처리를 하고자 노력하였으며, 동결 건조 기법을 활용해 실제 검사를 수행할 때에는 배양액을 일괄적으로 위성 웰에 인가하는 기술적 편리함을 부가하였다. 본 논문의 바이오칩은 각 웰에 포커스 마크 (Focus mark)를 새겨져 있기 때문에 병원균의 항균제 감수성 판단 시에 동일한 위치에서 타임랩스 (Time-lapse)로 자동으로 이미징을 할 수 있었다. 이렇게 타임랩스로 휙득한 이미지를 이미징 프로세싱을 통해서 각 농도에 대한 감수성을 확인하고 미생물 동정 결과에 기반하여 저항성/감수성 분석을 수행할 수 있었다. 이러한 분리 배양을 거치지 않고, 혈액 배양 양성 검체를 이용해 고속 항균제 감수성 검사를 통해서 확인한 약물 반응을 말디토프 질량분석기를 통해 얻은 미생물 동정 결과를 기반으로 분석하였으며, 이러한 접근법을 이용하여 임상 현장에서 약 300여개의 병원균 검체를 대상으로 초고속 항균제 감수성 검사를 수행하였다. 본 논문에서 개발한 초고속 항균제 감수성 검사법은 기존의 60시간 이상 소요되는 패혈증 진단 과정을 반 이하로 줄이는데 성공하였으며, 미국 민간 표준 연구소에서 제시하는 표준 정확도 및 불일치도 기준을 만족시켰다. 정리해보면, 본 연구에서 제시한 플랫폼은 다음과 같은 의의를 가진다. 분리 배양 과정 없이도 기존에 3일 소요되는 패혈증 진단 과정을 30시간 이내로 단축시킨 초고속 항균제 감수성 검사 기술로서, 한시라도 최적 항균제 처방이 필요한 패혈증 환자에게 빠른 시간 이내에 최적 항균제 처방을 가능하게 해준다. 또한 실제 임상 현장에서 활용 가능한 자동화에 가까운 수준의 시스템을 개발함으로써 이러한 장점은 의료 현장에서의 초고속 항균제 감수성 검사 기술의 활용성을 높인 것이다. 이런 장점들로 인해 지금껏 고통 받는 패혈증 환자에게 더 빠른 시간 이내에 최적 항균제 처방이 가능해지고, 최근 전세계적으로 문제가 되고 있는 항균제 내성 문제 해결에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION １ 1.1. Background about sepsis ２ 1.1.1. What is sepsis? ２ 1.1.2. Current sepsis diagnostics procedures ５ 1.2. Emerging sepsis diagnostics (AST) technology ６ 1.2.1. Need of rapid sepsis diagnostics (AST) technology ７ 1.2.2. Emerging molecular sepsis diagnostics (AST) technology ８ 1.2.3. Emerging phenotypic sepsis diagnostics (AST) technology ９ 1.3. Main concept of the dissertation and previous works of our group in rapid AST １１ 1.3.1. Previous work of rapid AST in our research group １１ 1.3.2. Main Concept: Direct, rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (DRAST) from positive blood cultures １６ CHAPTER 2. PLATFORM DEVELOPMENT ２０ 2.1. The concept and experimental steps of DRAST system ２１ 2.1.1. The concept and experimental steps of DRAST system ２１ 2.1.2. Direct detection of antimicrobial resistance from positive blood culture bottles ２２ 2.1.3. DRAST validation with spike-in sample ２８ 2.1.4. Positive blood culture bottles ２８ 2.1.5. The number of bacteria in PBCBs ２９ 2.1.6. Image acquisition in DRAST ３1 2.1.7. Colony formation monitoring ３3 2.2. Design and fabrication of DRAST chip ３3 2.2.1. Diffusion limit and gradient generation ３3 2.2.2. Application of lyophilization for DRAST chip ４０ 2.3. DRAST system as an inoculum effect free system ４３ 2.3.1. Inoculum effect ４３ 2.3.2. The validation of DRAST system to be no inoculum effect ４４ 2.4. Automatic AST using microcolony-forming area detection using image processing algorithm ５1 CHAPTER 3. PLATFORM VALIDATION: DRAST SYSTEM WITH MALDI-TOF MS 60 3.1. Direct identification of bacteria from positive blood culture bottles ６1 3.1.1. The workflow of direct identification of bacteria from positive blood culture bottles ６1 3.1.2. Our workflow of direct identification of bacteria from positive blood culture bottles ６2 3.2. Clinical Study of DRAST with MALDI-TOF MS ６3 3.2.1. The accuracy and discrepancy results of clinical study of DRAST with MALDI-TOF MS ６3 3.2.2. The total turnaround results of clinical study of DRAST with MALDI-TOF MS ７6 3.3. Clinical Study of DRAST of Gram-positive clinical strains with MALDI-TOF MS ７7 3.3.1. The performance of DRAST system against Gram-positive cocci with MALDI-TOF MS ７8 3.3.2. Discussions of performance of DRAST system against Gram-positive cocci with MALDI-TOF MS ８2 CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSION ８3 BIBLIOGRAPHY ８8Docto

(A) study on the relationship between family incongruence about family environment and the family health status

간호학과/석사[한글] 본 연구는 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치와 가족건강상태와의 관계를 규명하기 위한 상관 관계연구이다. 본 연구의 목적은 가족구성원들이 가족환경을 서로 다르게 지각하고 있는 정도 즉, 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치 및 가족상태를 파악하므로써 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치와 가족건강상태와의 관계를 규명하여, 가족건강상태를 예측할 수 있고 가족환경과 가족건강에 관한 보다 진전된 연구가 수행될 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하는 것이다. 본 연구는 질병체제이론을 이론적 기틀로 하여 가족과 가족환경, 가족건강에 관한 문헌을 고찰하였다. 연구대상은 "S"고등학교 2학년 2개반을 편의에 의해 표집한 후, 핵가족으로, 가족구성원이 모두 함께 살며 서울에 거주하고 있고, 가족구성원의 연령이 10세이상이며, 가족구성원수가 5명이하인 54가족을 선정하였으나, 자료분석이 곤란한 대상을 제외하여 실제자 료분석에 사용된 대상은 40가족이었다. 연구도구로는 구조화된 질문지를 사용하였다. 가족건강상태를 측정하기위하여 Brodman과 그의 동료들에 의해 개발된 건강조사표(C-ornell Medical Index )를 한국의 남호창이 간이화한 간이형 건강조사표를 사용하였다. 간이형 건강조사표는 57개의 문항으로 되어있으며 각 문항은 "예", "아니오"로 답하게 되어있다. "예"는 해당문항의 증상이 대상자에게 있음을 의미한다. 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치를 측정하기 위하여 Rudolf Moos와 그의 동료들에 의해 개발된 가족환경척도(Family Environment Scale)중 Form R을 사용하였다. 가족환경척도는 90개의 문항으로 되어있으며 각 문항은 "예", "아니오"로 답하게 되어있다. 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치점수는 가족환경척도 계산법에 의해 산출된다. 자료수집기간은 1984년 10월 9일부터 10월 28일까지 총 20일간이었다. 자료수집방법으로는 질문지법과 가정방문을 통한 직접면접 방법을 이용하였다. 자료분석은 가족의 일반적 특성은 각 문항에 대하여 빈도 및 백분율을 구하였다. 가족건강상태, 신체건강상태, 정신건강상태는 평균과 표준편차를 구하였고, 가족구성원의 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치도 평균과 표준편차로 파악하였다. 일반적 특성과 가족건강상태, 신체건강상태, 정신건강상태 및 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치와의 관계를 검토하기 위해 Pearson Correlation Coefficient를 산출하였다. 가족구성원의 가족환경에 대한 지각불 일치가 가족건강상태, 신체건강상태, 정신건강상태를 얼마나 예측할 수 있는지 파악하기 위하여 회귀분석을 하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 아래와 같다. 1. 가족건강상태 점수는 최저 0점에서 최고 57점까지의 분포를 보일 수 있는데 점수가 높을수록 가족건강상태가 좋지 않다는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구대상의 가족건강상태 점수는 8 - 24점 사이의 분포를 보였고 그 평균은 16.1937점으로 나타났다. 즉, 연구대상가족 의 건강상태는 비교적 좋은 편이라 할 수 있겠다. 가족신체건강상태 점수는 최저 0점에서 최고 37점까지의 분포를 보일 수 있는데 점수가 높을수록 가족신체건강상태가 좋지 않다는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구대상의 가족신체건강상태 점수는 1 - 13점 사이의 분포를 보였 고 그 평균은 8.1812점으로 나타났다. 즉, 연구대상가족의 신체건강상태는 비교적 좋은 편이라 할 수 있겠다. 가족정신건강상태 점수는 최저 0점에서 최고 22점까지의 분포를 보일 수 있는데 점수가 높을수록 가족정신건강상태가 좋지 않다는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구 대상의 가족정신건강상태 점수는 4 - 12점사이의 분포를 보였고 그 평균은 7.7875점으로 나타났다. 즉 연구대상가족의 정신건강상태는 비교적 좋은 편이라 할 수 있겠다. 2. 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치 점수가 높다는 것은 가족구성원이 가족환경을 서로 다르게 지각하는 정도가 높다는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구대상의 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치 점수는 10 - 20점사이의 분포를 보였으며 그 평균은 14.7945점으로 나타났다. 3. 연구대상 가족의 일반적 특성과 가족건강상태, 신체건강상태, 정신건강상태 및 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치와의 관계는 통계적으로 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 4. 가설검정결과 제 1 가설 "가족구성원의 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치가 클수록 가족건강상태는 좋지않을 것이다"는 지지되었다. (r=.8712, p<.001) 제 2 가설 " 가족구성원의 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치가 클수록 가족신체건강상태는 좋지 않을 것이다"(r=.7044, p<.001) 제 3 가설 "가족구성원의 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치가 클수록 가족정신건강상태는 좋지 않을 것이다"는 지지되었다. ( r=.8044, p<.001) 5. 가족구성원의 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치가 가족건강상태, 신체건강상태, 정신건강상태를 얼마나 예측할 수 있는 지 분석한 결과, 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치가 가족건강상태 75.3%, 가족신체건강상태 49 .6%, 가족정신건강상태 64.7%를 설명할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 가족구성원의 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치를 파악하여 이것을 우선적으로 중재하므로써 가족건강상태를 증진시킬 수 있다. 또한 가족구성원의 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치의 중재는 가족신체건강상태보다는가족정신건강상태를 더욱 더 증진시킬 수 있다. 본 연구는 가족건강에 영향을 미치는 요소를 확인하고 가족구성원의 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치와 가족건강상태와의 관계를 파악하므로써, 가족환경에 대한 지각불일치가 가족단위의 건강상태에 대한 예측인자로 활용될 수 있으며, 가족환경과 가족건강에 관한 보 다 진전된 연구의 기초자료로 이용될 수 있다고 사려된다. A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY INCONGRUENCE ABOUT FAMILY ENVIRONMENT AND THE FAMILY HEALTH STATUS Chung, Hyun Yong Department of Nursing The Graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed by Professor Chung, Hyun Sook) This study was the correlational study of descriptive design to investigate the relationship between family incongruence about family environment and the fami1y health status. The purpose of this study was to recognize the relationship between the degree of family incongruence about family environment and the family health status in order to provide possible predictor of family health status and the basic data for further research about family environment and family health. This study employed the systems theory of disease as its principal theoritical framework and reviewed the related areas of family, family environment and family health. The criteria for sifting subjects of this study were as follows : 1. nuclear family 2. family whose members live all together in seoul 3. family whose members are less than 5 4. family whose members ale over 10 years of age The samples of this study were chosen by convenient sampling. At first 54 families were chosen from "S" High school students comply to the criteria for sifting the subjects but finally the data of 40 families were used after excluding the useless data. The research methods used were structured questionnares. Family health status was measured using Cornell Medical Index designed by Brodman and modified by Nam, Ho Chang. CMI is composed of 57 items which is followed by 'yes' and 'no'. A 'yes' means a health problem is present. The family incongruence was measured using Family Environment scale designed by Rudolf Moos. FES is composed of 90 items which is followed by 'true' and 'false'. A family incongruence score can be obtained from the FES. Data for this study were collected over a period of 20 days from the 9th of October to the 28th of that month 1984 using the interview and questionnare through home visiting. Incidence and percentage were used to analize the characteristics of family. Means and standard deviation were used to analize the family health status and family incongruence about family environment. ANOVA was used to analize the diferrences in family incongruence score and family health score between groups classified by the characteristics of family. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analize the relationship between family incongruence about family environment and family health status. Regression was used to analize the predictability of family incongruence about family environment for family health status. The results of this study were as followes : 1. The (total) health scores of family can range from 0 to 57. The higher the health score of family there is, the worse the health status of family is. The (total) health scores of family of subjects ranged from 8 to 24 and the mean score was 16.1937. Therefore, the (total) health status of families was relatively good. The physical health scores of family can range from 0 to 37. The higher the physical health score of family there is, the worse the physical health status of family is. The physical health scores of family of subjects ranged from 1 to 13 and the mean score was 8.1812. Therefore, the physical health status of families was relatively good. The emotional health scores of family can range from 0 to 22. The higher the emotional health score of family there is. the worse the emotional health status of family is. The emotional health scores of family of subjects ranged from 4 to 12 and the mean score was 7.7875. Therefore, the emotional health status of families was relatively good. 2. The higher the family incongruence score there is, the more the family members perceive their family environment differently. The family incongruence scores of subjects ranged from 10 to 20 and the mean score was 14.7975. 3. Differences in family's incongruence score and family health scores - the total health score, the physical health score and the emotional health score of family - between groups classified by the characteristics of family such as monthly income of householder, state of residences father's occupation, mother's occupation, father's degree of education and mother's degree of education were not significant at the.05 level. 4. The first hypothesis, "The more family incongruence about family environment there is, the worse the (total) health status of family is." was accepted (r=.8712, p<.001). The second hypothesis, "The more family incongruence about family environment there is, the worse the physical health status of family is." was accepted (r=.7044, p<.001). The third hypothesis, "The more family incongruence about family environment there is, the worse the emotional health status of family is." was accepted (r=.8048, p<.001). 5. As a result of the test that how much the family incongruence about family environment can predict the family health status. it was found that the family incongruence about family environment predicted 75.9% of the varience of the (total) health status of family, 49.6% of the varience of the physical health status of family, and 64.7% of the emotional health status of family. Therefoer, it can improve the family health status to recognize and intervene the family incongruence about family environment. And the intervention of family incongruence about family environment can improve the emotional health status of family more than the physical health status of family. It is concluded that this study may contribute to not only nursing practice by providing the predictability of family incongruence about family environment for family health status but also nursing research by providing the basic data for further nursing research. [영문] This study was the correlational study of descriptive design to investigate the relationship between family incongruence about family environment and the fami1y health status. The purpose of this study was to recognize the relationship between the degree of family incongruence about family environment and the family health status in order to provide possible predictor of family health status and the basic data for further research about family environment and family health. This study employed the systems theory of disease as its principal theoritical framework and reviewed the related areas of family, family environment and family health. The criteria for sifting subjects of this study were as follows : 1. nuclear family 2. family whose members live all together in seoul 3. family whose members are less than 5 4. family whose members ale over 10 years of age The samples of this study were chosen by convenient sampling. At first 54 families were chosen from "S" High school students comply to the criteria for sifting the subjects but finally the data of 40 families were used after excluding the useless data. The research methods used were structured questionnares. Family health status was measured using Cornell Medical Index designed by Brodman and modified by Nam, Ho Chang. CMI is composed of 57 items which is followed by 'yes' and 'no'. A 'yes' means a health problem is present. The family incongruence was measured using Family Environment scale designed by Rudolf Moos. FES is composed of 90 items which is followed by 'true' and 'false'. A family incongruence score can be obtained from the FES. Data for this study were collected over a period of 20 days from the 9th of October to the 28th of that month 1984 using the interview and questionnare through home visiting. Incidence and percentage were used to analize the characteristics of family. Means and standard deviation were used to analize the family health status and family incongruence about family environment. ANOVA was used to analize the diferrences in family incongruence score and family health score between groups classified by the characteristics of family. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analize the relationship between family incongruence about family environment and family health status. Regression was used to analize the predictability of family incongruence about family environment for family health status. The results of this study were as followes : 1. The (total) health scores of family can range from 0 to 57. The higher the health score of family there is, the worse the health status of family is. The (total) health scores of family of subjects ranged from 8 to 24 and the mean score was 16.1937. Therefore, the (total) health status of families was relatively good. The physical health scores of family can range from 0 to 37. The higher the physical health score of family there is, the worse the physical health status of family is. The physical health scores of family of subjects ranged from 1 to 13 and the mean score was 8.1812. Therefore, the physical health status of families was relatively good. The emotional health scores of family can range from 0 to 22. The higher the emotional health score of family there is. the worse the emotional health status of family is. The emotional health scores of family of subjects ranged from 4 to 12 and the mean score was 7.7875. Therefore, the emotional health status of families was relatively good. 2. The higher the family incongruence score there is, the more the family members perceive their family environment differently. The family incongruence scores of subjects ranged from 10 to 20 and the mean score was 14.7975. 3. Differences in family's incongruence score and family health scores - the total health score, the physical health score and the emotional health score of family - between groups classified by the characteristics of family such as monthly income of householder, state of residences father's occupation, mother's occupation, father's degree of education and mother's degree of education were not significant at the.05 level. 4. The first hypothesis, "The more family incongruence about family environment there is, the worse the (total) health status of family is." was accepted (r=.8712, p<.001). The second hypothesis, "The more family incongruence about family environment there is, the worse the physical health status of family is." was accepted (r=.7044, p<.001). The third hypothesis, "The more family incongruence about family environment there is, the worse the emotional health status of family is." was accepted (r=.8048, p<.001). 5. As a result of the test that how much the family incongruence about family environment can predict the family health status. it was found that the family incongruence about family environment predicted 75.9% of the varience of the (total) health status of family, 49.6% of the varience of the physical health status of family, and 64.7% of the emotional health status of family. Therefoer, it can improve the family health status to recognize and intervene the family incongruence about family environment. And the intervention of family incongruence about family environment can improve the emotional health status of family more than the physical health status of family. It is concluded that this study may contribute to not only nursing practice by providing the predictability of family incongruence about family environment for family health status but also nursing research by providing the basic data for further nursing research.restrictio

Zymomonas mobilis ZM4의 유전체 분석과 DNA microarray를 이용한 유전체 기능분석

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중금속 오염토양의 침식 방지를 통한 위해저감조치로서 미생물 매개 탄산칼슘 침전에 대한 연구

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :공과대학 건설환경공학부,2020. 2. 남경필.토양에 오염된 중금속은 주변 수용체(인체 및 생태)에 위해를 야기할 수 있으며 따라서 이를 방지하기 위한 조치가 취해져야 한다. 매우 넓은 부지가 상대적으로 낮은, 그러나 독성 영향을 보이는 수준으로 오염된 경우에는, 오염 정화에 매우 큰 비용과 시간이 소요될 수 있다. 본 연구는 토양 안정화 기술로서 미생물 매개 탄산칼슘 침전을 활용하여, 강우로 인한 토양 유실을 방지함으로써 중금속을 함유한 토양 입자가 인근 수계나 부지 외부 토양으로 확산되는 것을 방지하고자 하였다. 기술 적용을 통해 오염부지 인근 수용체에 대한 중금속의 노출을 차단하여 수용체를 잠재적인 위해로부터 보호할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. Sporosarcina pasteurii 종을 미생물 매개 탄산칼슘 침전을 위한 요소가수분해미생물로 사용하였다. 이 종은 최대 1 M의 요소 및 칼슘 농도 용액에서까지 요소 가수분해를 통한 탄산칼슘 침전을 일으킬 수 있었으며, X선 회절분석(X-ray diffraction; XRD) 결과 침전된 탄산칼슘의 결정은 방해석(calcite)과 바테라이트(vaterite)였다. 미생물 매개 탄산칼슘을 유도하기 위해 요소, 칼슘, S. pasteurii가 포함된 용액을 모래에 주입하였을 때, 토양 입자의 표면에 탄산칼슘 침전물이 생성된 것을 주사전자현미경(Scanning Electron Microscope; SEM)을 통해 관찰하였다. 그러나 탄산칼슘 침전물의 양이 동일하더라도, 탄산칼슘 침전물의 크기 및 분포는 침전 유도 용액의 조성이나 농도에 따라 큰 차이를 보였다. 저농도의 용액을 반복적으로 주입하거나 영양분(본 연구에서는 tryptic soy broth를 사용)을 함께 주입하는 경우 크기가 크고 집중된 형태의 탄산칼슘 침전물이 형성되었다. 이러한 특성의 탄산칼슘 침전물이 토양 입자간 결합을 형성하는 데에 유리할 것으로 판단하고, 요소 450 mM, 염화칼슘 450 mM, 4 g/L tryptic sot broth 및 S. pasteurii를 이러한 특성의 침전물을 확보할 수 있는 용액 조성으로 결정하였다. 결정한 조성의 용액을 모래에 반복적으로 주입함에 따라 탄산칼슘 침전물의 농도는 주입 횟수에 비례하여 증가하였다. 용액의 1회 적용은 9.7 mg-CaCO3/g-sand의 탄산칼슘 침전을 일으켰으며, 따라서 용액을 5회 적용하였을 때 46.2±1.8 mg-CaCO3/g-sand의 탄산칼슘을 확보하였다. 탄산칼슘이 토양 입자를 결합함에 따라 토양의 강도가 증가하므로, 관입시험계(penetrometer)를 사용하여 토양 표면의 강도를 측정하였다. 관입저항(penetration resistance)은 용액을 5회 적용할 때까지는 탄산칼슘 침전량이 증가함에 따라 함께 증가하여 23.9±1.2 N/mm에 도달하였으나, 이후에는 탄산칼슘 침전량이 증가하여도 더 이상 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 모래에 더해 유기물함량 2.6의 사양토를 대상으로 미생물 매개 탄산칼슘을 적용하고, 다양한 강우 강도와 경사도 조건에서 인공강우시험을 수행하였다. 용액을 5회 주입한 결과, 시험 조건 중 가장 강한 조건이었던 강우 강도 75 mm/hr 및 경사도 15도 조건의 인공강우시험에서 토양 유실률이 모래에서 94%, 사양토에서 58% 감소한 것을 확인하였다. 두 토양에서 탄산칼슘 침전물의 양은 유사할 것이므로, 토양입자크기와 유기물함량이 미생물 매개 탄산칼슘 침전 적용에 따른 토양 강도 증가 및 토양 유실률 감소에 영향을 미친 것으로 판단하였다. 다양한 입자 크기의 모래에 침전 용액을 5회 주입하고 관입저항을 측정한 결과, 동일한 적용 수준에서 관입저항은 150~500 μm 크기의 모래에서 23.9±1.2 N/mm로 가장 높고, 500~1000 μm 크기의 모래에서 13.1±0.1 N/mm, 75~150 μm 크기의 모래에서 7.0±0.0 N/mm의 순으로 낮아졌다. 특히, 유기물함량의 영향이 두드러졌는데 유기물함량을 0, 1, 2.5, 5%로 조절한 모래에 침전 용액을 5회 주입한 경우, 탄산칼슘 침전량은 유사한 반면 관입저항은 유기물함량이 높은 토양으로 갈수록 23.9±1.2에서 17.0±4.1, 6.4±0.4, 3.0±0.5 N/mm로 감소하였다. 주사전자현미경을 통해 탄산칼슘 침전물을 관찰한 결과, 유기물함량이 높은 모래에서 작은 크기의 침전물이 형성된 것을 확인하였다. 용존유기탄소(dissolved organic carbon; DOC)가 탄산칼슘 결정의 성장을 방해하고 그 결과 토양 입자간 결합이 효과적으로 형성되지 못해 관입저항이 낮은 것으로 판단되었다. 침전된 탄산칼슘이 토양 입자간 결합을 형성하는 정도를 분석하기 위해 미생물 매개 탄산칼슘 침전이 적용된 모래를 대상으로 X선 컴퓨터 단층촬영(X-ray CT)과 객체기반영상분석을 수행하였다. 침전 용액이 주입됨에 따라 탄산칼슘 침전물이 각 모래 입자의 표면에 축적, 성장하여 모래 입자 사이의 공극을 채우면서 입자가 탄산칼슘으로 결합되는 것을 확인하였다. 3차원 영상처리를 통해 침전 용액을 적용하지 않은 시료의 각 모래 입자를 개별 객체로 분리하고, 동일한 처리방법을 침전 용액을 적용한 시료에 적용하였다. 이와 같은 처리를 통해 결합이 형성된 입자들을 하나의 객체로 인식하도록 하고, 결합에 따라 각 객체의 유효반지름이 증가하는 것을 토대로 결합의 형성 정도를 분석하였다. 유효반지름의 분포를 토대로 분석한 결과, 침전 용액의 주입 횟수가 증가함에 따라 유효반지름이 커지는 경향을 보였다. 특히, 침전 용액을 5회 이상 주입하였을 때 그 차이가 두드러졌는데, 5회 주입의 경우 전체 입자 부피의 55%가 하나의 입자로 결합되어 있었으며, 주입 횟수가 9회로 증가함에 따라 그 비율은 95%로 증가하였다. 탄산칼슘을 통한 토양입자의 연결점 수 또한 증가하다가 5회 이상 주입하였을 때 평균 6개/입자로 수렴하였다. 이러한 경향들은 주입 횟수에 따라 관입저항이 증가하는 경향과 유사하였다. 추가로, 탄산칼슘 침전물의 크기에 영향을 미쳤던 요인인 영양분과 용존유기탄소에 의한 결합 형성 정도 차이를 분석하였다. 5회의 동일한 적용 수준에서, 용존유기탄소가 존재하거나 영양분이 존재하지 않았던 경우 탄산칼슘 침전물에 의한 결합 정도가 두드러지게 감소하는 것이 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 용존유기탄소와 영양분의 존재 유무가 탄산칼슘 침전물의 정성적인 특성(크기 및 분포)에 영향을 미치고, 결과적으로 결합 정도와 토양 강도에까지 영향을 미치게 되는 것을 뒷받침한다. 미생물 매개 탄산칼슘 침전의 잠재적인 저해요인으로 판단한 구리로 오염시킨 토양에서 기술의 적용성을 평가하였다. 미생물 매개 탄산칼슘 침전의 핵심 단계인 요소 가수분해는 토양을 25 mg/kg 수준의 구리로 오염시켰을 때에도 50% 가량 감소하였으며, 구리 오염농도가 1000 mg/kg까지 증가함에 따라 그 감소율 또한 증가하였다. 토양에서의 독성 영향을 판단할 때에는 토양 용액의 구리 농도가 더욱 중요하므로, 토양 용액의 구리 농도를 기반으로 토양 구리의 저해효과를 평가하였다. 요소 가수분해를 50% 저해하는 농도(IC50)는 pH가 7.8인 모래에서 1.3 mg-Cu/L, pH가 5.2인 사양토에서 0.9 mg-Cu/L로 결정되었다. 토양의 구리 농도가 250 mg/kg으로 동일하여도, 오염기간이 긴 토양에서 낮은 저해효과(모래에서 85%에서 57%로 감소, 사양토에서 97%에서 93%로 감소) 가 나타났는데, 이는 오염기간이 긴 토양에서 토양 용액 내 구리 농도가 낮기 때문이었다. 미생물 매개 탄산칼슘 침전의 토양 침식 방지 효과를 구 제련소 부지에서 채취한 세 가지 종류의 중금속 오염토양을 대상으로 평가하였다. 세 토양에서 분석한 토양 용액의 구리 농도는 각각 0.28±0.00, 0.26±0.06, 0.15±0.03 mg-Cu/L로 앞서 결정한 IC50 보다 낮은 수준이었으며, 따라서 기술적용이 가능한 것으로 판단하였다. 토양 침식을 방지할 수 있는 수준의 토양 강도를 확보하기 위해, 유기물함량이 0.8, 1.4, 2.0%인 각 토양에 침전 용액을 각각 3회, 4회, 5회 주입하였다. 기술 적용에 따라, 강우강도 33 mm/hr 및 경사도 8.5도의 강우조건에서 토양 유실률이 각각 69, 82, 56% 감소된 것을 확인하였다. 추가로, 미생물 매개 탄산칼슘 침전의 핵심 물질인 칼슘이 토양 내 치환성으로 흡착되어 있는 구리의 탈착을 증가시켜 토양 용액 내 구리 농도 및 미생물 매개 탄산칼슘 침전에 대한 저해 효과를 높이는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통해 미생물 매개 탄산칼슘 침전 용액의 조성과 토양 특성에서 유발된 성분이 탄산칼슘 침전물에 의한 토양 입자 결합에 영향을 줄 수 있음을 탄산칼슘 침전물의 정성적인 특성과 결합 정도, 토양 강도 증가에 기반하여 포괄적으로 살펴보았다. 다양한 특성의 토양과 실제 중금속 오염토양에서 토양 침식 방지 효과를 확인한 본 연구결과를 토대로, 미생물 매개 탄산칼슘 침전을 중금속 오염토양에서 토양 침식 방지를 통한 효과적인 위해저감조치로써 사용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.Heavy metals contamination in soil may pose health problems to nearby receptors (i.e., human beings, ecosystems) and thus should be treated. When a large area is contaminated with relatively low concentrations of heavy metals but still exhibits toxic effects, tremendous cost is incurred to remediate the site; moreover, the time for remediation may sometimes be too long. This study focused a soil stabilization using microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP), which inhibits the rainfall-induced soil erosion and prevents the introduction of contaminated soil particles into the surface water and off-site soil. By applying MICP, receptors near the contaminated site are essentially protected from the exposure of heavy metals; thus, potential risk is likely to be reduced. Sporosarcina pasteurii (S. pasteurii) species was used as a key mediator for MICP. It can precipitate calcium carbonate in a solution containing high concentrations of urea and calcium of up to 1 M. The precipitated calcium carbonate was determined to be calcite and vaterite by X-ray diffraction analysis. When the solution to induce MICP, which included urea, calcium, and S. pasteruii, was applied into sand, a test soil in this study, the precipitate of calcium carbonate was observed on the surface of soil particles by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Interestingly, the sizes and distributions of calcium carbonate precipitates were considerably different according to the composition of the MICP-inducing solution that was used, even for similar amounts of calcium carbonate precipitates. Repeated application with lower source concentration (i.e., urea and calcium) and the presence of a nutrient contributed to a larger and concentrated precipitates of calcium carbonate, which was expected to be advantageous in forming bond between soil particles. Finally, the composition of MICP-inducing solution was determined to be 4 g/L of tryptic soy broth, 450 mM each of CaCl2 and urea, and S. pasteurii. As the MICP-inducing solution was repeatedly applied into sand, the concentrations of calcium carbonate precipitates were proportionate to the number of applications. A one-time application generated 9.7 mg of calcium carbonate per gram of sand, and 46.2±1.8 mg of calcium carbonate precipitate per gram of sand was observed after five repeated applications. As calcium carbonate binds soil particles together and yields aggregates with increasing soil strength, the strength was measured by using a penetrometer. Penetration resistance increased as the concentration of newly formed calcium carbonate increased linearly up to the fifth application of MICP-inducing solution; however, no further increase was observed in subsequent applications. After the fifth application, a penetration resistance of 23.9±1.2 N/mm was attained. An artificial rainfall test was conducted with sand and sandy loam with organic matter content of 2.6%. To simulate diverse field situations, various rainfall intensities and slopes were tested. At the harshest condition tested (i.e., rainfall intensity of 75 mm/h, slope of 15°), approximately 94% of loss reduction was obtained after five repeated applications in the sand; however, the loss rate decreased to only 58% in the sandy loam. As the generated concentrations of calcium carbonate precipitates in the two types of soils were similar, it is probable that the differences in particle size and organic matter content influenced the soil strength and resulted in varying reductions in soil loss rate. Further experiments with sand samples of different particle size showed that; after the fifth application, the penetration resistance was the highest (i.e., 23.9±1.2 N/mm) in medium-sized sand (150-500 μm), followed by a penetration resistance of 13.1±0.1 N/mm in coarse sand (500-1000 μm), and that of 7.0±0.0 N/mm in fine sand (75-150 μm). The effect of organic matter content was more pronounced. After the fifth application, the penetration resistance decreased from 23.9±1.2 to 17.0±4.1, 6.4±0.4, and 3.0±0.5 N/mm corresponding to the increase in organic matter content from 0 to 1, 2.5, and 5%, respectively. Further, in SEM analysis, smaller sizes of calcium carbonate were observed in the soil with higher organic matter content. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) may inhibit the growth of calcium carbonate precipitates, resulting in ineffective precipitates forming bond between soil particles, and thereby generating less increase in penetration resistance. To analyze the extent of the bonding between soil particles by calcium carbonate precipitates, X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) and an object-based image analysis were conducted on MICP-applied sand. As the MICP-inducing solution was applied repeatedly, it was observed that calcium carbonate precipitates grew on the surface of each sand particle, filled the void space among these particles, and finally formed the bond between soil particles. Using three dimensional image processing, the sand particles of the sample without MICP application were separated into individual objects, and the same process was applied to the samples with MICP application. By this process, the sand particles that bonded with calcium carbonate precipitates were recognized as one object; moreover, the extent of bonding was analyzed based on the increase in the effective radius of the object. The effective radius of each individual object increased as the number of MICP applications increased. After five repeated MICP applications, one large particle, which occupied 55% of the volume of the total particles, was formed; further, the volume of one large particle increased up to 95% after nine applications. The number of calcium carbonate bonds also increased; however, an average of six bridges/particle was observed after five MICP applications. These trends were similar to that of the increase in penetration resistance corresponding to the number of applications. Additionally, the effect of the nutrient and DOC, which were factors affecting the qualitative characteristics of calcium carbonate precipitates, on the extent of bonding was assessed. The effective radius was significantly smaller when DOC was present in the solution and was larger when the nutrient was absent, at the same number of MICP applications (i.e., five times). This result supported that the difference in the size of calcium carbonate precipitates, which was affected by the composition of the MICP-inducing solution or organic carbon, can qualitatively contribute to the difference in bonding and the increase in the strength of the MICP-applied soil. The applicability of MICP was assessed in Cu-contaminated soil because Cu is a potential inhibitor for MICP in soil. Urea hydrolysis, a crucial step of MICP, was reduced up to 50% in the soil contaminated even with 25 mg-Cu/kg; moreover, it decreased continuously as the Cu concentration in the soil increased up to 1,000 mg/kg. As the Cu concentration in the soil solution contributes significantly to the toxic effect, the inhibitory effect of Cu in soil was evaluated based on the Cu concentration of the soil solution. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Cu was determined to be 1.3 mg-Cu/L in sand (pH 7.8) and 0.9 mg-Cu/L in sandy loam (pH 5.2). Even at identical Cu concentrations of 250 mg/kg, the inhibition rate decreased as it aged (i.e., 85 to 57% in sand and 97 to 93% in sandy loam), which was highly correlated to the reduction in the Cu concentration of the soil solution. The developed technology was tested in three types of heavy metal-contaminated field soils from a former smelter site. The lower Cu concentration in the soil solution of the three soils (i.e., 0.28±0.00, 0.26±0.06, and 0.15±0.03 mg/L) indicated that MICP could be applied. To obtain the strength to prevent soil erosion, MICP-inducing solution was applied three, four, and five times, respectively, according to the increasing organic matter content of the tested soils (i.e., 0.8% in sand, 1.4% in loamy sand, and 2.0% in loam). In the artificial rainfall test with a rainfall intensity of 33 mm/h and slope of 8.5°, the soil loss of the three field soils was successfully decreased, demonstrating 69, 82, and 56% in sand, loamy sand, and loam, respectively. Interestingly, Ca2+, an essential element of the MICP-inducing solution, primarily increased the Cu concentration of the soil solution by exchanging the soil-sorbed Cu, causing a higher MICP inhibitory effect. In this study, the composition of the MICP-inducing solution and the soil properties that could affect the formation of the bond by calcium carbonate precipitates were comprehensively understood based on the qualitative characteristics of individual calcium carbonate precipitates, the extent of bonding, and the strength of the soil. The results of this study confirmed the soil erosion prevention effect on the soils with various properties; further, the effect on the heavy metal-contaminated field soils indicates that MICP can be an effective measure to prevent soil erosion in heavy metals-contaminated sites for risk mitigation.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objectives 5 1.3 Dissertation structure 6 References 8 Chapter 2. Literature review 11 2.1 Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) 11 2.1.1 Mechanism of calcium carbonate precipitation by microbial urease activity 11 2.1.2 Application of MICP on ground improvement 16 2.1.3 Importance of the bonding of soil particles by calcium carbonate in MICP-mediated soil strengthening 20 2.2 Soil erosion 22 2.2.1 Soil erosion and general problems in soil 22 2.2.2 Mechanism of soil erosion by rainfall 23 2.2.3 Previous MICP studies on the prevention of soil erosion 25 2.3 MICP application on heavy metal-contaminated soil 27 2.3.1 Soil erosion and problems in heavy metals-contaminated soil 27 2.3.2 Previous MICP studies on heavy metal-contaminated soil 29 References 30 Chapter 3. Determination of the composition and concentration of the solution to induce microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation for efficient calcium carbonate bonding 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Materials and Methods 41 3.2.1 Growth and urease activity of Sporosarcina pasteurii at varying values of initial urea concentration and headspace 41 3.2.2 Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) with Sporosarcina pasteurii in solution and sand 44 3.3 Results and Discussion 47 3.3.1 Growth of Sporosarcina pasteurii and urease activity 47 3.3.2 Maximum urea and calcium concentration for MICP using Sporosarcina pasteurii 59 3.3.3 Calcium carbonate precipitation in sand by introducing the MICP-inducing solution 67 3.4 Summary 76 References 78 Chapter 4. Effect of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation on the increase in the strength of surface soil and the reduction of soil erosion 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Materials and Methods 84 4.2.1 Soil preparation 84 4.2.2 Application of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) 87 4.2.3 Soil loss test against wind and rainfall 88 4.2.4 Determination of calcium carbonate and penetration resistance 92 4.3 Results and discussion 94 4.3.1 Calcium carbonate precipitation and penetration resistance 94 4.3.2 Soil loss test by rainfall 99 4.3.3 Soil loss test by wind 104 4.3.4 Effect of particle size distribution and organic matter content on MICP 106 4.3.5 Maintenance of Sporosarcina pasteurii during MICP application and long-term stability of MICP 114 4.4 Summary 116 References 117 Chapter 5. 3-D structural proof of the bonding of soil particles by microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation 121 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Materials and Methods 124 5.2.1 Preparation of sand with the application of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) 124 5.2.2 X-ray computed tomography analysis and reconstruction of 3-dimensional images 125 5.2.3 Image processing 126 5.3 Results and Discussion 131 5.3.1 Calcium carbonate precipitation and change in pore volume by MICP application 131 5.3.2 Bonding of sand particles by calcium carbonate precipitation by MICP application 135 5.3.3 Difference in the bonding of sand particles with different compositions of MICP-inducing solution 141 5.3.4 Quantification of the calcium carbonate bond by MICP application 144 5.4 Summary 146 References 148 Chapter 6. Evaluation of the inhibitory effect of soil Cu on microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation for the application of microbially induced calcium carbonate in heavy metal-contaminated soil 151 6.1 Introduction 151 6.2 Materials and Methods 155 6.2.1 Preparation of synthetic Cu-contaminated soils 155 6.2.2 Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) in soil 156 6.2.3 Analysis of Cu form in Cu-contaminated soils 158 6.2.4 Application of MICP on heavy metal-contaminated field soil and soil loss test 159 6.3 Results and discussion 162 6.3.1 Inhibition of MICP in Cu-contaminated soils 162 6.3.2 Determination of the inhibition concentration of Cu on MICP 167 6.3.3 Application of MICP on heavy metal-contaminated field soils for soil loss prevention 174 6.3.4 Role of calcium in MICP-inducing solution on the inhibition of MICP by soil Cu 176 6.4 Summary 189 References 190 Chapter 7. Conclusions 195 국문초록 199Docto

Decision-making Framework for Risk-based Site Management and Use of Risk Mitigation Measures

오염부지 관리 기조가 매체 중심에서 수용체 중심으로 변화하면서 우리나라에 위해성평가 제도가 도입되었으나, 이를오염현장에 충분히 활용하기 위한 체계와 관련 기술들은 아직 제대로 확립되어 있지 않다. 특히, 여러 가지 이유로 정화곤란부지로 분류가 되는 오염부지의 정화 및 관리와 그러한 부지에 적용될 수 있는 위해저감기술들에 대한 기술적,사회적 논의와 합의도 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 그동안 오염토양의 정화에만 초점이 맞추어진 우리나라의 토양환경정책이 오염부지의 관점에서 그와 연결된 수용체를 보호하는 방향으로 나아가기 위해 필요한 위해성기반 오염부지관리 의사결정체계를 제안하고, 그러한 관리체계가 현장에서 적절히 적용되도록 하기 위해 필요한 위해저감기술들을 조사, 분류하여 위해저감 방식에 따른 위해저감기술의 활용성 및 적용성을 평가하는 방안을 제안하였다.N

Study on the Exposure Assessment Methodology for Outdoor Air Inhalation Pathways in Site-specific Risk Assessment and Its Application in a TPH-contaminated Site

Exposure assessment methodology for outdoor air inhalation pathways (i.e., inhalation of volatile compounds and fugitivedust in outdoor air) was investigated. Default values of several parameters currently used in Korea (e.g., Q/C; inversevalue of concentration per unit flux, and frs; soil fraction in PM10) may not be suitable and lack site-specificity, as theyhave been adopted from the risk assessment guidance of the United States or the Netherlands. Such limitation can beaddressed to a certain degree by incorporating the volatilization factor (VF) and the particulate emission factor (PEF) withBox model. This approach was applied to an exposure assessment of a site contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons inKorea. The result indicated that the suggested methodology led to more accurate site-specific exposure assessment foroutdoor inhalation pathways. Further work to establish methodology to determine site-specific Q/C values in Korea needsto be done to secure the reliability of the exposure assessment for outdoor air inhalation pathways.N

Study on Stabilization of Arsenic in Soil through in situ Formation of Amorphous Fe Oxides and use of X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

This study was conducted to investigate the in situ formation of amorphous Fe oxides as a stabilization technology in Ascontaminatedsoil. After addition of ferric nitrate and the neutralizing agent, most of extractable fractions of As in soil (i.e.,SO42- and PO43--extractable As) was converted into As bound to amorphous Fe oxides. In addition, results of solubilitybioavailability research consortium (SBRC) test indicated that a significant amount of As in untreated soil changed to anon-bioaccessible form after stabilization. The reason was attributed to the newly formed amorphous Fe oxides in thestabilized soil, which was confirmed by linear combination of fitting (LCF) using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS)analysis. Interestingly, after five months of aging of the stabilized soil, ferrihydrite and schwertmannite newly formed inthe soil were transformed to crystalline Fe oxides such as goethite, and further decrease in SBRC extractable fraction ofAs was observed. The results suggest that co-precipitated As with amorphous Fe oxides can be further immobilized withtime, due to the crystallization of amorphous Fe oxides.N

Effect of Repetitive Redox Transitions to Soil Bacterial Community and its Potential Impact on the Cycles of Iron and Arsenic

In a redox transition zone, geochemical reactions are facilitated by active bacteria that mediate reactions involvingelectrons, and arsenic (As) and iron (Fe) cycles are the major electron transfer reactions occurring at such a site. In thisstudy, the effect of repetitive redox changes on soil bacterial community in As-contaminated soil was investigated. Theresults revealed that bacterial community changed actively in response to redox changes, and bacterial diversity graduallydecreased as the cycle repeated. Proportion of strict aerobes and anaerobes decreased, while microaerophilic species suchas Azospirillum oryzae group became the predominant species, accounting for 72.7% of the total counts after four weeksof incubation. Bacterial species capable of reducing Fe or As (e.g., Clostridium, Desulfitobacterium) belonging to diversephylogenetic groups were detected. Indices representing richness (i.e., Chao 1) and phylogenetic diversity decreased from1,868 and 1,926 to 848 and 1,121, respectively. Principle component analysis suggests that repetitive redox fluctuation,rather than oxic or anoxic status itself, is an important factor in determining the change of soil bacterial community, whichin turn affects the cycling of As and Fe in redox transition zones.N

Study on the Soil Sample Number of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Fractionation for Risk Assessment in Contaminated Site

In this study, a reliable number of soil samples for TPH fractionation was investigated in order to perform risk assessment. TPH was fractionated into volatile petroleum hydrocarbons (VPH) with three subgroups and extractable petroleumhydrocarbons (EPH) with four subgroups. At the study site, concentrations of each fraction were determined at 18sampling points, and the 95% upper confidence limit (UCL) value was used as an exposure concentration of each fraction. And then, 5 sampling points were randomly selected out of the 18 points, and an exposure concentration was calculated. This process was repeated 30 times, and the results were compared statistically. Exposure concentrations of EPH obtainedfrom 18 points were 99.9, 339.1, 27.3, and 85.9 mg/kg for aliphatic C9-C18, C19-C36, C37-C40, and aromatic C11-C22,respectively. The corresponding exposure concentrations obtained from 5 points were 139.8, 462.8, 35.1 and 119.4 mg/kg,which were significantly higher than those from 18 points results (p &lt;0.05). Our results suggest that limited number ofsamples for TPH fractionation may bias estimation of exposure concentration of TPH fractions. Also, it is recommendedthat more than 30 samples need to be analyzed for TPH fractionation in performing risk assessment.N